BIOHACK NOTES

BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
• Based on active recall and spaced repetition
• Target 360/360 in NEET Biology & 100/100 in Boards!
 • INTRODUCTION

1) ______ was the earliest to attempt a scientific basis of classification.

2) Aristotle classified plants into _____,_____ and______
3) He divided animals into ____ no of groups, one with ______ and one those did not.
4) Monera cell wall is made up of _______ and ________
5) All protists don't contain a cell wall. T/F
6) Loose tissue body of organisation is present in _______
7) Monerans cannot be saprophytic. T/F
8) Holozoic mode of nutrition is present in _______ kingdom,
9) The Animalia kingdom contains saprophytic animals. T/F
10) Whittaker gave 5 kingdom classification in ______ year.
11) Criterias used by Whittaker for classification was (5) (NEET)
12) Earlier Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together under _______
13) Kingdom ______ has brought together ________ and ________ (having cell wall) with
______ and ______ (lacking cell wall). (NEET)
14) Phylogenetic means ? (NEET)

• KINGDOM MONERA

15) _______ are the sole members of kingdom monera.

16) 4 categories based on shape -
17) Bacterial structure is very complex, yet they are very simple in behavior. T/F
18) The ________ shows the most extensive metabolic diversity. (NEET)
19) Vast majority of bacteria are autotrophs. T/F

DigaQ. 1
Y
X
D
C
A
B
• ARCHAEBACTERIA
20) _________ bacteria live in some of the most harsh habitats
21) Name the 3 divisions of archaebacteria and their habitat. (NEET)
22) Archaebacteria differs from others by having _________. (NEET)
23) The reason for the survival of archaebacteria in extreme conditions is ?
24) _______ are present in the gut of ruminants. (NEET)
25) Methanogens are chemoautotrophs/chemoheterotrophs.

• EUBACTERIA
DigaQ. 2
26) Eubacteria have rigid cell wall. T/F
27) Eubacteria, if motile, contains cilia. T/F
28) Cyanobacteria is also called ________ have ______ A
type of chlorophyll.
29) Cyanobacteria can't be filamentous. T/F (NEET) B
30) Cyanobacteria can be colonial. T/F
31) The colonies of cyanobacteria are surrounded by ________
32) They form ______ in polluted water.
33) Some can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells
called _________
34) Ex of bacteria containing heterocyst are (2) (NEET)
35) ____________ bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances
such as _____, _____, ______ for energy. (NEET)
36) ___________ play a great role in recycling of nutrients like (4)
37) ____________ bacteria are most abundant in nature. (NEET)
38) Nostoc is a filamentous/unicellular cyanobacteria. (NEET)
39) _________ are helpful in making curd from milk, production of antibiotics. (NEET)
40) Heterotrophic bacteria help in fixation of nitrogen in roots. T/F
41) Name the 4 well known diseases caused by bacteria and their causative agent. (NEET)
42) Bacteria produce spores in favorable conditions. T/F
43) In bacteria, a primitive type of sexual reproduction is also present. T/F
44) 3 ways through which bacteria reproduce -
45) 3 ways through which bacteria do sexual reproduction -
46) _________ completely lack cell wall. (NEET) DigaQ. 3
A B
47) Mycoplasma cannot survive without oxygen. T/F (NEET)
48) __________ are the smallest living organism. (NEET) C
49) Mycoplasma are never pathogenic. T/F (NEET)

• KINGDOM PROTISTA

50) All ________ are placed under Protista. (NEET)

51) Groups under protista are (5)
52) Members of protists are primarily _______
53) This kingdom forms a link with other kingdoms. T/F

• CHRYSOPHYTES
54) This group include ______ and _______ (NEET)
55) They are found only in marine water . T/F
56) They are microscopic and are planktons. T/F (NEET)
57) What are planktons ?
58) Most of them are _________
59) The cell wall form two thick/thin overlapping shells, which fit together as in a _______ (NEET)
60) The walls are embedded with _____ and thus the walls are destructible/indestructible. (NEET)
61) What is diatomaceous earth ? (NEET)
62) Diatomaceous earth is used in (3).
63) _______ are chief producers of oceans. (NEET)
DigaQ. 4 - A
• DINOFLAGELLATES
64) They are mostly marine/free water and ________
65) They appear of 5 colour - (Rang birange :))
66) The cell wall has ___________ in the outer surface.
67) They have 2 cilla. T/F
68) Both the flagella are perpendicular to each other. T/F
69) Red dinoflagellates ex (1)
70) Red tides occur due to -
71) Red tides are good for marine fishes. T/F
• EUGLENOIDS
DigaQ. 4 - B
72) Majority of them are marine/fresh water.
73) Are found in stagnant water T/F.
74) Instead of cell wall, they have ______ which is rich in _______
75) Euglenoids have a flexible body. T/F
76) Euglenoids have one single long flagella. T/F
77) Pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present in ________
78) They are permanent autotrophs. T/F
79) Ex - (1)

• SLIME MOULDS
80) Slime moulds are __________ protist.
81) Under suitable/unsuitable conditions, they form a
DigaQ. 4 - C
aggregation called _________
82) Plasmodium may spread over several feet. T/F
83) During favorable conditions, the plasmodium
differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips. T/F
84) The spore possess true/false walls.
85) The spores are dispersed by _______

• PROTOZOANS
86) All protozoans are _________
87) Protozoans live as _______ or _______
88) _______ are believed to be primitive relatives of animals.
89) 4 major groups of protozoans are -
DigaQ. 4 - D
90) Habitat of ameboid protozoans. (3)
91) They capture their prey by ________ (NEET)
92) They have _____ shells on their surface.
93) Ex of ameboid parasite (1)
94) Habitat of flagellated protozoans (2)
95) Flagellated protozoans ex (1) and the disease it cause -
96) Ciliated protozoans have cavity called ______
97) Ex - (1)
98) Sporozoans have a ______ spore like stage.
99) Sporozoans ex (1) and the disease it cause –
 • KINGDOM FUNGI

100) Fungi are cosmopolitan. T/F

101) The fungi kingdom only contains multicellular organisms. T/F
102) Their bodies contains long, ______ like structures called ______
103) The network of hyphae is called _______
104) What are coenocytic hyphae ?
105) The cell wall is composed of ______ and ________ (NEET)
106) Fungi are also parasitic. T/F
107) Symbionts ex (2)
108) Rep by vegetative means by (3)
109) Rep by asexual means by spores called _______or _______or_______
110) Sexual rep by (3)
111) The spores are produced in _______
112) Sexual cycle involves 3 steps -
113) Dikaryophase is present in (2)
114) In dikaryon cell, 2n condition is present. T/F
115) Basis of division of the kingdom is (3)

• PHYCOMYCETES
116) Phycomycetes can't be obligate parasites on plants. T/F DigaQ. 5 - A
117) Mycelium is aseptate/septate and ______
118) Asexual rep by (2)
119) These spores are end/exogenously produced in ________
120) A ______ is formed by fusion of two gametes.
121) Gametes are of 3 types -
122) Ex (3)
123) _______ is a parasitic fungi on mustard.
• ASCOMYCETES
124) Commonly known as ______ DigaQ. 5 - B
125) Yeast scientific name is ___________ (NEET)
126) Modes of nutrition seen are - (4)
127) Mycelium branched/unbranched and septate/aseptate.
128) Asexual spore are -
129) Conidia are produced on endo/exogenously.
130) Conidia on germination produce ________
131) Sexual spore name ______ and produced endo/exogenously.
132) Sexual spore produced in _____ which are ____ like.
133) These asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called _______
134) Ex (3)
135) ________ is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work. (NEET)
136) ______ and _______ are edible. (NEET)

• BASIDIOMYCETES
DigaQ. 5 - C
137) Commonly known forms are _______, ______ or _______ (NEET)
138) Ex of parasitic basidiomycetes. (2)
139) Mycelium branched/unbranched and septate/aseptate.
140) Asexual spores are generally found. T/F
141) Vegetative rep by ________ is common.
142) Sex organs are present. T/F
143) Sexual reproduction is present . T/F
144) Plasmogamy occur through ______
145) The resultant structure is ________ which ultimately give rise to _______
146) Karyogamy and meiosis occur in _______
147) Basidiospores are endogenously/exogenously produced on ______
148) Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called ________
149) Ex (3) (NEET)
• DEUTEROMYCETES
150) Commonly known as ________ (NEET)
151) They are imperfect fungi because - (NEET)
152) Reproduce by spore called _______
153) Mycelium features (2) (NEET)
154) Mode of nutrition is (3) (NEET)
155) They help in mineral cycling. T/F (NEET)
156) Ex (3)

• KINGDOM PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA

157) Ex of insectivorous plant (2).

158) Ex of a parasitic plant. (1)
159) Animals stores food as _____ or _____
160) All plants are eukaryotic chlorophyll containing organisms. T/F

• VIRUSES, VIROIDS, PRIONS AND LICHENS

161) In the Whittaker classification, he didn't include ________ organisms.

162) Virus have ____________ structure outside the living cell.
163) "Virus" means _______ or ________
164) ___________ gave virus its name.
165) _________ recognised in year ____ certain microbes as causal agents of mosaic disease of
tobacco. (NEET)
166) ___________ saw that extract from infected plants cause infection in healthy plants
hence called the fluid _______ in year ______ (NEET)
167) ____ (year) showed that viruses could be crystalilsed. (NEET)
168) Virus crystal consist largely of ________
169) Virus are not obligate parasite, they can be helpful too. T/F
170) Virus can contain both RNA and DNA. T/F
171) A virus is in short a ____________
172) Virus infecting plant have ______ genetic material.
173) Virus infecting animals have ______ genetic material. A B DigaQ. 6 - X
174) Bacteriophages means ?
175) Genetic material of bacteriophages is C
176) The protein coat is made up of _______ (NEET)
177) These capsomeres are arranged in _____ or _____ D
geometric forms. E
178) Viral diseases in humans ex. (5)
179) In plants, viral diseases are (5)
180) Viroids were discovered by ______ in _____ year.
181) Viroids are bigger than virus. T/F (NEET) F
182) It is a free RNA/DNA. (NEET) DigaQ. 6 - Y
183) It lacks a protein coat. T/F
184) The RNA of viroid was of high molecular weight. T/F (NEET)
185) _______ are mis-folded proteins.
186) Prions cause __________ in cattle and its analogous variant _________ in humans.
187) Algal component of lichen is called _______ and fungal is called _______
188) Fxn of algal and fungal component respectively are -
189) Lichen are very good indicators of ________. They don't grow in ______ (NEET)
 BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION

ANSWERS
 8. Animal
• ANSWERS 9. T
10. 1969
1. Aristotle 11. cell structure, body organisation, mode of
2. Trees, shrubs and herbs nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic
3. Had red blood and those that did not relationships
4. Polysaccharide + amino acid 12. Algae
5. T 13. Protista, Chlamydomonas and Chlorella,
6. Fungi Paramoecium and Amoeba
7. F 14. Based on evolutionary relationship

• MONERA 23. Same as 22 and also absence of peptidoglycan

15. Bacteria 24. Methanogens
16. Cocci, bacillus, vibrium, spirillum 25. Chemoautotrophs
17. F Eubacteria
18. Bacteria as a group 26. T
19. F 27. F
Archaebacteria
20. Archaebacteria 28. Blue green algae, chl a
21. extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs 29. F
(thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas 30. T
(methanogens)
22. Different cell wall structure, branched chain
lipids (phytanyl side chains)
31. Gelatinous sheath 62. Polishing, filtration of oils and syrups
32. Blooms 63. Diatoms
33. Heterocysts 64. Marine, photosynthetic
34. Anabaena, Nostoc 65. Yellow, green, brown, blue, red
35. Chemosynthetic autotrophs, nitrates, nitrites 66. Stiff cellulosic plates
and ammonia 67. F
36. Chemosynthetic autotrophs, N,P,Fe,S 68. T
37. Heterotrophic 69. Gonyaulax
38. Filamentous 70. Rapid multiplication of red dinoflagellates
39. Heterotrophic bacteria 71. F, they kill them
40. T 72. Fresh
41. Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), typhoid (Salmonella 73. T
typhi), tetanus (Clostridium tetani), citrus canker 74. Pellicle, protein
(Xanthomonas citri) 75. T
42. F 76. F, two flagella, one short one long
43. T 77. Higher plants
44. Fission, spore formation, sexual reproduction 78. F
45. Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction 79. Euglena
46. Mycoplasma 80. Saprophytic
47. F 81. Suitable, plasmodium
48. Mycoplasma 82. T
49. F 83. F, unfavorable
• KINGDOM PROTISTA 84. True
50. Single celled eukaryotes 85. Air currents
51. Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime 86. Heterotrophs
moulds and Protozoans 87. Predators or parasites
52. Aquatic 88. Protozonas
53. T 89. Amoeboid, Flagellated, Cilliated and Sporozoans
54. Diatoms and Golden algae(desmids) 90. Fresh water, sea water or moist soil
55. F, fresh water also 91. Putting out pseudopodia
56. T 92. Silica
57. Those who float passively in water currents 93. Ameoba
58. Photosynthetic 94. Free-living or parasitic
59. Diatoms
60. Silica, indestructible
61. Cell wall deposits of diatoms
95. Trypanosoma - Sleeping sickness 126. Saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or
96. Gullet coprophilous
97. Paramoecium 127. branched , septate
98. Infective 128. Conidia
99. Plasmodium – Malaria 129. Exogenously
• KINGDOM FUNGI 130. Mycelium
100. T 131. Ascospore, endo
101. F 132. Asci, sac like
102. Slender thread, hyphae 133. Ascocarps
103. Mycelium 134. Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora
104. Hyphae are continuous tubes filled with 135. Neurospora
multinucleated cytoplasm 136. Morels and truffles
105. Chitin and polysaccharide 137. Mushrooms, bracket fungi and puffballs
106. T 138. Rusts and smuts
107. Lichen, mycorrhiza 139. Branches and septate
108. Fragmentation, fission and budding 140. F
109. Conidia or sporangiospore or zoospore 141. Fragmentation
110. Oospore, ascospore and basidiospore 142. F
111. Fruiting bodies 143. T
112. Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and meiosis 144. Somatic fusion
113. Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes 145. Dikaryotic, basidium
114. F 146. Basidium
115. Morphology of mycelium, mode of spore 147. Exo, basidium
formation and fruiting bodies 148. Basidiocarps
116. F 149. Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut) and
117. Aseptate, coenocytic Puccinia (rust fungus)
118. Zoospore (motile) or aploanospore(non-motile) 150. Imperfect fungi
119. Endo. sporangium 151. Sexual phase not present
120. Zygospore 152. Conidia
121. Isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous 153. Septate, branched
122. Mucor, Albugo, Rhizopus 154. Saprophhytes, parasitic, decomposers of litter
123. Albugo 155. T
124. Sac-fungi 156. Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma
125. Saccharomyces
• KINGDOM PLANTAE & ANIMALIA 179. mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling,
157. Bladderwort, Venus fly trap yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted
158. Cuscuta growth.
159. Glycogen and fat 180. T.O. Diener, 1971
160. F 181. F
• VIRUSES, VIROIDS AND LICHENS 182. RNA
161. Acellular 183. T
162. Inert crystalline 184. F
163. Venom, poisonous fluid 185. Prions
164. Pasteur 186. bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
165. D.J. Ivanowsky (1892) commonly called mad cow disease, Cr–Jacob disease
166. M.W. Beijerinek, contagium vivum fluidum, 1898 (CJD)
167. W.M. Stanley (1935) 187. Phycobiont, mycobiont
168. Proteins 188. . Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide
169. F shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water
170. F 189. Pollution, polluted areas
171. Nucleoprotein
172. ssRNA • DigaQs
173. ssRNA or dsRNA or dsDNA DigaQ. 1
174. Virus that infect bacteria A – Cocci X – Spore
175. dsDNA B – Bacilli Y – Flagellum
176. Capsomeres C – Spirilla
177. Helical or polyhedral D – Vibrio
178. mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza. AIDS
DigaQ. 2 - Nostoc DigaQ. 5
A – Heterocyst A – Mucor
B – Mucilaginous sheath B – Aspergillus

DigaQ. 3 - A dividing bacterium DigaQ. 6

A – Cell wall X – Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
B – Cell membrane Y – Bacteriophage
C – DNA A – RNA
B – Capsid
DigaQ. 4
C – Head
A – Dinoflagellates
D – Collar
B – Euglena
E – Sheath
C – Slime mould
F – Tail fibres
D – Paramoecium

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