Chapter 7

THE SOLID STATE

INTRODUCTION
1. _______ solid usually consists of a large number of small crystals, each of them having a definite
characteristic geometrical shape.
2. Crystalline solids are short range. T/F
3. What does long range order mean ?
4. Ex. of crystalline solids - (2)
5. _______ have short range order.
6. What does short range order mean ?
7. Glass is a supercooled liquid. T/F (NEET)
8. The structure of amorphous solid is similar to that of liquid. T/F
9. Ex. of amorphous solids - (3)
10. Crystalline solids have a sharp melting point. T/F
11. On heating amorphous solid becomes crystalline at some temperature. T/F
12. Amorphous solids have a tendency to flow. T/F
13. ______ are called pseudo solids or supercooled liquids.
14. Crystalline solids are isotropic in nature. T/F
15. Amorphous solids are anisotropic in nature. T/F
CLASSIFICATION OF CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS

16. 4 categories of crystalline solids are -

17. Types of molecular solids are - (3)
18. The atoms and molecules in non polar molecular solids are held together by ______ forces.
19. Non polar molecular solids conduct electricity. T/F
20. Molecules in polar molecular solid are held together by _______ forces.
21. Polar molecular solids conduct electricity. T/F
22. Most of the polar molecular solids are gases or liquids under room temperature and pressure. T/F
23. Ex. of non polar molecular solids - (2)
24. Ex. of polar molecular solids - (2)
25. Hydrogen bonded molecular solids conduct electricity. T/F
26. Ionic solids are electrical conductors in solid state. T/F
27. ______ are an orderly collection of positive ions surrounded by and held together by a sea of free electrons.
28. Covalent bonds are strong and directional in nature. T/F

ANSWERS 1
THE SOLID STATE 25
29. Network solids do not conduct electricity except -
30. Graphite is a good solid lubricant. T/F
31. Lustre and colour in metals is also because of the presence of free electrons in them. T/F

CRYSTAL LATTICE

32. Number of three dimensional lattices are - (NEET)

33. What happens in an end-centred unit cell ?
34. Name all the 7 primitive unit cells.
35. SnO₂, TiO₂ are examples of _______ crystal system.
36. Rhombic sulphur, KNO₃, BaSO₄ are ex. of _______ crystal system.
37. Hexagonal crystal system examples - (3)
38. CaCO₃ is also called -
39. HgS is also called -
40. Monoclinic sulphur is an example of _____ crystal system.
41. Triclinic crystal examples - (2)
42. α = β = γ in which crystal systems ? (4) (NEET)
≠ ≠
43. a b c in which crystal systems ? (3)
44. a = b = c in which crystal systems ? (2)

UNIT CELL & PACKING

45. Total no. of atoms in BCC unit cell - (JEE)

46. Total no. of atoms in FCC unit cell - (NEET) (JEE)
47. Coordination no. in one dimensional close packed arrangement is -
48. Square close packing in two dimensions have coordination no. -
49. Hexagonal close packing in two dimensions have coordination no. -
50. The voids in 2d hexagonal close packing are square in shape. T/F
51. If the no. of closed packed spheres are N, that the no. of tetrahedral and octahedral voids are - (NEET 2021)
52. fcc and ccp structure are same. T/F
53. ABAB... pattern is actually hcp/ccp structure
54. ABCABC... pattern is actually hcp/fcc structure.
55. Mg and Zn have hcp/ccp structure. (NEET)
56. Ex. of fcc structure - (2)
57. Coordination no. in hcp is - (NEET)
58. Coordination no. in ccp is -
59. Packing efficiency in ccp is - (JEE)

ANSWERS 1 ANSWERS 2
26 CHEMHACK

60. Packing efficiency in hcp is -

61. Packing efficiency in bcc is - (NEET)
62. Packing efficiency in simple cubic lattice -
63. Write density of unit cell formula. (JEE)
64. The number of carbon atoms per unit cell of diamond unit cell is - (NEET)
IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS

65. 3 types on point defects are -

66. Stoichiometric defects have defects in the stoichiometry of the solid. T/F
67. Stoichiometric defects are also called ______ or ________ defect.
68. 2 types of intrinsic defects are -
69. Vacancy defects increase the density of the substance. T/F
70. Interstitial defects increase the density of the substance. T/F
71. Frenkel and Schottky defctes are shown by ionic/non-ionic solids.
72. Frenkel defects create a ______ at its original site and ______ at its new locations. (NEET) (JEE)
73. Dislocation defect is - (NEET)
74. Frenkel defects change the density of the solid. T/F (NEET)
75. Frenkel defect is shown by ionic substance with large difference in size. T/F (NEET)
76. Frenkel defect is seen in - (4) (NEET)
77. Schottky defects decrease the density of the material. T/F (NEET)
78. Random and unequal no. of cation and anions are missed in Schottky defect. T/F (NEET)
79. _______ is a vacancy defect in ionic solids. (NEET)
80. There is one schottky defect per ___ ions.
81. Schottky defect is seen in - (4)
82. _____ shows both frenkel and schottky defects.
83. Ex. of impurity defect - (2)
84. Metal excess defect is shown by - (2)
85. The anionic sites occupied by unpaired electrons are called ______.
86. Excess of Na in NaCl results in _____ colour of the crystal.
87. Excess of Li makes LiCl crystal colour _____ and excess of K make KCl crystal colour _____
88. Ex. of Metal excess defect due to the presence of extra cations -
89. Ex. of metal deficiency defect - (NEET)
90. ZnO on heating turns _____ colour.

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
91. Conductivities in metal range between ____ to ____ ohm/m.

ANSWERS 2 ANSWERS 3
THE SOLID STATE 27
92. Conductivity in insulators range between ___ to ___ ohm/m.
93. Conductivity in semiconductors range between ___ to ___ ohm/m.
94. Metals conduct electricity in solid as well as molten state. T/F
95. Electrical conductivity of semiconductors increases with rise in temperature. T/F
96. Ex. of intrinsic semiconductors - (2)
97. n-type semiconductor are made by doping - (2) (NEET)
98. p-type semiconductors are made by doping - (3) (NEET)
99. Solar cell is a diode. T/F
100. Typical compounds of groups 13-15 combinations are - (3)
101. _____ semiconductors have very fast response and have revolutionised the design of semiconductor devices.
102. Examples of groups 12-16 compounds are - (4)
103. Metal oxides which behave like metals are - (3)
104. ____ is like metallic copper in its conductivity and appearance.
105. Oxides which show metallic or insulating properties depending on temperature are - (4)

MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
106. Magnetic moment of electron originate from - (2)
107. 1 Bohr magneton = ________ A-m².
108. Paramagnetism is lost in the absence of a magnetic field. T/F
109. In paramagnetism, the substance is magnetised in the opposite direction. T/F
110. Ex. of paramagnetic substances - (4)
111. Paramagnetism is due to -
112. Diamagnetic substances are weakly repelled by a magnetic field. T/F
113. Ex. of diamagnetic substances - (3)
114. Substances are weakly repelled by a magnetic field in diamagnetism because -
115. Ex. of ferromagnetic oxide is -
116. Ex. of ferromagnetic metals - (4)
117. In solid state, the metal ions of ferromagnetic substances are grouped together into small regions called -
118. Ex. of antiferromagnetic substance - (1)
119. Difference between ferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic substances are -
120. Ex. of ferrimagnetic substance - (3)
121. Ferrimagnetic substances become paramagnetic on heating. T/F
122. The no. of body centered unit cell in all 14 types of Bravais lattice is - (NEET 2021)
123. The no. of face centered unit cell in all 14 types of Bravais lattice is -
124. The no. of primitive unit cell in all 14 types of Bravais lattice is -

ANSWERS 3
28 CHEMHACK

ANSWERS
• INTRODUCTION • CLASSIFICATION OF
1. Crystalline CRYSTALLINE SOLIDS
2. F 16. molecular, ionic, metallic and covalent solids
3. It means that there is a regular pattern of 17. Non polar, polar and hydrogen bonded molecular
arrangement of particles which repeats itself solids
periodically over the entire crystal 18. Weak dispersion forces or London forces
4. NaCl, quartz 19. F
5. Amorphous solids 20. Dipole-dipole forces
6. A regular and periodically repeating pattern is 21. F
observed over short distances only 22. T
7. T 23. H₂, Cl₂
8. T 24. HCl, SO₂
9. Glass, rubber and plastics 25. F
10. T 26. F
11. T 27. Metals
12. T 28. T
13. Amorphous solids 29. Graphite
14. F 30. T
15. F 31. T

QUESTIONS 1 QUESTIONS 2
THE SOLID STATE 29
• CRYSTAL LATTICE 37. Graphite, ZnO, CdS
32. 14 38. Calcite
33. one particle is present at the centre of any two 39. Cinnabar
opposite faces besides the ones present at its corners. 40. Monoclinic
34. Cubic, Tetragonal , Orthorhombic, Hexagonal, 41. K₂Cr₂O₇, CuSO₄.5H₂O, H₃BO₃
Rhombohedral, Monoclinic and Triclinic 42. Cubic, Tetragonal, Orthorhombic, Rhombohedral
35. Tetragonal 43. Orthorhombic, Monoclinic, Triclinic
36. Orthorhombic 44. Cubic, Tetragonal

• UNIT CELL & PACKING 54. fcc

45. 2 55. hcp
46. 4 56. Cu, Ag
47. 2 57. 12
48. 4 58. 12
49. 6 59. 74%
50. F 60. 74%
51. Tetrahedral - 2N, octahedral - N 61. 68%
52. T 62. 52.4%
53. Hcp 63.

QUESTIONS 2 QUESTIONS 3
30 CHEMHACK

64. 8 95. T
• IMPERFECTIONS IN SOLIDS 96. Si, Ge
65. (i) stoichiometric defects 97. P or As
(ii) impurity defects 98. B, Al, Ga
(iii) non-stoichiometric defects 99. T
66. F 100. InSb, AlP, GaAs
67. Intrinsic or thermodynamic defects 101. GaAs
68. Vacancy and interstitial 102. ZnS, CdS, CdSe and HgTe
69. F 103. TiO, CrO₂ and ReO₃
70. T 104. ReO₃
71. Ionic 105. VO, VO₂, VO₃ and TiO₃
72. Vacancy defect, interstitial defect • MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
73. Frenkel defect 106. (i) orbital motion, (ii) spin around its axis
74. F 107. 9.27 × 10⁻²⁴ Am²
75. T 108. T
76. ZnS, AgCl, AgBr, AgI 109. F
77. T 110. O₂, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cr³⁺
78. F 111. Presence of unpaired electrons
79. Schottky defect 112. T
80. 10¹⁶ 113. H₂O, NaCl and C₆H₆
81. NaCl, KCl, CsCl and AgBr 114. Lenz law
82. AgBr 115. CrO₂
83. SrCl₂ and NaCl, CdCl₂ and AgCl 116. Fe, Co, Ni, Gd
84. NaCl, KCl 117. Domains
85. F-centres 118. MnO
86. Yellow 119. In ferromagnetic substance, all domains get oriented
87. Pink, violet in the direction of magnetic field, & in ferrimagnetic
88. ZnO substance, domains are aligned in parallel & anti-parallel
89. FeO direction in unequal numbers.
90. Yellow 120. Fe₃O₄ (magnetite) & ferrites like MgFe₂O₄ &
• ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES ZnFe₂O₄
91. 10⁴−10⁷ 121. T
92. 10⁻²⁰−10⁻¹⁰ 122. 3
93. 10⁻⁶−10⁴ 123. 2
94. T 124. 6
QUESTIONS 3 QUESTIONS 4