-2

Class 12th
Term
-

Organic
Chemistry
Cheat Notes

With *☒¥¥#
Panchal Sir
By -
Bharat
bharat panchal 92
•a•*¥→⇐→•÷¥ a•¥o•÷B•¥OzdED¥B÷EB÷É B. karat Bannen at Sir
00888 Bharat Panchal -

Chemistry Guruji a. o
 AMINES Preparation of Amines :
-

Amines are considered amino as

of hydrocarbons or alkyl derivatives Am Reduction Of Alkyl Nitrite

" Al " "
of ammonia > R CH, NH
-

Aliphatic amino compounds ,

are called amino alkanes and arom -

R CEN
-

Na
-
atic amines are called amino > RCH NH
, ,
arches Ethanol
Cf CH NH,
, , Cztls MHz ,
-
NH
,
Rxn is used for ascent of amine

R NH ,
-
Primary Amines Csi )
Em Reduction of Nitro alkaline :

Raney Ni

R MH R -
Secondary amines (27 C- N°2 NH
fence
-

¥
, ,

R N R -

Tertiary Amines ( 3° Sn
th / Pt
ng,
/ HCl
-

' >
r
Reduction with Fe
/ HCl is preferred
STRUCTURE OF AMINES : Am Reduction of Amides :

R -
É
-
NH
" Al " "
> RCH,NH
,
+
H2O
,

µ Pyramidal
shape of Amine
Reduction of amides give amine
/ 1-
R µ
H with same number of carbons .

☒ Hofmann Ammonolysis Method :

NOMENCLATURE
" "3 RX
RX > rÑH > Rjnit
393K ,
CH -

CHECHEN H2 Protean -
1- amine
( i
-
)
,
(2.)
☒✗
CH CH CH }
RzÑ * ( Rant)
-

]
-

Protean ✗
-

2- amine y
AH,
-

(3)
CH
,
-

ctlz - N
,
-

CyHq N, N -

Diethyl
cans batan - 1- amine order of reactivity → RI > RBR > RU

NH Prob 2- en 1- amine
→ 1. amine is obtained as major
CH
,
= CH -

Ctf -

,
- -

" ,NH, product when excess of NH

,
is taken

Aniline b- Bromo
* 1¥ HOFMAN BROMAMIDE DEGRADATION :
Bj aniline
it, RCONH 1- Brz -14 NaOH A- RNH -12 Nabs
CH -
N CH-

,
, ,
,

N N
,
- Dimethyl + Mado,
benzenamine +21120
G. Amines
formed contains one

carbon less than that present in

NH, -

( HD ,
- NH
,
the amide
diamine
.

Hexane -1,6 -
?⃝
GABRIEL PHTHALIMIDESYN .
•

Alkyl amines are stronger bases than MHz

Basic
°
o .
nature of aliphatic amines increases
with increase in the number of alkyl
Inte 1¥ nik -

,
i. e effect of alkyl
"
groups +I
group
"
o increases their basicity .

o
0

ONE order of basicity in gaseous phase

•
. . .

NR

§oNa+R
""
30 amine > 2. amine > 1° amine > MHz
-

In
aqueous phase ,
solvation effect and
↳ Only 1° amines can be synthesized steric hindrance ,
besides inductive

by this method effect of alkyl group dead the basic

tea Aromatic 1° amines can not be strength of alkyl amines .

prepared by this method as aryl ↳ when alkyl group is ethyl gooub

halide do not undergo nucleophilic 4211512 NH > ¢214s)zN > ↳ Hs - NH > NH
, ,

sub Rxn with potassium phthalimide

.

↳ when alkyl group is methyl group

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES :
( CHINH > CH> MHz > ¢11BN > Ntb

PHYSICAL STATE ☒ BASIC NATURE of aniline or

aryl
The lower aliphatic amine would be less than that

amines are gases with fishy odour 1° .

of ammonia .

amines with three or more carbon ↳ less basicity of aniline as compared to

atoms are liquid and ones

higher MHz is attributed to -
I effect of
are solid . benzene
ring and de localisation of
lone pair of N .

COLOUR Pure amines are colourless Note ERG like -

OCH
, ctez increase
but develop colour on
keeping whereas
,

in air for long time

basic strength
E. 1×1.4 like NO, ,
SO> H decrease

SOLUBILITY amines basic strength

readily
.

Lower are
soluble in water ,
which
decreases in water and increases in CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AMINES
organic solvents with an increase in
molecular weight . FOR ALIPHATIC AMINES

BOILING POINT :
ALKYLATION
1° amines are
and 2°
R ✗ R' MHz
engaged in intermolecular association +
If R NHR 't RX ¥
- -

127
while
due to
Hydrogen bonding ,
c)
BNR
'
+ R X
-
→ R Ntr '
✗
3° amines do not have inter moi -
,

-
ecular association C due to absence (3) Quaternary
ammonium salt
of H -
atoms
order of B.pt of isomeric amines • It yields a mixture of 192° and 3°
1° > 2
.
> 3
'
amines and also quaternary ammonium
salt .

BASIC CHARACTER OF AMINES : •

major product is obtained when

larger the value

of Kb or smaller the a mine is taken in excess .

value of pkb stronger

,
is the base
NH.ci?-ctgR1Ar-ji-HcH3c0UiiR1Ar-iYj-g-ctg
ACYLATION -

MHz 4%010
>
Aniline Pyridine Acetanilide
4 ✗Hz ( 030
Base
BROMINATION

The reaction is carried out in presence of + 3Br,

€0B Br
3HBr
yo
+

a base stronger than

leg pyridine ) Br
which removes HCl so formed and
↳ To mono substituted derivative
shifts equilibrium to
right side .
get
INHÉCH INHÉCH
-%
}
BENZOYL AT/ ON ]
By ,

"
( tycoon
> ¥1 30175
R MH,
- + -
Coo - R NHCO -5£
-
1- HCl
' '
Br B,

CARBYLAMINE REACTION :

^-
R NC -13kV
NITRATION
R MH CHU -13 KOH >
-

¥i%?ng+É÷^
-
+
, "

Éi
,
+3%0 ✗
"
288k
secondary and tertiary amines do not

show this reaction

His 47%3
" %)
(g- ,
.

, ,
It is used as a test for 1° AMINES
To get mono substituted para derivative

REACTION WITH NITROUS ACID : " " " "" ,NH COCH]
HMOs those
⇐ →
,

' '
R NH-
+ HOMO → R OH 1-
-

Hat + HU
, NO NO
, ,

REACTION WITH ARYL SULPHONYL

SUL PHONATION !
CHLORIDE HINS BERG -

SON
REAGENT tithe
,
Hasa
> ¥-473k
RNH -1%-7-50,6 If ¥-502 NH -
R

①
,

soluble in alkali
20

R NH -1
soil ¥, ¥-502M R2
Jojo
-

, H

3° zwi Her Ion

R N -1 -

soil →
No Reaction
,
p -
amino benzene sulphuric acid is
Reaction is used to distinguish b/w the major product because distance
of amines and 3° amines
'
three classes 132 .
btw -
NH, and so> His maximum .

↳ sulbhanilic acid exist in

AROMATIC AMINES
2. WITTER 10N FORM .

MHz grouts is ortho and para directing

and powerful activating group .

Activating effect of NH, group in aniline ALDEHYDE KETONES

-
-

,
can be controlled by protecting the

MHz group acetylation with

by
-

anhydride and then

AND CARBOXYLIC ACID
acetic
carrying
out the desired substitution Rxu
 PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES
Inorganic compounds containing carbon - AND KETONES :

oxygen double bond ( too ) called

carbonyl group . Their general formula 1.) By Oxidation of alcohols :

is CnH2n0 REC

É
R CH, OH
- -
i R -
CHO

-
É -
µ R
- -
pi
" al " " "

Cros
Aldehyde
r R -
CH -
R
'
y r -
e -
r,
Aldehyde ketone
tote go alcohol
to ketone
The
carbonyl compound in which

carbonyl group is bonded to an oxygen 2. By Dehydrogenation Of Alcohols

atom of hydroxyl group c- on ) are
Cu / 573K
R CHO
É
>
acid
known
caboxylic R CH,
-

as - -
OH
aldehyde
R -
-
OH i. alcohol

0415731' R C p
'

R -
CH -
R
'
> - -

Nomenclature of Aldehyde to
ion 2. alcohol ketone

É methanol CH
,
H ethanol
3. By Ozonolysis of Alkenes :

]\°
°
µ µ CH : lil 03 CHI
! CHL > ?c=o + HCHO
11° Iii ) tho cuz
I benlanal H
CH
,
2h ,

µ '
ce
4. By Hydration of Alkynes OH
2- Chloropentanal
11° < HIGH
die tksou .

, ctÉ=ÉH
I P, dit .

Hgsoy
H H

3- Methyl butanol Butanol

Tautomerism CH
,
-
CHO

All other alkynes give ketones .

°"
Nomenclature of ketones dit Hzso
R -
CECH die
teggoy
, R -

c=dtL ketone
É
°
"
CH CH CH
Tautomerism
>
R -
-

Ctg
] ] ,

Propanone Acetobhenone
( acetone ) ( methyl phenyl ketone ) BY Heating ca salt
of Acid
I Roocyca Is R co R + Caco
I
- -

ROOC
2- Pentathlon ' By Decarboxylation and Dehydration of
benzophenone
Aromatic Acids
i
ñ #
1 COOH 1- HCOOH
a
IF CHO -1110+0 ,

butanone
3- hexanohe
3- Methyl -
2-
COOH -11100C CH -

, MIO > COCH

} -1110-110 ,

STRUCTURE OF CARBONYL GROUP

120
'
PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDE ONLY
L
1. C- spa hybridization
( 0 2 Bond is 120
. →
ROSEN MUND REDUCTION
angle
. :

3. 30 bond ,
11T bond
1Pa Ha ,
Pd /
Bask R
# µ + HU
4 .
Carbon -

Oxygen R ,

11T Acid chloride aldehyde

double bond consist 1- I

É th , Pd /
Basjhe CHO
-
ce g-
E- § 5 . Carbon -

oxygen bond
\o/ Benzaldehyde
is polar in Nature → STEPHEN REDUCTION
G.) In carbonyl gb Ct is
electnbhilicr-czpysncklH.ir - cH=NH É R CHO
-

O
-

is Nucleophilic Partial
Reduction
 E TARD REACTION :
and ethers due to dipole -

dipole interactions But

their b.pt are lower than alcohols
( Ocr OHCI ,) ,
.

CH } ↳2 CH
(¥-
←
+ Crozet , > SOLUBILITY :
chromium
corwblex
Lower members
of aldehyde and
" 30-1 '
- "" ketones are soluble in water because of H Bond
-

Benzaldehyde
.

>
The solubility of aldehyde and ketones decreases
By Side Chain Chlorination of methyl benzene rabidly on increasing the length of alkyl chain .

followed All aldehyde and ketones are fairly soluble in

by Hydrolysis :

organic solvent .

CH " -
1¥
-
CH Cklw CHO
]
-
-

, CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Toluene Benzol Chloride Benzaldehyde

Polar Nature Of Carbonyl Group -7
⇐:±÷÷⇐⇐ mmezcial method to
"

manufacture of Benzaldehyde
The polarity of carbonyl group arise due to high
GATTERMAN -

KOCH REACTION :
electronegativity of 0 atom
-
.

Anhy
CO , HU

AKI, / Cua
,
a- CHO
# Benzaldehyde Ji - § a- Nucleophile center
a Clewis Base )
electrophile center
PREPARATION OF KETONES Clewis Acid )
•

From Acid Chloride

Acidity Of ✗ -

Hydrogen Atom :

ZR Mg ✗ +
Cdclz → Rzcd -12ms
withdrawing effect
- -

ce electron
The strong
2 R' of carbonyl group and resonance
§
'
-4 Rid R -1 Cdu
§
+ → 2 R
-
-
-

,
stabilisation of conjugate base

are responsible for the acidity of

2.) from Nitriles :
d- hydrogen atom .

É
1%1
Ctf -

Ctf -
CEN + E- Mg Br i -0

→
E- d-
h
-

° →
c.
-
-

CH,
Ctf c = N
-
-

' :B e
Mgbr
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION
H Ot
" ,

↳ Hs -
c { the reactivity of aldehyde is more than that
4¥
1- Phenyl probanone
of ketones , due to

↳ steric Reason ↳ Electronic Reason

3.) Frieda craft Acylation
The attack of nucleophile The presence of two
• =
c-
Arm
É on carbonyl carbon is alkyl 920lb in ketones
+ AYR - -
U
-1¥ hindered by the presence
of large substituent on
the electrophile city of
carbonyl carbon more
Ketones
effectively than aldehyde
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALDEHYDE
.

REDUCTION
AND KETONE

|
NABH 4 or
> Alcohol
lower member of aldehyde and IIAIHU
•

ketones
upto Cyo are colourless , volatile liquid Aldehyde zn.mg/HU
while formaldehyde is a
gas at ordinary -
> ICH
and , , emmen , , ,

Hmb Higher members of both are solids

ketones reduction
.

with fruity odour .

NH , MHz / OH
-
-

•
B.pt of carbonyl compounds are
higher than > ICH ,
Wolff Kish her-

those of non -
polar compounds i hydrocarbons Reduction
NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION CARBOXYLIC ACID C- C- OH )
"
o
HCNIOHI Jc / CN
,
- cyanohydrin
OH The consist
carboxyl grouts , of a carbonyl gb
NAHSO ] SO]Na
, yay OH
Bisulbhile addition attached to a hydroxyl group .

product
Aliphatic ( R -
COOH) or Aromatic ( COOH )
ROH ROH
> egg ¥, icon
,
me or Acetal Their
general formula is CnH2n0z
GHz OH
-

CHU -
OH
,
ICT ? ¥; Ketal
H -
COOH CH -
COOH
]

z Methanoic Acid Ethanol Acid

HN
-

>
1- ( = M Z
-

c. formic Acid ) Acid )

( Acetic
2 = OH, -

Nth ,
COOH
CH] CHICOOH
My doom
-

oxalic Acid
Propanoic Acid C Ethane -1,2 dioicacidl -

"° "
OXIDATION REACTION '
coat
kCn07lH+
, R -
COOH
#

{
Benzoic Acid
2- Methyl cyclopentane
"" """"
" & " + "" { °
" "" " " """" " " ""
"" ""
Totten's Test Aldehydes} Acid )

ace
"
-150k
Rcoo { Only METHODS OF PREPARATION :
> Cy Ote
-

+
Fehlingis Test Aldehydes}
From alcohol by Oxidation :

{ amnedthffhakn.LY
NAOX "
Nat É"
-

CHX, + RCOO Ctgcno C. Hscootl

> cigctyote
•

Halo form '"

give this test }
1¥00
"
°"
-0
REACTION DUE TO d- HYDROGEN

CH, -

¢117 ,
-
OH
¥ Ctf Ctf, -

-
-
COOH

OXIDATION OF ALDEHYDE AND KETONE

CH, -
CHO
1¥41 ( Hg COOH -

CH
,
-
É -
CH
,
-

Ctg
KMNOU
,
[ °)
( tycoon + cHg(OOH

oxidation of ketones is done with

difficulty ace . to POPOFF 's RULE i. e

Metonic group remain with smaller gooub .

FROM ALKYL BENZENE

COOH

¥93 ¥1s
1

Benzoic Acid

CH
, KMNOY
,
f%°" pnthalic
acid
foot
¥1,1M → Benzoic
acid
 HYDROLYSIS OF NITRILES Acidity of carboxylic Acid
R CN
-
+ tho É RCONH
,
¥ R COOH
-
LRCOONA +1129
Carboxylic Acid
R COOH RCOO Ma
Comte # + Hao
-

Ctf Ctf CN + H2O → ( Hz Ctf

-
-
- -
-

Ctf Ctf COOH NAHH} RCOONA 1- Hao -1102

-

,
FROM GRIGNARD REAGENT
•
Carboxylic acids are stronger acids than
0=5-0 1-
Ctf Mg Br -
→ 0=6-0
,
alcohols and many simple phenols but weak -

EH, MgBr -
er 1ha mineral acids .

•
Electron withdrawing group stabilise
the carboxylate anion and strengthen
the acid
MGTBOY,
,

CHSCOOH -1 whereas eo
donating group
destabilise the
carboxylate anion and
FROM ACYL HALIDE
weakens the acid .

R Coa
-
# RCOOH + HCl → Rxn
involving cleavage of C- OH bond

↳ Formation
CH Coo Ctf COOH + HU
of anhydride
?
•
,

LR COOH
H? A
, R - E -
p
FROM ACID DERIVATIVE
-

-
g
08%05 A

↳
R -
coz É R - COOH Esterification :

Orditoxqot '
R -
COOH + R' OH RCOOR →
Hao
Ease Of Hydrolysis ↳ Rx with and 5042 :
pus pus ,

RCOU > @ coho > RCOOH > RCONH,

P , RCOU + POU + HU
,
R COOH PU }
Hzpo]
-

>
3 Roll +
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES sock
> race + so, + lice
•
Aliphatic carboxylic acids upto nine carbon
↳ Rxu with ammonia
atoms are colourless liquid at room tents

with unpleasant odour .

The higher acids are RCOOH -1MHz → RCOO
-

Miki ¥0s RCONH

,

like Solids
wax .
Rxn involving -
COOH group
-
Reduction lil LIAIHY /ether
Rctgotp
•
Due to presence of intermolecular forces the lowest Reo , ,,
"
or B. He
>
"' ' "
so -1
carboxyl acids are freely miscible with Wales
But the solubility in water decreases
•
Decarboxylation
RCOO Nat R H -1 Naacos
-

gradually due to increase in size of alky/ gb

-

↳ 11.11.2 Rxn ( Hell Vol hard Zelinsky Rxh )

stronger intermolecular forces increases É

• "
Cte, -
Coote CX] -
Coote
iil
the Hao
b.pt of mono carboxylic acids as
compared to the alcohols
of comparable
↳
Electrophilic ring substitution
molecular masses .

carboxyl group acts as a

deactivating
H
and meta directing grouts
Oic
- -

¥0b
- -

Bra
to R OH /repro
R
-

c.
_%B8
-

- " A
O H Coon
o I
- -
- - -

,
Cone .HN? ]
Fl
Hydrogen Bonding in carboxylic Acid cone .

Hoo ,
E- N°2

R
pg R They do not undergo Frieda craft reaction because
-
n - lo . . .
h - o . - . H - O - - -

carboxyl group is
deactivating group and

in Alcohol / catalyst Alas gets bonded to carboxyl guy

Hydrogen Bonding
.