CHAPTER-7

Alternating
current
Zaki Saud agar Physics
Notes
Introduction : -

. "
If the direction of current changes alternatively (periodically) and its
magnitude changes continuously with respect to time, then the current
is called alternating current. It is sinusoidal in nature.

t
◦ • >

-
Io - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

The value of AC is
given by !
-

7- Iosinwt
{ w=2÷=2au}
where '

I current at instant
=
any
.

/
"
Io Im = Max current

I =
frequency
w =
Angular frequency
Alternating Voltage : -

It can be defined as the voltage whose magnitude and direction changes

with time and attains the same magnitude and direction after a definite
time interval. The instantaneous value of alternating emf or voltage is
given by

General Expression of Average mean current : -

or

we know ,
Instantaneous current

I = dad
dt

dq =
Idt

Integrate it : -

Jo"dq=f%dt
①
q=f◦ᵗ Idt
-

current
Average : -

Iau = 9ft
Fav =

[ Idt

|Iau=÷fᵗ
 current
Average valve of for full cycle : -

Let A c. in circuit is represented by : -

-

F=Tm - ①

So
Avg Current ! -

.
,

Iavg =
ÉIᵈᵗ_ =
IF f- cos
(2,1×-1)+1 ]
If dᵗ
]
¥ˢ [
= - cos 291-1

Iav =
÷ [ I. dt
=

1=7-[-11-1]
4- [ Imsinwtdt
Iav =

Ing fjsinwtdt |Iav--

=

IF [ toswwt.IT
=

Igg [
-
cos W' Ttcoso
]
=

-1¥ [
-
cosw -1+1
]

i. w
2¥
=
 valve current CAC ) for Half cycle :
Average
-

of

Avg . Current for half cycle : -

"
Iav =

-
[ Idt =

2-7%-1
- Cosa + I
]
fo%dt
2¥ˢw [ it ]
= '
% Idt
=

¥2 f.
2T±÷ ✗ 2
=
"

# So Imsinwtdt
=

2Im_ ✗ 2

÷ [ c%ˢᵗ]?
=

-1×27
= -

2-5%1 -

Coswig C-
coswxo)
-

] Iav =

2¥m_
Itwmfcos (2,1×3)+00] /Iav=0•637Im#
-

Root Mean Square Valve : _

It is defined as that value of Alternating Current (AC) over a

complete cycle which would generate same amount of heat in a given
resistor that is generated by steady current in the same resistor and
in the same time during a complete cycle. It is also called virtual
value or effective value of AC. It is represented by Irms. Suppose I is
the current which flows in the resistor having resistance R in time T
produces heat H .
As we know that ! -

H = IZRT
H =
( Imsinwt)2RT

=
[ Imirsinwtdt ④
IZRT =
[ IMZR sin Zwtdt

IZRT = Im
'
R [sin 2 wtdt

I 2T = Imf
[ Zwtdt Sin

'
I 2T = Im
f? 1-c◦#wᵗ dt
I 2T
I¥ [ [ dt
fi cos 2wtdᵗ]
-

I 4- =

Inf [ [ trot [ Sindt

] ;-]
-

2W
IT
III ( { ˢin÷wT sing]
T -
=
-

]
IT
IGI [ T sin2ˢT
=
-

2W

I 4- =

I÷ ( sin(%¥] T -

IT
IÉ[Y÷ sing]
-

-
-

Irf [¥
]
It -

=
- 0

-22T
Inf [ %-)
-

_
 -22
Im÷%
☐
↳mˢ=g
=

"
±;¥÷,
=

-22 =

I≈-

by
It
a
.
!÷:÷÷÷:::÷
Phaser and Phaser

rotating
the
vector .
Diagram
.

→ shows relationship between current &

Voltage
→ There length are
equal to the peak value of the quantities
they represent
.

They angular speed w that is equal

with the
' '
→ rotate ,

to the
frequencies of alternating quantity
angular them
represented by .

Vm - - -
- -
-

Im -
7-
" -

t
↑wᵗ t
 AC circuits contains only a Resistor : -

→ consider a circuit containing a resistor & a source of

Alternating Emf . We already know that current exactly
follow 0hm 's law .

As that !
know Im
V2
-

we -
, um -
- - - - -

V =
Vm Sin wt
-
① Im -
- - - - -
- -

i. I __ Imsinwt ④
-

& from Ohm's Law

Phase difference -0 -
In - -
- -
- - - - .
.

V= IR Vm

circ
-
-
- -

- -

Ion Peak Value of

-
_

current in the circuit

putting V in above eq ① which shows the waveform ^

of AC & Voltage for

IR Vm 7
Vmsinwt = - -
- - - - - - - -

Im - - - - - -
-

VI sinwt
I =

↑ wt

AC circuits contains only Inductor : -

a

Consider an inductor connected with a source of A. c.

we can use Kirchoff 's law smh

V vi. 0
-

a- vi. →
=
fLdI= fvmsinwtdt
LI Vmfsinwtdt
-

_
¥
we know that :
v
-

LI=vmfa÷wᵗ] I ¥wsin(wᵗ E)
-

✓ = Vmsinwt -

⊕
Put eg ② in eq①
←
F. 1-c÷wᵗ] here ,
Lw -

_
✗ L

Vmsinwt LDI F-
view
coswt I=Vm_ Sinful
E)
-
= -

dt XL
LDI Vmsinwtdt
tmsincwt 7)
-

=
I-

Integrate both side ᵗ=iʰwsin(q ) -

wt
?⃝
 1×5=-1 → Reactance of Inductor .

ii. =
^
- -

"
is s

phas◦m : -

we can see that I

lags behind the Voltage by the

phase do 72 .

circuits containing only capacitor : -

a
Ac

Consider circuit
capacitor & of
a
containing a a source
A. c.
-1¥
Alternating voltage applied
the capacitor : -
across

Instantaneous
↳-1 V
Here

f_ ①
,

change the
capacitor :
- -

on

Apply Kirchoff 's law :

I=d
I --Vm_ Coswt
-

Xc

=O I=¥( cvmsinwt) (wttg)

V -

I=Vm_ Sin
✗c

✓=
-

② I =
Cvm sinwt) I = Im Sin ( wt + )
Put eg ② in ① I= cvmcoswtow

Vmcwcoswt
¥
I-
Vmsinwt

D= cvmsint
Here
,w¥=✗c
 Here ,
✗ c- _

Capacitive Reactance .

we can see that

,
I leads voltage by %
④ Phaser Diagram ! -

- - -
- - - - - -

Im
I
>
>
go

✗ Ve

Ac circuit LCR :
containing
-

Let ,
There be an LCR Circuit L C R
Inductor Capacitor & Resistor
MY 1-

My
,

which is connected across the

A- c.
°o° VL > Vc ( always )
In DABC
=µ2t
,
2
✓
⑦ =

Here , vr=IR,K=IXz,Vc=IXc %
V=↓(IR)2t[ ᵗt(2✗Ñ# D- C

✓ = I2R2+I2✗g2 a-
-

Virile !
r,÷
> =
Ve Ve
-

V 1
∅ ,
If
Im=Vm_
V=Vm&I=Im
A
↑
i.jp? >

R2t(✗v✗c
Im
VI Vcu
=

-
 Here ,

z=Ñt(Xʰ
•
C

/
Here ,
2 →
Impedance .

from ,
DABC : -

Vive
tanto
--×_¥-
B

∅ tan
"(✗÷✗c) A
-
vr

Vm ?
phaser Diagram
- -
- -

Im
 Resonance : -

In a series L-C-R circuit, when phase φ between current and voltage is

zero, then the circuit is said to be a resonant circuit.

• The Resonance of LCR series occurs when inductive

and capacitance reactance are

equal in
magnitude
but cancel each
other because they are 180° apart
in phase .

( ✗ c- Xi -
.
or ✗ c- ✗ c- - O ,
R -1-0 )

As applied frequency increases ,

✗ i. = wt -

①✗ <
→ Increases

✗c =
✗c → Decreases

At resonate :
-

✗ c- ✗ L

WL
⇐ =

WZ =
÷
→
Angular Resonating
w
⇐
=

frequency
Here , w
-
_
2 af
2h f- _

¥
Resonating
2¥
→
f-
frequency

Resonating frequency
: -

At
2= R,
Minimum

Maximum
I =
V12 ,
?⃝
 factor (Q factor)
Quality
-

It is the measure of sharpness of the resonance of an L-C-R circuit. It

is defined as the ratio of voltage developed across the inductance or
capacitance at resonance to the impressed voltage, which is the voltage
applied across R.

factor
";::;:::::
a- =

Q -

factor = KOI
Vr

Q factor
-
=

wr*_=÷R
Power associated Ac circuit :
Average in
-

Power is defined as the rate of doing work : -

p =

day -

①
Power is defined product of and current
as
Voltage
.

In AC circuit, both emf and current change continuously with respect to

time. So in it we have to calculate average power in complete cycle (0 → T).

Instantaneous Power : -

p = V2
-
②
Compare eq ① and eq②

9¥ -
-
a

dw = V Idt
 both sides
Integrate : -

fdw =
[ VI dt

V = Vosinwt
I = Io sin ( wt + ∅ )

fdw [ ( vosinwt.IO sin (wt

= +
4) dᵗ
Sin (At B) Sin A costs 1- Cos Asin B
'
=
. .

W = Vo Io
§[ sinwt ( sinwtcoso + coswtsin 4) dt

siriwtcoscftcoswtsinwtsino )d t
W = Voto
[(
fjsinwtcosodttfjcoswtsinwtsinodt]
w = Vito
[
W = Voto
[ coscffjsiriwtdt
+ Sino [ sinwtcoswtdt
]
.
'

.
25in A COSA = sin 2A or sin ACOSB =
Sings
sin 2A =

(1-021)

l-cosz-zwtdt-sintfo-s.in?zwt-dt)W- VoIofcoscf(foTdt-fjcos2
/ Cost fj(
w -
_ Vito

wtdt)t sinofjsinzwtdt]
2-

2wtdt-ol[ fjs@in2wtdt-ow-VO.LI
[ cos

Cost t ) ! -0 ] to ]
 W =

VOTE
T cos
§

Power associated in Ac
Avg : -

Par =
¥ =

V◦÷¥os∅
Pau =

¥ _¥ cost .

Pau = Vrms Irms Cost

Here , cost → Power factor which ,
defined as
is the

cosine of the angle of lag or lead .

SPECIAL CASES : -

R:
i ) AC circuit containing -

When 10--00 ,
Pau = V. rms Irms Cos 0°

Pau = Vrms Irms

"
Power in R is Max
So , Avg
.

ii ) AC circuit containing L: -

§ 9/2 Pau Vrms Irmscos

When ,
=
,
=
Iz
Pau = 0

So , Avg . Power in L is zero .

iii ) Ac circuit containing . c : -

when ,
4=12 ,
Par = Vrms Irms Cos %

Pau = 0

So ,
Aug . Power in C is Zero .
Walt less current : -

( aka → Idle current ]

The current which consumes power for its

no

maintenance in the circuit is called wattles

current .

If the circuit contains either inductance or

phase difference
"

capacitance only ,
then bet
is 90° ie
current & Voltage .
§ = go:

Pau = Vrms ✗ Terms ✗ cos ∅

'

Pau = Vrms ✗ Isms ✗ Cos 90

Pau :O

Transformer : _

It is a device that changes voltage from one value

to another .

→ Step -

Up Transformer
→
Step-down Transformer

Principle :
_

It is based upon the principle of mutual

Induction .

Construction : -

It consists of two coils, primary coil p and secondary coil s,

insulated from each other wounded on soft iron core. Often the
primary coil is the input coil and secondary coil is the output coil.
These soft iron cores are laminated to minimise eddy current loss.
Working : -

•
When an
Alternating current pass through the
primary coil it creates a
varying magnetic
flux . As per faraday 's law this change in CFB
,

induces an Emf in secondary coil which is

linked to the core
having primary coil .

( called
mutual Induction) .

Self Induction → Primary Coil

Mutual Induction →
Secondary Coil
From
faraday 's law : -

dot
Ep = Np
d¥ & Es = Ns
- -

dt
-
①
_

eq②÷eq①
_Nsd§ %p
E- Es =
✗ Ep
=

Ep
Npd¥f
-

G-
Ep
=

Np
or
=%p
Case I) Ns > Np Case I ] Ns < Np

step Up Voltage step down voltage

-

Vs > VP Esc Ep or Vs < Vp

C- s > Ep or

=Ñ→ Transformer
Ratio

If r > 1
, Step -

Up transformer
& If 8<1
,
step - down transformer

100% Efficiency : -

Power Output Power

Input =

(VI )p =
( v2)s
Vp Ip = Vs Is

¥p= ¥ %p ,
=