Types of reaction
1. Reversible
2. Irreversible
Equilibrium
1. Physical equilibrium
2. Chemical equilibrium
Characteristics of physical
Characteristics of chemical
Equilibrium
Relation b\w pH4 POH
Relation b\w ka 4k6
common Ion effect
Buffer solution
Types of buffer solution
Relation b\w solubility & solubility
product
equilibrium
equilibrium
Low mass action
Low chemical equilibrium
Equilibrium constant
Relation b\w kp 4 ke
Characteristic of equilibrium,
constant
Types of chemical equilibrium
Expression for the equilibrium
constant
Application of equilibrium
constant
Factor affective equilibrium
Le chatiliers principle
Types of reaction
Ionic equilibrium
Brousted how concept
Lewis concept
Comparison of basic strength
Electrolyte
Polyprotic acids and poly acidic
base
 Equilibrium

Equilibrium represents the state of a reaction in which the properties like

temp, pressure, and concentration of the system do not show any change
with the passage of time. Equilibrium exists in reversible reactions.

There are two types of equilibrium-

Physical equilibrium - If the opposing process involves only physical

changes, the equilibrium is called physical equilibrium.
eg: (i) solid liquid
(ii)Liquid Gas
(iii) Solid Gas
(iv) Solid solution
(v) Gas solution

chemical equilibrium - If the opposing processes involve only chemical

changes, the -equilibrium is called chemical equilibrium.
eg (i) N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH2(g)
(ii) Caco3 (s) CaO(s) + Co2(g)

Gas-solution equilibrium - The best example of this type of equilibirium is that

of a soda water bottle. The equal that exists within the bottle is

Co2(g) Co2 ( in solution )

 Two types of reaction are:

Reversible reactions: A reaction which takes place not only in the forward
direction but also in the backward direction under the same conditions is
called a reversible process,
A reaction in which not only the reactant [reacts to form the products under
certain - conditions but also the products react to vim reactants under the same
condition is called reversible reaction.

It is represented by putting a double arrow ( ) between reactants and products

eg : N₂ (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
CacO3(s) Cao (s) + Co2 (g)

Irreversible reactions: If a reaction cannot take place in the reverse direction i.e
the products form do not react to give. back the reactants under the same
conditions. It is called an irreversible reaction.
It is represented by putting a single arrow ( ) between the reactants and
products. pointing from reactants to products.
eg 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO (s)
factors affecting solubility of gas in liquids

Temp: With the increase in temp, the solubility of a gas in liquid decrease.
This is because the dissolution of your in liquid is an exothermic process

K3b In warm water. aquatic animals. survive due to the water. availability of less
oxygen in the water

Pressure; with an increase of pressure of gas, its solubility increase in liquid

at a constant temp

Henry's Law - The solubility of a gas in liquid Henry's is directly proportional to

the pressure of the gas above the liquid at a constant temp.
eg M P
M = p K = Henry constant m = mass of he gas in liquid
p = pressure of the gas

Characteristics of physical equilibrium.

At equilibrium, some observable properties of the system become constant

Equilibrium involving gases can be attained only in the closed vessel
Equilibrium is dynamic in nature
At equilibrium, the concentration of the different substances becomes
constant at a constant temp.
The magnitude of the equilibrium constant represents the extent to which
the process proceeds before equal. is obtained

Characteristics of Chemical equilibrium.

At equilibrium (Equil) the Conc. of each of the reactants of and the products
becomes constant.
At Equil the rate of forward reaction becomes equal to the rate of backward
reaction and hence the equil is dynamic in nature
A chemical equil. can be stabilized only if none of the products is allowed
to escape out or separate out as a solid
Equilibrium can be attained from either direction
A catalyst does not alter the state of equill. only equili.attains quickly
K3b
Law of mass action -
This law was given by Guldberg and Waage. Consider a reaction,
Reactants Products
Rate [R]
Rate = [R] (Where K is rate constant or velocity constant )

It states as follows" "The rate of a reaction proportional to the active mass

of the reactant...

Considering a reaction -
aA+bB product
a b
rate [A] [B]
a b
rate = K [A] [B]
It states as follows " The rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of
active masses of the reactants, is raised to the power equal to its
stoichiometric coefficients represented by the balanced chemical equation

Law of chemical equilibrium -

Consider a reversible reaction, aA + bB → xx+yY
Acc. to law of mass action,
a b
Rate of forward reaction [A] [B]
a b
Rate of forward reaction = Kf [A] [B]
(Where Kf = rate constant of forward reaction )

x y
Rate of backward reaction [X] [Y]
x y
Rate of backward reaction = Kb[X] [Y]
(where Kb is rate constant of backward reaction )

At equilibrium
Rate of forward reaction = Rate of backward reaction
a x y
Kf [A] [B] = Kb [X] [Y]
a b
kf/kb = [X] [Y] / [A] [B]

At constant temp, as Kf and Kb are constant therefore Kf/Ks = Ke is also

constant at constant temp , This is called equilibrium constant
x y a b
Ke = [X] [Y] / [A] [B]
Define equilibrium constant: The product of the mole concentrations of the
products, each raised to the power equal to its stoichiometric coefficients
divided by the product of mole concentration of the reactants each raised to the
power equal to is stoichiometric panzer coefficient is constant at constant temp
and is called equil constant.

for gas-phase reaction-

aA(g) + bB(g) xX(g) + yY(g)
the equilibrium constant (Kp) in terms of pressure
x x a b
Kp = Px . Py / Pa. Pb

(where Px,py,Pa,Pb are partial pressure of gas X,Y,A,B responsibility )

[Partial Press. of gas 'A' = XaXPtotal]

k3b Relation between Kp and Ke :

Consider a gas phase reversible reaction
aA(g) + bB(g) xX(g) + yY(g)
Equilibrium is constant in terms of conc.
x y a b
Ke = [X] [Y] / [A] [B]
where [A] [B] [X] [Y] represents the molar conc. of A B X Y respectively

The equilibrium constant in terms of pressure

x y a b
Kp = [Px] [Py] / [Pa] [Pb]

Where Pa Pb Px Py are partial pressure of gases A B X Y respectively

From Ideal gas equation,
PV = nRT
or P = n/v RT
P = [ ] RT ( where n/v = [ ] ( molar conc. )
For a gas A, Pa = [A]RT
For a gas B, Pb = [B]RT
For a gas X, Px = [X]RT
For a gas B, Py = [Y]RT

Putting the value of Pa Pb Px Py in eq

where = [x+y] - [a+b]
= moles of gas product mole of gas reacted

Characteristics of the equilibrium constant

1.The value of the equilibrium constant for a particular reaction is always
constant depending only upon the temp of the reaction and is independent
of the conc. cone of reactants.
2. If the reaction is reversed, the value of quilibrium constant is reversed i...
Kc = 1/kc
3. If the equation ( having equilibrium constant k) is multiplied by 2 the
equilibrium constant for the new equation is the square of k

ie k' = k
For a reaction 2A B+C K = [B] [C]
For a reaction 2A 2B+ 2C
2 2 4 2
K' = [B] [C] /[A] = ( [B] [C] / [A] )

K' = K

4. If the equation ( having equilibrium constant k) is divided by 2 the

equatiolibrium constant for the new equation by the new equation is the
square root of k
ie

5. If the equation (having equilibrium constant ) is written in two steps [having

equilibrium constants K K2 ] the K' = k2
eg for a reaction N2 + 2O2 2No2
 K = [NO2] / [N2] [O2]
Suppose the reaction takes place in 2 steps -
2
step (i) N2 + O2 2NO K1 = [NO2] / [N2] [O2]
2 2
Step (ii) N2 =+ O2 2NO2 K2 = [NO2] / [NO] [O2]
Therefore,
2
2 2
K1, k2 = [No] / [N2] [O2] x [NO2] / [NO] [O2]
2 2
= [NO2] / [N2] [O2] = K

6. The value of equilibrium constant is not effected by the addition of a catalyst

to the reaction

Effect of temp on equilibrium constant

Effect of temp on the equilibrium constant on endothermic reaction, the

value of equilibrium. constant increases with an increase in teme. For an
exothermic reaction, the value of the equilibrium constant decreases with an
increase in temp.
extra:
Van't half equation =

Types of Chemical equilibria

1. Homogeneous equilibrium - when in an equilibrium reaction, all the

reactants and the products are present in the same phase, it is called a
homogeneous equilibrium
Eg (i) N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3(g)
(ii) CH3COOH (aq) + C2H5OH (aq) CH3COOC2H5 (ag) + H2O (l)

2. Heterogenous equilibrium - when in an equilibrium reaction, all the

reactants and the products are present in two or more phases, it is called as
heterogeneous equilibrium. example
(i) CaCo3 (s) Cao (s) + Co2 (g)
(ii) C (s) + H2O(g) co(g) + H2 (g)
Writing expression for equilibrium constant

The active mass of a pure solid or pure liquid (present in excess) is constant.
In these cases, we put their active mass to unity (I ).

[Pure solid ] = 1 & [Pure liquid] = 1

Explanation - Active mass of substance means -

Active mass = moles of substance/volume of substance

Active mass = Mass of substance/ Molar mass of a subs x volume of subs
Active mass = Density of substances / Molar mass of a substance

As density of a particular pure substance at a particular temp. is the constant

and the molecular mass of the substance is also constant Therefore molar
concentration is constant.

molas concentration = active mass)

Applications of Equilibrium constant

1. Predict the extent of the reaction: The magnitude" of the equilibrium

constant gives relative amounts of reactants and products.

(a) Large values of the equi constant (> 10 ) show that forward reaction is
favored i.e concentration of products is much larger than that of the reactants

(b)Low value of the equi constant (<10 ). shows that backward reaction is
favoured i e conc. of reactants is much larger than that of the products.
Products

(c) Intermediate value of equilibrium constant (10 to 10 ) shows that the

concentration of the reactants and products are comparable,
(ii) Predicting the direction of the reaction- for the reaction- For the reaction
aA + bB xX + yY at any stage of the reaction, other than the stage of
chemical equilibrium, concentration ratio as given by the expression for the
law of chemical equilibrium, is called concentration quotient. It is represented
2 2 2 2
by Qc Thus "Concentration Quatient, Qc. = [x] [y] / [A] [B]

(a) if Qc = Kc, the reaction is in equilibrium.

(b) if Qc > Ke , Qc will tend to decrease so as to become equal to Ke.As a
result , the reaction will proceed in backward direction
(c) if Qc < Ke , Qc will tend to increase as a result , the reaction will proceed in
forward direction

Simalarly Qp can also be used

x y a b
Qp = Px. Py / Pa . Pb

Factors affecting equilibrium.

1. Change of conct. of reactants or product

2. Change of temp.
3. Change of press.
4. Addition of catalyst:The addition of catalyst does not disturb the
equilibrium However, it helps in the attainment of equilibrium quickly.
5. Addition of inert gases (like Ne, He, N, etc). Addition of inert gases at
constant volume has no effect on the state of quiliberum whereas at
constant pressure, the equilibrium shifts towards langer no of moles of
gases.

k3b: Le Chatelier's Principle 'if a system in equilibrium is subjected to

change of concentration and temperature. or pressure, the equilibrium shifts
in a direction that tends to undo the effect of the change imposed'

1. Effect of change of concentration -

Adding of reactant, equil. shifts in the forward direction.
adding of product, equil. shifts in backward. direction
Removal Of -reactants, equil shifts in backward direction
Removal Of -Products , equil shifts in Forward direction
2.Effect of change of temperatura-
A. For endothermic reaction-
R P - Heat
R H = +ve
with increase in temp, equil. shifts in forward direction
with decrease in temp equil shifts in backward direction

B. For exothermic reaction :

R P + heat
or R P
with increase in temp, equil. shifts in the backward direction
with decrease in temp equil shifts in the Forward direction

3. Effect of change of pressure.

with increase of pressure, equil. shifts in the towards less no. of moles of
gases.
with decrease of pressure, équill shifts towards Larger no. of moles of gases.
if no. of moles of gaseous reactants and product are equal no effect of
pressure on equilibrium is observed

4. Effect of change of volume (opposite of pressure)

Q for a reaction, 2N2o (g) +0₂ = 4NO(g) What will be the effect on equillbutum
when
(a) the volume of the vessel increase
(b) temp decrease
Ans: (a) . with increase in volume, equil. shife forward direction
b). For endothermic process, with decrease in temp equil shifts in backward
direction.

For the value of equilibrium constant concentration of reactants and

products at equilibrium is required.
Eg: 2Nh3 n2(g) + 3H2(g)
0 0
x 3x
Initial conc. 0.21mol/L
Equi conc. (0.21 - 2x)
3 2
kc = [N2] [H2] /[NH3]
2
3
Kc = X x (3x) / (0.21 - 2x)
 if Kc < 10 -3
[R] - Max [P] - min.
Equil conc.( 0.21 - 2x) = 0.21
Kp = Kc (RT) [ R = 0.0821 ]

Ionic Equilibrium

Various concepts of acids and bases-

(1) Classical concept
Acid - Acid is a substance whose aqueous sol? possessed the following
characteristic properties.
(a) conducts electricity, (b) Turns blue litmus red
(c) sour în taste

Base - Base is a substance whose aqueous sol? possessed the following

characteristics properties
(a) conducts electricity (b) Turns red litmus blue
[c] Bitter in taste.

(2) Arrhenius's concept.

Acid = It is defined as a substance that contains hydrogen and which when
dissolve into water gives hydrogen ion (H+)

Base: It is defined as a substance that contains a hydroxyl group and which

when dissolved into Water gives hydroxide ion (OH-)
eg : NaoH KoH Mg(oh)2 NH4OH etc
NaoH (aq) --- Na+(aq) + OH- (aq)

K3b
3.Bronsted Lowry concept :
Bronsted Acid: Acid is a proton (h+) donor
eg- HCl CH3COOH, H3O+ etc

Bronsted Base : Base is a proton (H=) acceptor

eg- NH3 , OH - ,Cl-, etc
Conjugate acid-base pair - A pair of acid and base that differ by H+ lon is called
conjugate Acid Base pair. eg. HCL and Cl-

K3b - (a) Formation of conjugate acid & Add H+

(b) Formation of Conjugate base - Remove H+
(c) Compare acidic and basic strength.
Strong acid > its conjugate base (weak)
weak acid > its conjugate base (strong )
(d) Amphoteric substance - Substance which" acts as an acid as well as base, is
called. amphoteric substance.
Eg H2O HSO4- HCO3- NH3 etc

Q) What will be the conjugate base for the following Bronsted acids ?
HF, H₂SO4 HCO3 CH3COOH
Ans- conjugate bases = F-, HSO4-, CO3 (2-), CH3COO-

Q) Write the conjugate acids for the following bronsted Base?

NH2- ,NH3, HCOO- Cl- HsO4-
Ans - Conjugate acids = NH3, NH4+, HCOOH,HCl H2SO4

Q) Write the conjugate acids as well as the Conjugate base of the following -
H2O , HCO3- ,NH3
Ans - Conjugate acid - H3O+ , HCO3H , NH4+
Conjugate base - OH- , CO3(2-) , NH2-

Polyprotic Lacids Polybasic acids : Acids which contain more than one protons
are called polyprotic acids. Eg H₂ SO4, H₂CO3, H3PO4 etc
H2SO4 ===> 2H+ + SO42-

4. Lewis concept >

Lewis acids=> An acid is an electron pair. acceptor

Types of Lewis Acid- (four types) -

(a) Molecules having a central atom with incomplete octet- eg. BCl , BBr3 AlCl,
etc.
(b) Simple cations - eg - Ag+, Cu²+, Fe 3+, etc.
(c) Molecules having central atom with empty d-orbitals. eg- siF4, pF5,SnCl4
etc
(d) Molecules containing Leg- CO a polar multiple bond.

Lewis Base - Base is an electron pair donor.

Types of Lewis Bases => (two types)
(a) All negative ions eg : I- , Cl-.OH-,CN- etc
(b)Neutral molecules like
in which one of the atom contains lone pairs

Q)Classify the following species into Lewis Acid and Lewis bases.

Comparison of acidic strength

A. For organic acids => weak Arrhenius acid
-I , -R effect => Increase acidic strength
+I , +R effect => decrease acidic strength
eg CH3COOH < ClCH2COOH
( -I ) Strong acid

B. For other acid => Apply lewis acid concept with increase in electronegativity
, acidic strength increases
eg CH4<NH3<H2O<HF
(strong acid due to more E.N of F atom)

With increase in ox state acidic strength increase

+1 +3 +5 +7
eg HOCL < HCLO2 < HCLO3 < HCLO4
(strong acid due to Higher ox state)

Exception: 1. HF < HCL<HBL<HI (STRONG ACID )

2. H2O < H2SE< H2Te (STRONG ACID)
This is due to low bond energy
 3. BF3 < BCL3<BBR3< BI3 (Absence of )
(weak acid this is due to back bonding )

Comparision of Basic strength.

(a) For metals with a decrease in E N, basic strength increases
(b) With a decrease in ox state, basic strength increases
Eg : LiOH < NaoH < KOH < RboH < CsOH ( strong base )
NaOH > Mg(oH)2 > Al(OH)3
(strong base due to less E.N of Na metal )

Existence of H+ ions in aqueous solution -

Existence of OH- ions in aqueous solution -

Electrolyte

Electrolyte. It is defined as a compound whose aqueous solution or melt

conducts electricity
.There are 2 types of electrolytes
strong electrolytes. It is defined as a substance which dissociates almost
completely into ions in aqueous solution and conducts electricity to large
extent
eg-strong acids like HClO4, H₂SO4, HND3, Hcl, etc.
strong bases like NaOH, KOH, etc.
Salts => Nacl KCl, k2SO4, etc.
K3b : For strong electrolytes => degree of dissociation ( )
=1
Degree of dissociation ( ) = Moles dissociated / NO. of moles taken

Weak electrolytes: - It is defined as a substance which dissociates partly into

ions in an aqueous solution and conducts electricity to a small extent.
Eg : Weak acid - CH3COOH, H₂CO, etc.

Difference between Dissociation and Ionisations =>

Ionisation of weak electrolytes [Ostwald's dilution law]

when acetic acid (a weak electrolyte), is dissolved in water, it dissociates partly
into H+ ions and OH- ions and CH3COO- and the following equil is obtained
CH3COOH (aq) + H₂O (l) CH3COO- (AQ) + H3O+ (aq)
Applying law of chemical equil:
k = [CH3COO-] [H2O+] / [CH3COOH] [H2O]

In dilute solution, [ H2O] is constant The product of K and [H20] is denoted by

Ka the Ionisation constant or dissociation constant of acide thus,
Ka = [CH3COO-] [HO+] / [CH3COOH] -------(i)

f 'C' represents the initial conc. of the acid in mol L-1 and (degree of
dissociation). Then equil.. conc. of the ions (CH3COO -and H₂O+) is equal to
C and that of the undissociated acetic acid = c ( 1 - )
we have,

In case of very weak electrolyte <<<<1,

therefore ( 1 - ) =1

for a weak electrolyte the degree of ionization is inversely proportional to the

square root of molar concentration or directly proportional to the square root of
volume containing one mole of the solute/ electrolyte. This is called ostworld's
of dilution law.

Limitations -
It is applicable only for weak electrolytes in case of strong electrolytes,
=1 & ka = ∞
Dissociation ou conisation constant of base (k) :
The dissociation is a weak base (weak electrolyte). NH4OH in water can be.
represented as follows:
Polyprotic acids and polyacidic base :-
some acids like H₂SO4 H₂CO3, (carbonic acid), COOH (oxalic acid), H3PO4
( phosphoric acid) etc. contain more than one ionizable proton such acids are
"called polybasic or polyprotic acids. They ionize in steps (eg. H2S4)
H2SO4 (aq) + H₂O = H2SO4 + H3O+ (aq)

Where Ka = First ionisation constant of acid

ka2 = second ionisation constant of acid
the overall equilibrium may be obtained as follows
Simillary for tribasic acid like H3PO4
Ka = ka1 x ka2 x ka3
ka1>ka2>ka3
this is because, it is more difficult to remove a positively charged proton from a
negative ion due to electrostatic forces. Greater the charge on the negation
ion, more difficult it becomes to remove a proton

similarly, poly acidic base also ionizise in steps with ionisation constants
[Kb = kb1 x Kb2 & Kb1 > Kb2

Comparison of acidic strength of acids on the basis of the value of ionization

constants of a acid
[Strenght of acid (HA1)
=
[Strength of acid (HA2)

Comparison of basic strength of bases on the basis of value of ionization

constants of base Strength of base
[Strength of Base - 1
=
[Strength of Base - 2

Dissociation constant of water (K) and Ionic product of water (KW)

Pure water is a weak electrolyte . It is ionise to a very small extent as

This ionizationof water is called self ionization of water .

Applying law of chemical equilibrium
K = [H+] [OH-] / [H2O]
Where K = dissociation constant of water
[H2O] is constant , The product of k and [H2O] is represented by Kw, called
ionic product of water
[Kw = [H+] [OH-] & Kw = Kx [H2O]
K3B : Ionic product of water may be defined as the product of molar
concentration of H+ ions and "OH ions."
-14 -14
At 25°C Kw = 1·008 x 10 = 10
temp. increase , Kw = increase
-14
pure water [H+] [OH-] = Kw = 10
-7
[H+] [OH-] = 10 MOL -1

PH => .To determine the acidity and basicity of acids and bases according to pH
scale. pH = potenz de Hydrogen ion concentration.
-PH
PH = [H+] = -10
PH = -log [H+]
Similarly , POH = -log [OH-]
PKa = -log Ka
PKb = -log Kb
PKw = -log Kw
PH + POH = 14

K3B: Relation between ph and poh =>

We know that Kw = [H+] [OH-]
Taking log both sides
log Kw = log [H+] + log [OH-]
-14
At 298k , Kw = 10
-14
log 10 = log [H+] + log [OH-]
-14 log 10 = log [H+] + log [OH-]
-14 = log [H+] + log [OH-]
14 = -log [H+] + log [OH-]

[14 = ph + poh]
or, log Kw = log [H+] + log [OH-]
- log Kw = -log [H+] +(- log [OH-])
pKw = ph +poh
at 298k , pkw = 14
[14 = ph poh ]

Relation between Ka and Kb

consider a weak acid HF and its conjugate base f-
k3b: Common ion effect
If to an ionic equilibrium, AB = A + B- a salt containing a common lon (A*B or
DB). is added, the equil. shifts in the backward. direction, this is called
common ton effect). g- CH3COOH ( acetic acid), a weak electrolyte
dissociates in aqueous solution as follows-"
CH3COOH (aq) = CH3Coo- (aq) + H+ (aq) To this solution, suppose sodium
acetate is added, equil. shifts in backward direction and hence dissociation of
acetic acid decreases

Buffer Solution: It is defined as a solution which resists any change in its pH

value even when small amounts of the acid or the base are added to it.
Buffer action - The property of a buffer solution to resist any change in the pH
value even when small amount of the acid or the base are added to it is called
"buffer action

Types of Buffer solutions - Two types

(a) Solution of single substance- The solution of a salt of a weak acid and a
weak base
eg- CH3COONH4
(b) Solution of the mixture - two types
(i) Acidic Buffer - It is the solution of a weak acid and a salt of this weak acid
with an strong base
eg : CH3COOH + CH3CooNa
ph = pKa + log [salt)/ (Acid]
(ii) Basic buffer : It is the solution of a weak base and a salt of this weak base
with a strong acid :
eg ; NH4OH + NH4CL
poh = pkb = log [salt] / [base]

Solubility of sparingly soluble salt and its solubility product (K₁p). =>
suppose Agcl (sparingly solubility salt ) dissolves in water , the following equi.
exists
Agcl (s) Agcl(ag) Ag+ (aq) + cl- (aq)
or Agcl (s) Ag+(aq) + Cl - (aq)
applying law of chemical equilibrium ,

K = [Ag+] [Cl-] / [Agcl (s)]

K [Agcl] is constant hence ,
K [Agcl (s) ] = Ksp called solubility product

Ksp = [Ag+] [cl-]

Define Ks = It may be defined as the product of the molar concentrations of its
ions in a saturated solution, each concentration raised to the power equal to
the number of ions produced on the dissociation of the molecule of the
electrolyte.

Relation b/w solubility (s) & solubility product

Suppose the solu. of the following salt is mol /L
(i) Agcl (i) Ag+ (aq) + cl-(aq)
s s
Ksp = [Ag+] [cl-]
2
=S x S=S

(ii)Ag2CrO4 (s) 2Ag+ (aq) + CrO4(2-) (aq)

2s s
2 -2
Ksp = [ Ag+] [CrO4 ]
2
= (2s) x s
3
Ksp = 4s
k3b = for salt , AxBy
x y x+y
Ksp = X Y (s)
Q ) calculate the S.P of AgBr -
1
if its solubility is 5.7 x 10 mol L
AgBr (s) Ag+ (ag) + Br -(aq)
s s
Ksp = [Ag+] [Br+]
2
= S x S =S
Q ) Calculate the solubility product of Mg(OH)2 If it's solubility on saturated
-3
solution 8.352×10 g/litre
-3 -4
ans : solubility (s) = 8.352x10 g/L / 58g/mol= 1.44x10 mol
Mg(OH)2 (s) Mg2+ (aq) +2OH- (aq)
S 2S
2 3
Ksp = S x (2s) = 4S
-3
= 4 x ( 8.352 x 10 )
-11
= 1.194 x 10 ans

Q) The solubility product of Agcl in water is 1.5x10 Calculate its solubility in 0.01
M Nacl
ans: Agcl (s) Ag+(aq) + cl- (aq)
(S+ 0.0) = 0.01
Ksp = [Ag+] [Cl-]
Ksp = s (0.01)
-10
1.5 x 10 = 5x0.01
-10
-8
S = 1.5 x 10/0.01 = 1.5 x 10 mol / l

Condition for precipitation

Ionic product = [cation] [anion]
a) if I.P > Ksp, ppt form
b) if Cksp, salt dissociate
c) if I.P = Ksp , equil stage