Biohack 11

BIOHACK NOTES
BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
• Based on active recall and spaced repetition
• Target 360/360 in NEET Biology & 100/100 in Boards!
• INTRODUCTION
1) ______ was the earliest to attempt a scientific basis of classification.

2) Aristotle classified plants into _____,_____ and______
3) He divided animals into ____ no of groups, one with ______ and one those did not.
4) Monera cell wall is made up of _______ and ________
5) All protists don't contain a cell wall. T/F
6) Loose tissue body of organisation is present in _______
7) Monerans cannot be saprophytic. T/F
8) Holozoic mode of nutrition is present in _______ kingdom,
9) The Animalia kingdom contains saprophytic animals. T/F
10) Whittaker gave 5 kingdom classification in ______ year.
11) Criterias used by Whittaker for classification was (5) (NEET)
12) Earlier Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together under _______
13) Kingdom ______ has brought together ________ and ________ (having cell wall) with
______ and ______ (lacking cell wall). (NEET)
14) Phylogenetic means ? (NEET)
• KINGDOM MONERA
15) _______ are the sole members of kingdom monera.

16) 4 categories based on shape -
17) Bacterial structure is very complex, yet they are very simple in behavior. T/F
18) The ________ shows the most extensive metabolic diversity. (NEET)
19) Vast majority of bacteria are autotrophs. T/F
DigaQ. 1
Y
X
D
C
A
B
• ARCHAEBACTERIA
20) _________ bacteria live in some of the most harsh habitats (NEET 2019 Odhisa)
21) Name the 3 divisions of archaebacteria and their habitat. (NEET)
22) Archaebacteria differs from others by having _________. (NEET)
23) The reason for the survival of archaebacteria in extreme conditions is ?
24) _______ are present in the gut of ruminants. (NEET)
25) Methanogens are chemoautotrophs/chemoheterotrophs.
• EUBACTERIA
DigaQ. 2
26) Eubacteria have rigid cell wall. T/F
27) Eubacteria, if motile, contains cilia. T/F
28) Cyanobacteria is also called ________ have ______ A
type of chlorophyll.
29) Cyanobacteria can't be filamentous. T/F (NEET) B
30) Cyanobacteria can be colonial. T/F
31) The colonies of cyanobacteria are surrounded by ________
32) They form ______ in polluted water.
33) Some can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells
called _________
34) Ex of bacteria containing heterocyst are (2) (NEET)
35) ____________ bacteria oxidise various inorganic substances
such as _____, _____, ______ for energy. (NEET)
36) ___________ play a great role in recycling of nutrients like (4)
37) ____________ bacteria are most abundant in nature. (NEET)
38) Nostoc is a filamentous/unicellular cyanobacteria. (NEET)
39) _________ are helpful in making curd from milk, production of antibiotics. (NEET)
40) Heterotrophic bacteria help in fixation of nitrogen in roots. T/F
41) Name the 4 well known diseases caused by bacteria and their causative agent. (NEET)
42) Bacteria produce spores in favorable conditions. T/F
43) In bacteria, a primitive type of sexual reproduction is also present. T/F
44) 3 ways through which bacteria reproduce -
45) 3 ways through which bacteria do sexual reproduction -
46) _________ completely lack cell wall. (NEET) DigaQ. 3
A B
47) Mycoplasma cannot survive without oxygen. T/F (NEET)
48) __________ are the smallest living organism. (NEET) C
49) Mycoplasma are never pathogenic. T/F (NEET)
• KINGDOM PROTISTA
50) All ________ are placed under Protista. (NEET)

51) Groups under protista are (5)
52) Members of protists are primarily _______
53) This kingdom forms a link with other kingdoms. T/F
• CHRYSOPHYTES
54) This group include ______ and _______ (NEET)
55) They are found only in marine water . T/F
56) They are microscopic and are planktons. T/F (NEET)
57) What are planktons ?
58) Most of them are _________
59) The cell wall form two thick/thin overlapping shells, which fit together as in a _______ (NEET)
60) The walls are embedded with _____ and thus the walls are destructible/indestructible. (NEET)
61) What is diatomaceous earth ? (NEET)
62) Diatomaceous earth is used in (3).
63) _______ are chief producers of oceans. (NEET)
DigaQ. 4 - A
• DINOFLAGELLATES
64) They are mostly marine/free water and ________
65) They appear of 5 colour - (Rang birange :))
66) The cell wall has ___________ in the outer surface.
67) They have 2 cilla. T/F
68) Both the flagella are perpendicular to each other. T/F
69) Red dinoflagellates ex (1)
70) Red tides occur due to -
71) Red tides are good for marine fishes. T/F
• EUGLENOIDS
DigaQ. 4 - B
72) Majority of them are marine/fresh water.
73) Are found in stagnant water T/F.
74) Instead of cell wall, they have ______ which is rich in _______
75) Euglenoids have a flexible body. T/F
76) Euglenoids have one single long flagella. T/F
77) Pigments of euglenoids are identical to those present in ________
78) They are permanent autotrophs. T/F
79) Ex - (1)
• SLIME MOULDS
80) Slime moulds are __________ protist.
81) Under suitable/unsuitable conditions, they form a
DigaQ. 4 - C
aggregation called _________
82) Plasmodium may spread over several feet. T/F
83) During favorable conditions, the plasmodium
differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing spores at their tips. T/F
84) The spore possess true/false walls.
85) The spores are dispersed by _______
• PROTOZOANS
86) All protozoans are _________
87) Protozoans live as _______ or _______
88) _______ are believed to be primitive relatives of animals.
89) 4 major groups of protozoans are -
DigaQ. 4 - D
90) Habitat of ameboid protozoans. (3)
91) They capture their prey by ________ (NEET)
92) They have _____ shells on their surface.
93) Ex of ameboid parasite (1)
94) Habitat of flagellated protozoans (2)
95) Flagellated protozoans ex (1) and the disease it cause -
96) Ciliated protozoans have cavity called ______
97) Ex - (1)
98) Sporozoans have a ______ spore like stage.
99) Sporozoans ex (1) and the disease it cause –
• KINGDOM FUNGI
100) Fungi are cosmopolitan. T/F

101) The fungi kingdom only contains multicellular organisms. T/F
102) Their bodies contains long, ______ like structures called ______
103) The network of hyphae is called _______
104) What are coenocytic hyphae ?
105) The cell wall is composed of ______ and ________ (NEET)
106) Fungi are also parasitic. T/F
107) Symbionts ex (2)
108) Rep by vegetative means by (3)
109) Rep by asexual means by spores called _______or _______or_______
110) Sexual rep by (3)
111) The spores are produced in _______
112) Sexual cycle involves 3 steps -
113) Dikaryophase is present in (2)
114) In dikaryon cell, 2n condition is present. T/F
115) Basis of division of the kingdom is (3)
• PHYCOMYCETES
116) Phycomycetes can't be obligate parasites on plants. T/F DigaQ. 5 - A
117) Mycelium is aseptate/septate and ______
118) Asexual rep by (2)
119) These spores are end/exogenously produced in ________
120) A ______ is formed by fusion of two gametes.
121) Gametes are of 3 types -
122) Ex (3)
123) _______ is a parasitic fungi on mustard.
• ASCOMYCETES
124) Commonly known as ______ DigaQ. 5 - B
125) Yeast scientific name is ___________ (NEET)
126) Modes of nutrition seen are - (4)
127) Mycelium branched/unbranched and septate/aseptate.
128) Asexual spore are -
129) Conidia are produced on endo/exogenously.
130) Conidia on germination produce ________
131) Sexual spore name ______ and produced endo/exogenously.
132) Sexual spore produced in _____ which are ____ like.
133) These asci are arranged in different types of fruiting bodies called _______
134) Ex (3)
135) ________ is used extensively in biochemical and genetic work. (NEET)
136) ______ and _______ are edible. (NEET)
• BASIDIOMYCETES
DigaQ. 5 - C
137) Commonly known forms are _______, ______ or _______ (NEET)
138) Ex of parasitic basidiomycetes. (2)
139) Mycelium branched/unbranched and septate/aseptate.
140) Asexual spores are generally found. T/F
141) Vegetative rep by ________ is common.
142) Sex organs are present. T/F
143) Sexual reproduction is present . T/F
144) Plasmogamy occur through ______
145) The resultant structure is ________ which ultimately give rise to _______
146) Karyogamy and meiosis occur in _______
147) Basidiospores are endogenously/exogenously produced on ______
148) Basidia are arranged in fruiting bodies called ________
149) Ex (3) (NEET)
• DEUTEROMYCETES
150) Commonly known as ________ (NEET)
151) They are imperfect fungi because - (NEET)
152) Reproduce by spore called _______
153) Mycelium features (2) (NEET)
154) Mode of nutrition is (3) (NEET)
155) They help in mineral cycling. T/F (NEET)
156) Ex (3)
• KINGDOM PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA
157) Ex of insectivorous plant (2).

158) Ex of a parasitic plant. (1)
159) Animals stores food as _____ or _____
160) All plants are eukaryotic chlorophyll containing organisms. T/F
• VIRUSES, VIROIDS, PRIONS AND LICHENS
161) In the Whittaker classification, he didn't include ________ organisms.

162) Virus have ____________ structure outside the living cell.
163) "Virus" means _______ or ________
164) ___________ gave virus its name.
165) _________ recognised in year ____ certain microbes as causal agents of mosaic disease of
tobacco. (NEET)
166) ___________ saw that extract from infected plants cause infection in healthy plants
hence called the fluid _______ in year ______ (NEET)
167) ____ (year) showed that viruses could be crystalilsed. (NEET)
168) Virus crystal consist largely of ________
169) Virus are not obligate parasite, they can be helpful too. T/F
170) Virus can contain both RNA and DNA. T/F
171) A virus is in short a ____________
172) Virus infecting plant have ______ genetic material.
173) Virus infecting animals have ______ genetic material. A B DigaQ. 6 - X
174) Bacteriophages means ?
175) Genetic material of bacteriophages is C
176) The protein coat is made up of _______ (NEET)
177) These capsomeres are arranged in _____ or _____ D
geometric forms. E
178) Viral diseases in humans ex. (5)
179) In plants, viral diseases are (5)
180) Viroids were discovered by ______ in _____ year.
181) Viroids are bigger than virus. T/F (NEET) F
182) It is a free RNA/DNA. (NEET) DigaQ. 6 - Y
183) It lacks a protein coat. T/F
184) The RNA of viroid was of high molecular weight. T/F (NEET)
185) _______ are mis-folded proteins.
186) Prions cause __________ in cattle and its analogous variant _________ in humans.
187) Algal component of lichen is called _______ and fungal is called _______
188) Fxn of algal and fungal component respectively are -
189) Lichen are very good indicators of ________. They don't grow in ______ (NEET)
BIOLOGICAL
CLASSIFICATION
ANSWERS
8. Animal
• ANSWERS 9. T
10. 1969
1. Aristotle 11. cell structure, body organisation, mode of
2. Trees, shrubs and herbs nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic
3. Had red blood and those that did not relationships
4. Polysaccharide + amino acid 12. Algae
5. F 13. Protista, Chlamydomonas and Chlorella,
6. Fungi Paramoecium and Amoeba
7. F 14. Based on evolutionary relationship
• MONERA 23. Same as 22 and also absence of peptidoglycan

15. Bacteria 24. Methanogens
16. Cocci, bacillus, vibrium, spirillum 25. Chemoautotrophs
17. F Eubacteria
18. Bacteria as a group 26. T
19. F 27. F
Archaebacteria
20. Archaebacteria 28. Blue green algae, chl a
21. extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs 29. F
(thermoacidophiles) and marshy areas 30. T
(methanogens)
22. Different cell wall structure, branched chain
lipids (phytanyl side chains)
31. Gelatinous sheath 62. Polishing, filtration of oils and syrups
32. Blooms 63. Diatoms
33. Heterocysts 64. Marine, photosynthetic
34. Anabaena, Nostoc 65. Yellow, green, brown, blue, red
35. Chemosynthetic autotrophs, nitrates, nitrites 66. Stiff cellulosic plates
and ammonia 67. F
36. Chemosynthetic autotrophs, N,P,Fe,S 68. T
37. Heterotrophic 69. Gonyaulax
38. Filamentous 70. Rapid multiplication of red dinoflagellates
39. Heterotrophic bacteria 71. F, they kill them
40. T 72. Fresh
41. Cholera (Vibrio cholerae), typhoid (Salmonella 73. T
typhi), tetanus (Clostridium tetani), citrus canker 74. Pellicle, protein
(Xanthomonas citri) 75. T
42. F 76. F, two flagella, one short one long
43. T 77. Higher plants
44. Fission, spore formation, sexual reproduction 78. F
45. Transformation, Conjugation, Transduction 79. Euglena
46. Mycoplasma 80. Saprophytic
47. F 81. Suitable, plasmodium
48. Mycoplasma 82. T
49. F 83. F, unfavorable
• KINGDOM PROTISTA 84. True
50. Single celled eukaryotes 85. Air currents
51. Chrysophytes, Dinoflagellates, Euglenoids, Slime 86. Heterotrophs
moulds and Protozoans 87. Predators or parasites
52. Aquatic 88. Protozonas
53. T 89. Amoeboid, Flagellated, Cilliated and Sporozoans
54. Diatoms and Golden algae(desmids) 90. Fresh water, sea water or moist soil
55. F, fresh water also 91. Putting out pseudopodia
56. T 92. Silica
57. Those who float passively in water currents 93. Entameoba
58. Photosynthetic 94. Free-living or parasitic
59. Soap Box
60. Silica, indestructible
61. Cell wall deposits of diatoms
95. Trypanosoma - Sleeping sickness 126. Saprophytic, decomposers, parasitic or
96. Gullet coprophilous
97. Paramoecium 127. branched , septate
98. Infective 128. Conidia
99. Plasmodium – Malaria 129. Exogenously
• KINGDOM FUNGI 130. Mycelium
100. T 131. Ascospore, endo
101. F 132. Asci, sac like
102. Slender thread, hyphae 133. Ascocarps
103. Mycelium 134. Aspergillus, Claviceps and Neurospora
104. Hyphae are continuous tubes filled with 135. Neurospora
multinucleated cytoplasm 136. Morels and truffles
105. Chitin and polysaccharide 137. Mushrooms, bracket fungi and puffballs
106. T 138. Rusts and smuts
107. Lichen, mycorrhiza 139. Branches and septate
108. Fragmentation, fission and budding 140. F
109. Conidia or sporangiospore or zoospore 141. Fragmentation
110. Oospore, ascospore and basidiospore 142. F
111. Fruiting bodies 143. T
112. Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and meiosis 144. Somatic fusion
113. Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes 145. Dikaryotic, basidium
114. F 146. Basidium
115. Morphology of mycelium, mode of spore 147. Exo, basidium
formation and fruiting bodies 148. Basidiocarps
116. F 149. Agaricus (mushroom), Ustilago (smut) and
117. Aseptate, coenocytic Puccinia (rust fungus)
118. Zoospore (motile) or aploanospore(non-motile) 150. Imperfect fungi
119. Endo. sporangium 151. Sexual phase not present
120. Zygospore 152. Conidia
121. Isogamous, anisogamous and oogamous 153. Septate, branched
122. Mucor, Albugo, Rhizopus 154. Saprophhytes, parasitic, decomposers of litter
123. Albugo 155. T
124. Sac-fungi 156. Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma
125. Saccharomyces
• KINGDOM PLANTAE & ANIMALIA 179. mosaic formation, leaf rolling and curling,
157. Bladderwort, Venus fly trap yellowing and vein clearing, dwarfing and stunted
158. Cuscuta growth.
159. Glycogen and fat 180. T.O. Diener, 1971
160. F 181. F
• VIRUSES, VIROIDS AND LICHENS 182. RNA
161. Acellular 183. T
162. Inert crystalline 184. F
163. Venom, poisonous fluid 185. Prions
164. Pasteur 186. bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE)
165. D.J. Ivanowsky (1892) commonly called mad cow disease, Cr–Jacob disease
166. M.W. Beijerinek, contagium vivum fluidum, 1898 (CJD)
167. W.M. Stanley (1935) 187. Phycobiont, mycobiont
168. Proteins 188. . Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi provide
169. F shelter and absorb mineral nutrients and water
170. F 189. Pollution, polluted areas
171. Nucleoprotein
172. ssRNA • DigaQs
173. ssRNA or dsRNA or dsDNA DigaQ. 1
174. Virus that infect bacteria A – Cocci X – Spore
175. dsDNA B – Bacilli Y – Flagellum
176. Capsomeres C – Spirilla
177. Helical or polyhedral D – Vibrio
178. mumps, small pox, herpes and influenza. AIDS
DigaQ. 2 - Nostoc DigaQ. 5
A – Heterocyst A – Mucor
B – Mucilaginous sheath B – Aspergillus
DigaQ. 3 - A dividing bacterium DigaQ. 6

A – Cell wall X – Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV)
B – Cell membrane Y – Bacteriophage
C – DNA A – RNA
B – Capsid
DigaQ. 4
C – Head
A – Dinoflagellates
D – Collar
B – Euglena
E – Sheath
C – Slime mould
F – Tail fibres
D – Paramoecium
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BIOHACK NOTES
PLANT
KINGDOM
• INTRODUCTION
1) Whittaker proposed 5 kingdom classification in year ______

2) The earlier systems of classification used only ____________characters such as _____, _____,
________ etc.
3) Earlier system was based mainly on __________ or on _________ given by Linnaeus.
4) Earlier system given by Linnaeus were natural/artificial because -
5) Artificial system gave equal weightage to ________ and ________.
6) Sexual characters and more easily influenced by environment then vegetative characteristics. T/F
7) Natural system also consider internal features like - (4)
8) Natural classification was given by ________ and _________. (NEET)
9) Natural system was based on __________ among the organism.
10) At present, natural system of classification is accepted. T/F
11) Classification based on evolutionary relationship is ______ (NEET)
12) __________ taxonomy is carried out using computers.
13) Hundreds of characters can be considered at the same time in _________
14) Cytotaxonomy is based on - (3)
15) _________ uses chemical constituents of plants to resolve confusion.
• ALGAE
16) Algae are ___________ in structure.

17) Algae are not found in marine environment. T/F
18) Example of animal associating with algae –
19) Colonial form of algae example (1)
20) Filamentous form example (2)
21) Marine form ex (1)
22) Algae don't reproduce by sexual method. T/F
23) Vegetative reproduction in algae is by _________
24) Most common asexual spore of algae is ________
25) Zoospores are ciliated. T/F
26) Flagellated isogametes for sexual reproduction found in (1)
27) Non flagellated isogametes are found in (1)
28) Example of anisogamous conditions (1)
29) Ex. Of oogamous condition (2)
30) Identify the diagram and tell the labelling A and B
A
B
31) Identify the diagram
A
B
C
32) Identify the diagram and also identify the labelling A, B, C, D.
A D
33) Identify the diagram and also identify the labelling A, B.
B
34) Identify the diagram and also identify the labelling A, B. C.
A
A B
C
35) Identify the diagram and also identify the labelling A.
36) Identify the diagram and also identify the labelling A, B.

A
B
37) At least _____% of total CO2 on earth is fixed by algae.
38) However they are not able to increase the level of dissolved oxygen
in their surroundings, instead they increase the BOD. T/F
39) They produce energy rich compounds. T/F
40) There are ____ species of marine algae used as food, examples are (3)
41) Certain marine/fresh water______ and _____ algae produce ________(water holding substance)
eg. _______ & ________.
42) Algin and carrageen are produced by _______ and
_________ algae respectively.
43) Agar is obtained from ________ &_______ is used to grow _______ and in preparation of
_______ & _________
44) Chlorella is multicellular. T/F
45) Chlorella is rich in ________ used by space travelers.
• CHLOROPHYCEAE
46) Commonly called __________
47) Plant body maybe of 3 forms. Name them.
48) They have dominance which two pigment ?
49) Chloroplast in green algae can't be ribbon shaped. T/F
50) Shapes of chloroplast in green algae (5)
51) Storage body located in chloroplasts are called ________
52) Pyrenoids don't contain protein. T/F
53) Green algae cell wall is made of inner layer of ______ and outer layer of _______
54) Vegetative rep take place by ______ or _______
55) Asexual reproduction take place by non flagellated spores. T/F
56) Green algae are only isogamous and anisogamous in nature. T/F
57) Examples (5)
• PHAEOPHYCEAE
58) Phaeophyceae are found particularly in marine habitat. T/F
59) Filamentous form found in (1)
60) Profusely branched forma are _____ which may reach height of _____ m.
61) Pigments present (4)
62) Brown algae can be olive green. T/F
63) The colour vary from olive green to brown depending upon the amount of __________, which is a
type of _________pigment.
64) Food is stored in the form of ______ or _______.
65) The vegetative cells have a ________ wall covered from outside by ______
66) The plant body is attached to substratum by ________ and has a stalk called _______
67) Leaf like photosynthetic organ called _________
68) Vegetative rep by ________
69) Asexual rep by uni/biflagellate __________ which are _____ shaped.
70) Here zoospores have one/two, equal/unequal and medially/laterally attached flagella.
71) Gametes are ________ shaped and bear one/two cilla/flagella medially/laterally attached.
72) Example (5)
• RHODOPHYCEAE
73) Red due to presence of pigment _______
74) Majority are fresh water. T/F
75) They are found mostly in great depths of oceans and not at lighted areas. T/F
76) Food is stored as _____ which is similar to ______ and _______ in structure. (NEET 2020)
77) Vegetative rep by ________
78) They reproduce asexually by biflagellate zoospores. T/F
79) Sexually by non-motile gametes. T/F
80) In _________, there are complex post fertilisation events.
81) Sexual rep in red algae may be isogamous, anisogamous or oogamous. T/F
82) Examples (4)
• BRYOPHYTES
83) Identify the diagram and labellings. 84) Identify the diagram and labellings.
A A
B B
C C
85) Identify the diagram and labellings. 86) Identify the diagram and labellings.
A A
B
B
C
C
D
E
87) Are called _________ of plant kingdom.

88) These plants are dependent on _________ for sexual reproduction.
89) They usually occur in well-lit areas. T/F
90) They play important role in _____ on bare rocks/soils.
91) They are attached to substratum by _________
92) Rhizoids may be unicellular or multicellular. T/F
93) Bryophytes have true root, stem and leaves. T/F
94) The main plant body of bryophytes is called _________
95) The male sex organ of bryophytes is called ________ and produce uni/biflagellate antherozoids.
96) The female sex organ is _________ shaped and is called __________
97) Bryophytes are of great economic importance. T/F
98) Peat is provided by __________ which is a moss/liverwort.
99) Peat is used for trans-shipment of non-living materials because of their capacity to hold water. T/F
100) First organism to colonise rocks are ________ and __________.
101) Bryophytes are of great ecological importance. T/F
102) Mosses prevent soil erosion. T/F
• LIVERWORTS
103) Plant body of liverwort is ______ structure.
104) The thallus is dorsiventral/isobilateral.
105) Asexual rep takes place by _______ or by specialised structure called ________
106) Gemmae are green/white, uni/multicellular, asexual/sexual buds which develop in small receptacles
called __________
107) The sporophyte is differentiated into 3 parts. Name them.
108) Spores are produced in the __________
• MOSSES
109) Gametophyte consist of two stages, first stage is ______ and second is _______
110) Features of protonema stage (4)
111) Leafy stage develops from primary/secondary protonema as a medial/lateral bud.
112) Leafy stage has _______ arranged leaves.
113) They are attached to soil through uni/multicellular and unbranched/branched rhizoids.
114) Protonema stage bears sex organs. T/F
115) Vegetative rep by __________ and _________
116) Antheridia and archegonia are produced at the base of the leafy shoot. T/F
117) The sporophyte in liverworts is more elaborate than moss. T/F
118) _________ have elaborate mechanism of spore dispersal.
119) Examples (3)
• PTERIDOPHYTES
120) Pteridophyta include ______ & _______

121) Pteridophytes are used in medicinal purpose. T/F
122) Pteridophytes are used as soil binders. T/F
123) First terrestrial plants to possess vascular bundles is
124) Pteridophytes flourish in well lighted conditions. T/F
125) Pteridophytes have true root, stem and leaves. T/F
126) Example of species possessing microphylls (1)
127) Example of species possessing macrophylls (1)
128) Leaf like appendages are called
129) Strobili also called _______ are present in (2)
130) Spores give rise to conspicuous/inconspicuous, unicellular/multicelluar, thalloid gametophyte called
_______
131) They need _______ for fertilisation, hence they are restricted to narrow geographical regions.
(NEET)
132) They have antheridia and archegonia. T/F
133) Example of heterosporus plants. (3)
134) The female gametophyte is retained on the parent sporophyte for variable periods. T/F
135) The development of zygote to young embryos take place in ________ (NEET)
136) This event is precursor of _________ (NEET)
137) Classes and their examples
138) Identify the diagram and labellings. A
139) Identify the diagram and labellings.
B
C
A
C D
B
E
140) Identify the diagram. 141) Identify the diagram.
• GYMNOSPERMS
142) "Gymnosperms" means _________

143) Ovules are not enclosed in a ________
144) In gymno, ovules remains exposed even after fertilisation. T/F
145) ______ is also called the giant redwood tree. (NEET)
146) Gymnosperms have generally ______ roots.
147) Mycorrhiza is found in ______
148) In Cycas, _______ roots are found in association with ________ (NEET)
149) Unbranched stem found in (1)
150) Branched stem found in (2)
151) In cycas, ________ types of leaves persist for few years. (NEET)
152) The leaves of gymnosperms are well adapted to withstand extreme temperature, humidity and wind.
T/F (NEET)
153) In conifers, needle like leaves are present. T/F
154) Water loss is further prevented by _________ and _________
155) The gymnosperms are both hetero and homosporous. T/F (NEET)
156) Sporophylls are arranged spirally. T/F
157) Sporophylls form ______ or ________, ______
158) Male strobili is also called ______ and bear ______ and ______
159) Megasporangia also called ________
160) Female strobili also called ________
161) Pinus is monoecious. T/F (NEET)
162) Cycas is monoecious. T/F (NEET)
163) MMC is differentiated from ______
164) Nucellus + Envelope which protect it =
165) MMC divided mitotically/meiotically.
166) Ovules are born on ________
167) Female gametophyte is retained within megasporangium. T/F
168) In _________, male and female gametophyte don't have independent existence. T/F
169) Identify the diagram.. 170) Identify the diagram.
171) Identify the diagram and labellings.

A
• ANGIOSPERMS
172) Smallest plant in the world –

173) Largest plant in the world –
174) Largest Angiosperm –
175) Stamen consists of two parts. Name them.
176) Tetra or pentamerous flowers are found in ________
177) Female sex organ in a flower is _______
178) Pistil divided into (3)
179) ______ event is unique to angiosperms.
180) Identify A in the given diagram diagram
• LIFE CYCLE AND ALTERNATION OF GENERATION
181) Haplontic life cycle ex (3)

182) Diplontic life cycle ex (3)
183) Haplo-diplontic ex (5)
PLANT
KINGDOM
ANSWERS
29) Volvox, Fucus
• ANSWERS 30) Volvox, A - daughter colony, B - parent colony
31) Ulothrix
32) Fucus, A - Air Bladder, B- Frond. C - Midrib,
1) 1969
D - Holdfast
2) Gross superficial morphological, habit, color,
33) Dictoyota, A - Frond, B - Stipe
number and shape of leaves
34) Laminaria, A - Frond, B - Stipe, C - Holdfast
3) Vegetative characters, androecium structure
35) Prophyra, A - Frond
4) Artificial, they separated closely related species
36) Polysiphonia, A - Main Axis, B - Branches
and were based on few morphological characters
37) 50%
5) Vegetative and sexual characteristics
38) False
6) False
39) True
7) Ultrastructure, anatomy, embryology and
40) 70, porphyra, laminaria, sargassum
phytochemistry
41) Marine, Brown and red, hydrocolloid, algin and
8) George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker
carrageen
9) Natural affinities
42) Brown and red
10) False
43) Gelidium and Gracillaria, microbes, ice creams
11) Phylogenetic classification
and jellies
12) Numerical
44) False
13) Numerical taxonomy
45) Protein
14) Chromosome number, structure and behaviour
Cholorophyceae
15) Chemotaxonomy
46) Green algae
• ALGAE
47) Unicelluar, colonial or filamentous
16) Autotrophic
48) Chl a and b
17) False
49) False
18) Sloth bear
50) Discoid, plate-like, reticulate, cup-shaped, spiral
19) Volvox
and ribbon shaped
20) Ulothrix and Spirogyra
51) Pyrenoids
21) Kelp
52) False
22) False
53) Cellulose, pectose
23) Fragmentation
54) Fragmentation or formation of different types
24) Zoospore
of spores
25) False
55) False
26) Ulothrix
56) False
27) Spirogyra
28) Udorina
57) Spirogyra, ulothrix, volvox, Chara, 70) Two, unequal, laterally
Chlamydomonas (Mnemonic - SUV Car Chalaya ?) 71) Pyriform, two, flagella, laterally
Phaeophyceae 72) Sargassum,, Ectocarpus, Laminaria, Fucus,
58) True Dictyota - (Mnemonic - SELFie le ke DP lagao)
59) Ectocarpus Rhodophyceae
60) Kelps, 100m 73) R- phycoerythrin
61) Chl a, c, carotenoids, xanthophyll 74) False
62) True 75) False
63) Fucoxanthin, Xanthophyll pigment 76) Floridean starch, amylopectin and glycogen
64) Laminarin or mannitol 77) Fragmentation
65) Cellulosic, algin 78) False
66) Holdfast, stipe 79) True
67) Frond 80) Sexual rep
68) Fragmentation 81) False
69) Biflagellate zoospore, pear (pyriform) 82) Polysiphonia, Porphyra, Gracillaria & Gelidium, Mne - (Parth Go.)^2
• BRYOPHYTES 89) False

83) Female Marchantia, A - Archegoniophore, B - 90) Plant succession
Gemma Cup, C - Rhizoids 91) Rhizoids
84) Male Marchantia, A - Antheridiophore, B - 92) True
Gemma Cup, C - Rhizoids 93) False
85) Funaria, A - Capsule, B - Seta, C - Leaves, D - 94) Gametophyte
Main axis, E - Rhizoids 95) Antheridium, biflagellate
86) Sphagnum, A - Antheridial Branch, B - 96) Flask, archegonium
Branches, C - Archegonial Branch
87) Amphibians 88) Water
97) False 130) Inconspicuous, multicellular, prothallus
98) Sphagnum, moss 131) Water
99) False, living materials 132) True
100) Mosses and lichens 133) Selaginella, Marselia, Salvinia
101) False (Mnemonic - SMS)
102) True 134) True
103) Thalloid 135) Female gametophyte
104) Dorsiventral 136) Seed habitat
105) Fragmentation, gemmae 137) Psilopsida (Psilotum), Lycopsida (Selaginella,
106) Green, multicellular, asexual, gemmae cup Lycopodium), Sphenopsida (Equisetum) & Pteropsida
107) Foot, seta, capsule (Dryopteris, Pteris, Adiantum)
108) Capsule Mnemonic - (Ptere Sote Psapne Ly 360 )
109) Protonema and leafy stage 138) Selaginella, A - Leaves, B - Roots, C - Stem
110) Creeping, green, branched and frequently 139) Equisetum, A - Strobilus, B - Node, C -
filamentous Internode, D - Branch, E - Rhizome
111) Secondary, lateral 140) Fern
112) Spirally 141) Salvinia
113) Multicellular, branched
• GYMNOSPERMS
114) False
142) Naked seeds
115) Fragmentation and budding
143) Ovary wall
116) False
144) T
117) False
145) Sequioa
118) Mosses
146) Tap
119) Funaria, Polytrichum and Sphagnum
147) Pinus
Brytophyte mnemonic - Sala Pappu Mother F***er -
148) Coralloid root, cynobacteria
Sphagnum, Polytrichum, Marchantia, Funaria
149) Cycus
• PTERIDOPHYTA 150) Pinus, Cedrus
120) Horsetails and ferns 151) Pinnate
121) True 152) True
122) True 153) True
123) Pteridophyta 154) Thick cuticle and sunken stomata
124) F 155) False
125) F 156) True
126) Selaginella
127) Ferns
128) Sporophylls
129) Cones, ex - (Selaginella, Equisetum)
157) Cones or strobili or lax • ANGIOSPERMS
158) Microsporangiate, microsporophylls and 172) Wolfia
microsporangia 173) Sequoia
159) Ovules 174) Eucalyptus
160) Macrosporangiate 175) Anther and filament
161) T 176) Dicot
162) F 177) Pistil
163) Nucellus 178) Stigma, style and ovary
164) Ovules 179) Double fertilisation
165) Meiotically 180) A - Embryo
166) Megasporophylls 181) Volvox, Spirogyra and some species of
167) T Chlamydomonas
168) Gymnosperms 182) Fucus, angio and gymno
169) Cycus 183) Ectocarpus, Polysiphonia, kelps, pterido and
170) Pinus bryophyta
171) Ginkgo, A - Dwarf shoot, B - Long shoot, C -
Seeds
Mnemonic - Parth Go. haters are naked, so they
say SC Ca PG (Schedule Caste Ca Parth Go.) -
Sequoia, Cycus, Cedrus, Pinus, Ginkgo
P.S. - I am general, this is just for mnemonic.

WHEN YOU TAKE AWAY ALL BIOHACKS
AND DON'T DONATE ANYTHING BACK...!!
LE PARTH BHAIYA*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
ANIMAL
KINGDOM
• GENERAL • PORIFERA • COELENTRATA • CTENOPHORA
DigaQ. 1
1. All members of Animalia are multicellular - T/F
2. Cellular level of organization present in ____
and its feature ____
3. Feature of the level of organization in Cnidaria
is______
4. Organ level organization is in _______ A B
5. Level of organization of nematode/round worm/Aschelminthes DigaQ. 2
6. Platyhelminthes has digestive system True/False B B
A
C C
7. Open type circulatory system______
8. Asymmetry definition imp
9. Define radial symmetry
10. Diploblastic example
11. Mesoglea present in______ D
X Y
12. Define coelom A
13. What is pseudocoelom X DigaQ. 3
- A or B, B
and its ex -
14. Coelenterates are acoelomates T/F
15. Notochord is derived from______
16. Earthworm segmentation_______
A B
17. Notochord is formed dorsally always T/F
• PORIFERA DigaQ. 4
18. Sponges have a water transport or______ system
19. Water enter in central cavity in porifera via _____,
And moves out via ______
20. Porifera are acoelomates T/F
21. Central cavity of sponges also called______
22. Digestion is intercellular/intracellular A B
23. Skeleton made of _____and____
24. Wrt. to sex they are ________
25. Sexual reproduction present/absent
26. Fertilisation is______ and development is_______
27. Sycon other name_______
28. Spongilla is a ________ habitat sponge.
29. Bath sponge other name ________ C
DigaQ. 5
• COELENTRATES OR CNIDARIA
30. They are mostly marine/freshwater
31. Cnidaria name is derived from________
32. Cnidocytes contain stinging capsule called _____
33. Cnidoblasts are present on______ A B
34. Cnidoblasts are used for ____(3)
35. Mouth is present on _______
36. Digestion is-intracellular/extracellular
37. Some cnidarians ex _________ have a skeleton
composed of calcium carbonate C D
38. Polyp is motile/sessile and cylindrical/umbrella shaped DigaQ. 6
39. Polyp ex (2)
40. Medusa is_______shaped Ex -
41. _________exhibits alteration of generation(also
called _________ (NEET 2015)
42. All examples of coelenterates with common names (5)
43. Medusae forms polyp______and polyp form medusae via______
DigaQ. 7
• CTENOPHORA
44. Also called___________ and___________
45. Exclusively marine phylum are___________
46. The body of ctenophora have _______no. of external
rows of ciliated/flagellated______
47. Digestion is intracellular/extracellular
48. Sexes are not separate in ctenophore True/False
49. Reproduction takes place sexually/asexually/both
50. Fertilization is external/internal
51. Write fertilization method of all phylum
52. Ex of ctenophore (2)
• PLATYHELMINTHES • NEMATODA • ANNELIDA • ARTHROPODA
DigaQ. 8
• PLATYHELMINTHES/FLATWORMS
53. Their body is_____________
54. _______And _______are present in parasitic forms
55. ______helps in osmoregulation and excretion.
56. sexes are separate True/False
57. Planaria posseses__________ (NEET 2019) A B
58. Ex of platyhelminthes (NEET 2019 ODISHA)
• ASCHELMINTHES/NEMATODA DigaQ. 9
59. why nematoda is named roundworms?
60. Habitat of roundworms
61. Alimentary canal has well developed_________
62. Female are larger than male T/F (they are dioecious)
63. Examples with common names (3)
A B
• ANNELIDA
DigaQ. 10
64. They are _________segmented and _______symmetry
65. Longitudinal and circular muscles are possessed by
aschelminthes/annelid
66. Nereis habitat
67. Nereis posses _________ which help in swimming.
68. Nereis is dioecious/monoecious
69. Earthworm and leeches are dioecious/monoecious
70. Closed circulatory system is present in annelids/arthropods
71. _____________helps in osmoregulation and excretion
72. Double dorsal nerve cord True/False
A B
• ARTHROPODA
73. ____________fraction of all named species are arthropods
74. The body of arthropods is covered by ________
DigaQ. 11
and have _________ (NEET 2016) B
A
75. The body consists of (3)
76. Respiratory organs of arthropods are (4)
77. Circulatory system open/closed
78. Sensory organs of arthropods (3)
79. Malpighian tubules function___________ C D
80. Mostly ovo/vivi/ovo-vivi parous
81. Lac insect other name___________
82. Vectors (3)
83. Gregarious pest___________ (NEET 2020).
84. Living fossil________________
• MOLLUSCA • ECHINODERMATA • HEMICHORDATA
DigaQ. 12
• MOLLUSCA
85. They can be terrestrial T/F
86. Body is segmented/unsegmented
87. Body is divided into ___________ and ___________
88. A soft/hard and __________ layer of skin forms a A
______ over the visceral hump
89. The space b/w ________ and ______ Is called
the mantle cavity in which feather like________ are present (NEET 2019)
90. Function of gills (2)
91. Anterior head region has sensory _________
92. The mouth contains a _______like rasping organ
for feeding called________
93. Ex with their common names (8) (NEET 2019) B
DigaQ. 13
• ECHINODERMATA A B
94. They have a endoskeleton/exoskeleton of calcareous_____
95. Echinodermata name means_________
96. Only adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical T/F (NEET 2020)
97. Mouth is on lower (ventral) / upper (dorsal) side ?
98. Most distinctive feature of echinodermata is_________and its function________ (3)
99. Excretory system is present/absent
100. Ex of echinodermata (5) (NEET 2019) DigaQ. 14
A
• HEMICHORDATA
101. Hemichordata have a rudimentary structure in ______region
called ________
102. The body is composed of___________, _________ B
and ____________
103. Circulatory system is open/closed
104. Excretory organ and respiratory organ of hemichordates C
105. Ex of hemichordates
106. All phylum that are oviparous
107. All phylum that show external fertilization A B
DigaQ. 15
• CHORDATES
108. Chordates are classified by having (5) (NEET 2017) D

C
109. Vertebrates have how many classes?
110. Name the 3 subphylum of chordate (NEET 2020). DigaQ. 16
111. Protochordates include
112. __________are exclusively marine
113. In Urochordata notochord is present only in___________
114. Ex of urochordates (3)
115. Ex of cephalochordate (1)
116. The notochord of vertebrata is replaced by
cartilaginous/bony/both vertebral column
117. Write the division of subphylum vertebrata
• CYCLOSTOMATA/AGNATHA
118. All living members of the class cyclostomata are ecto/endo parasites on fish
119. Cranium is present in agnatha
DigaQ. 17
120. The body of cyclostomates are devoid of ____ & ____
121. For respiration they have ___________
122. Cranium and vertebral column are cartilaginous/bony
123. Larva of cyclostomata undergoes metamorphosis T/F
124. Cyclostomates are marine /freshwater but migrate for spawning to marine/freshwater
125. Cyclostomes die in marine/freshwater
126. Ex of cyclostomes (2) (NEET 2015) DigaQ. 18
• CHONDRICHTHYES
127. Chondrichthyes are marine/freshwater A
128. Mouth is located ventrally/terminal
129. Notochord persist through life
130. Operculum present/absent
B
131. _____________scales are present
132. Teeth are modified _________which are directed forward/backward
133. Due to absence of _________they have to swim constantly
DigaQ. 19
134. Electric organs is possessed by__________ (AIPMT 2014) A B
135. Poison sting is present in _____________ (NEET 2020)
36. In males, ___________bear claspers
137. They are vivi/oviparous
138. Ex (4)
• OSTEICHTHYES
139. Body of both osteichtyes and chondrichthyes is streamlined T/F
140. Both osteichtyes and chondrichthyes are cold blooded
(poikilothermous) T/F
141. Mouth is ventral/ terminal
142. They have __________pairs of gills which are covered by ____ on each side (NEET 2020)
143. Skin have _________/_______scales
144. Air bladder is present/absent
145. Fertilisation is external/internal
146. Ovi/vivi parous and development direct/indirect
147. Ex (7)
• AMPHIBIA DigaQ. 20
A
148. All amphibian have 2 pair of limbs
149. Body is divisible into _______ and ________
150. Amphibian have scales B
151. __________, _______, __________open into
common chamber called cloaca
152. Respiration by (3)
153. Ex (5)
154. _________represents the ear
155. Heart is __________chambered and they are cold/warm blooded
156. Fertilisation is external but still oviparous T/F
• REPTILIA
157. Reptiles are named so bcz _________
158. All reptiles are terrestrial
159. Their body is covered by ________and ______ Skin with epidermal _______ or ______
160. Reptiles have external ear T/F
161. ___________ and ___________shed their scales as __________
162. Ex (10)
163. Heart is _______ chambered, but in crocodiles it is _________chambered (NEET II 2016)
164. They are poikilotherms, oviparous T/F (NEET 2018)
DigaQ. 21
A B C D
• AVES
165. Forelimbs are modified into______________
166. Hind limbs have scales and are modified for walking, swimming, clasping
167. The digestive tract have additional chambers _______ and ________
168. Skin is dry without glands except the ________gland at the base of the tail.
169. Ex (7)
170. Pneumatic bones are present
171. Heart is _____________ chambered and ________blooded
172. Respiration is by lungs and ________ Connected to lungs supplement respiration
DigaQ. 22
A B C D
• MAMMALIA DigaQ. 23
173. external ears or ________ are present A
174. Oviparous mammals___________ (NEET II 2016)
175. Ex (14)
176. Skin has hair, and 2 pair of limbs are present
177. Respiratory system first seen in
178. Circulatory system first seen in
C
B
D
ANIMAL
KINGDOM
ANSWERS
Ans 25. Present
• ANSWERS Ans 26. Internal and indirect (larval stage)
Ans 27. Scypha
Ans 28. Fresh water
Ans 1. True
Ans 29. Euspongia
Ans 2. Sponges (porifera) and loose cell aggregates
Ans 30. Marine
Ans 3. Cnidaria (coelenterates)- tissue level
Ans 31. Cnidoblast
- Some division of labour
Ans 32. Nematocyst
- the cells performing the same function are
Ans 33. Tentacles and the body
arranged into tissues,
Ans 18. Canal
Ans 4. Platyhelminthes/flatworms
Ans 19. Ostia and osculum
Ans 5. Organ system
Ans 20. True
Ans 6. True-incomplete digestive system(single
Ans 21. Spongocoel
opening), but have organ level
Ans 22. Intracellular
Ans 7. The cells and tissues are directly bathed in
Ans 23. Spicules and spongin fibres
blood
Ans 24. Hermaphrodite
Ans 8. any plane that passes through the centre
Ans 25. Present
does not divide them into equal halves
Ans 26. Internal and indirect (larval stage)
Ans 9. any plane passing through the central axis of
Ans 27. Scypha
the body divides the organism into two identical
Ans 28. Fresh water
halves, it is called radial symmetry.
Ans 29. Euspongia
Ans 10. Coelentrates
• COELENTERATA
Ans 11. Coelentrates
Ans 30. Marine
Ans 12. Body cavity lined by mesoderm
Ans 31. Cnidoblast
Ans 13. A and is present in nematoda
Ans 32. Nematocyst
Ans 14. True
Ans 33. Tentacles and the body
Ans 15. Mesoderm
Ans 34. Anchorage, Defense, Capturing of prey
Ans 16. Metameric
Ans 35. Hypostome
Ans 17. False
Ans 36. Both intracellular and extracelluar NOT
• PORIFERA
INTERCELLULAR
Ans 18. Canal
Ans 37. Corals- MEANDRINA (BRAIN CORAL)
Ans 19. Ostia and osculum
Ans 38. Sessile and cylindrical
Ans 20. True
Ans 39. Hydra and sea anemone (adamsia)
Ans 21. Spongocoel
Ans 40. Umbrella and AURELIA OR JELLY FISH
Ans 22. Intracellular
Ans 41. Obelia and metagenesis NOT METASTASIS
Ans 23. Spicules and spongin fibres
NOR METAPLASIA
Ans 24. Hermaphrodite
Ans 42. Physalia (Portuguese man of war), Adamsia Ans 63. Ascaris (round worm)
(sea anemone), .Pennatula (sea pen), Gorgonia (sea Wuchereria (Filaria worm) NOT TO BE CONFUSED
fan), Meandrina (brain coral) WITH FASCIOLA (LIVER FLUKE,
Ans 43. Sexually and asexually PLATYHELMINTHES)
• CTENOPHORA Ancyclostoma (Hookworm)
Ans 44. Sea walnut and comb jellies • ANNELIDA
Ans 45. Ctenophora, echinodermata, hemichordates Ans 64. Metamerically (body surface has segments
Ans 46. 8, cilicated comb plates or metameres)
Ans 47. Both extracelluar and intracellular NOT TRUE SEGMENTATION IN WHICH EXTERNAL
INTERCELLULAR SEGMENTATION CORRESPONDS TO INTERNAL
Ans 48. True SEGMENTATION and bilateral
Ans 49. Sexually only Ans 65. Annelids
Ans 50. External with indirect development Ans 66. Aquatic
Ans 51. Porifera-internal Ans 67. Lateral appendages, Parapodia
Ctenophora-external Ans 68. Dioecious
Platyhelminthes-Internal Ans 69. Monoecious
Nematoda-internal Ans 70. Annelids
Arthropoda-Internal Ans 71. Nephridia
Mollusca- internal Ans 72. False, ITS IS DOUBLE VENTRAL NERVE
Echino- external CORD NOT DORSAL NOR NOTOCHORD
Hemichordates- external • ARTHROPODA
Ans 52. Pleurobrachia and ctenoplana Ans 73. 2/3
• PLATYHELMINTHES Ans 74. Chitinous exoskeleton and jointed
Ans 53. Dorsoventrally flattened body appendages
Ans 54. Hooks and suckers Ans 75. Head, thorax and abdomen
Ans 55. Flame cells Ans 76. Gills, Book gills, Book lungs, Trachial system
Ans 56. False Ans 77. Open
Ans 57. High regeneration capacity Ans 78. Eyes, antennae, statocysts (balance organs)
Ans 58. Taenia (tapeworm), fasciola (liver fluke) Ans 79. Excretion
• ASCHELMINTHES Ans 80. Oviparous
Ans 59. Bcz their cross section is circular Ans 81. Laccifer NOT LOCUSTA
Ans 60. Terestial, some aquatic, free living, parasitic Ans 82. Anopheles, culex, ades
Ans 61. Muscular pharynx Ans 83. Locusta
Ans 62. True
Ans 84. Limulus (king crab) Ans 106. Arthropods and mollusca
• MOLLUSCA Ans 107. Ctenophora, mollusca, echinodermata,
Ans 85. True hemichordata
Ans 86. Unsegmentated • CHORDATA
Ans 87. Head, muscular foot and visceral hump Ans 108. 1. Notochord
Ans 88. Soft, spongy mantle 2. Dorsal hollow single nerve cord
Ans 89. Hump and mantle, gills 3. Paired pharyngeal gill slits
Ans 90. Respiratory and excretion function 4. Post anal tail
Ans 91. Tentacles 5. Ventral heart and closed circulatory system
Ans 92. File like rasping organ, radula Ans 109. 7
Ans 93. Pila (apple snail), .Pinctada (Pearl Ans 110. Urochordates, cephalochordates, vertebrata
oyster)…..Septa (cuttlefish), Loligo (squid), Octopus Ans 111. Urochordata and cephalochordate
(devil fish), aplysia (sea hare), Dentalium (Tusk shell), Ans 112. Protochordata
Chaetopleura (chiton) Ans 113. Only larval tail
• ECHINODERMATA Ans 114. Ascidia, septa. Doliolum
Ans 94. Endoskeleton, ossicles Ans 115. Branchiostoma (Amphioxus or Lancelet)
Ans 95. Spiny bodied Ans 116. Both
Ans 96. True Ans 117.
Ans 97. Lower-ventral side
Ans 98. Water vascular system NOT WATER
CANAL SYSTEM NOR WATER TRANSPORT
SYSTEM,
IN PORIFERA WATER TRANSPORT OR CANAL
SYSTEM PRESENT, Locomotion, respiration,
capture and transport of food
Ans 99. Absent Cyclostomata
Ans 100. Asterias (star fish), .Echinus (sea urchin), Ans 118. All, ecto
Antedon (sea lily), Cucumaria (sea cucumber), Ans 119. Yes
Ophiura (brittle star) Ans 120. Scales and paired fins
• HEMICHORDATA Ans 121. 6-15 pair of gill slits
Ans 101. Collar , stomochord Ans 122. Cartilagenous
Ans 102. Proboscis, collar, long trunk Ans 123. True
Ans 103. Open
Ans 104. Proboscis gland.and gills
Ans 105. Balanoglossus and Saccoglossus
Ans 124. Marine, freshwater Ans 146. Oviparous, Direct
Ans 125. Freshwater Ans 147. Exocoetus (flying fish) - marine
Ans 126. Petromyzon (lamprey) and Myxine (hagfish) Hippocampus (sea horse) - marine
Chondrichthyes Catla (Katla) - fresh water
Ans 127. Marine Clarias (magur) - Freshwater
Ans 128. Ventrally Labeo ( Rohu) - freshwater
Ans 129. True Betta (fighting fish) - aquarium
Ans 130. Absent Pterophyllum (angel fish) - aquarium
Ans 131. Placoid scales Amphibia
Ans 132. Placoid scales, backward Ans 148. False
Ans 133. Air bladder Ans 149. Head and trunk
Ans 134. Torpedo Ans 150. False
Ans 135. Trygon Ans 151. Digestive tract, reproductive tract, urinary
Ans 136. Pelvic fins tract
Ans 137. Viviparous REMEMBER BY CVI- Ans 152. Skin, lungs, gills
CHONDRICTHES, VIVIPAROUS, Ans 153. Bufo (Toad), Rana (Frog), Hyla (Tree frog),
INTERNAL FERTILISATION Salamandra (Salamander), Ichthyophis (Limbless
Ans 138. Scoliodon (dog fish), Pristis (saw fish), amphibia).
Carcharodon (great white shark), Ans 154. Tympanum
Trygon (sting ray) Ans 155. 3 chambered ( 2 auricle, 1 ventricle) and
Osteichthyes cold blooded
Ans 139. True Ans 156. True
Ans 140. True Reptilia
Ans 141. Terminal Ans 157. They creep or crawl
Ans 142. Four, operculum
Ans 143. Ctenoid/cycloid
Ans 144. Present
Ans 145. External
Ans 158. False (Parrot), Struthio (Ostrich), Pavo (Peacock),
Ans 159. Dry and cornified skin with epidermal Aptenodytes (Penguin), Neophron (Vulture).Ans 170.
scales or scutes True
Ans 160. False Ans 171. 4, warm blooded
Ans 161. Snakes and lizard, skin cast Ans 172. Air sacs
Ans 162. Chelone (Turtle), Testudo (Tortoise), Mammalia
Chameleon (Tree lizard), Ans 173. Pinnae
Calotes (Garden lizard), Crocodilus (Crocodile), Ans 174. Ornithorhynchus (platypus)
Alligator (Alligator). Ans 175. Oviparous-Ornithorhynchus (Platypus);
Hemidactylus (Wall lizard), Poisonous snakes – Naja Viviparous -
(Cobra), Bangarus Macropus (Kangaroo), Pteropus (Flying fox),
(Krait), Vipera (Viper). Camelus (Camel), Macaca
Ans 163. Three, four (Monkey), Rattus (Rat), Canis (Dog), Felis (Cat),
Ans 164. True Elephas (Elephant),
Aves Equus (Horse), Delphinus (Common dolphin),
Ans 165. wings Balaenoptera (Blue whale),
Ans 166. True Panthera tigris (Tiger), Panthera leo (Lion).
Ans 167. Crop and gizzard Ans 176. True
Ans 168. Oil Ans 177. Arthropoda
Ans 169. Corvus (Crow), Columba (Pigeon), Psittacula Ans 178. Annelida
• DigaQs DigaQ. 4
DigaQ. 1 A – Sycon
A – Radial symmetry B – Euspongia
B – Bilateral symmetry C – Spongilla
DigaQ. 2 - germinal layers X – Diploblastic DigaQ. 5
A – Mesoglea Y – Triploblastic A – Aurelia
B – Ectoderm B – Adamsia
C – Endoderm C – outline of their body form Medusa
D – Mesoderm D – outline of their body form Polyp
DigaQ. 3 X – Coelom DigaQ. 6 - Cnidoblast
A – Coelomate Y – Pseudocoelom DigaQ. 7 - Pleurobrachia
B – Pseudocoelomate
C – Acoelomate
DigaQ. 8 DigaQ. 16 - Ascidia
A – Tape worm DigaQ. 17 - Petromyzon
B – Liver fluke DigaQ. 18
DigaQ. 9 A – Scoliodon
A – Male B – Pristis
B – Female DigaQ. 19
DigaQ. 10 A – Hippocampus
A – Nereis B – Catla
B – Hirudinaria DigaQ. 20
DigaQ. 11 A – Salamandra
A – Locust B – Rana
B – Butterfly DigaQ. 21
C – Scorpion A – Chameleon
D – Prawn B – Crocodilus
DigaQ. 12 C – Chelone
A – Pila D – Naja
B – Octopus DigaQ. 22
DigaQ. 13 A – Neophron
A – Asterias B – Struthio
B – Ophiura C – Psittacula
DigaQ. 14 – Balanoglossus D – Pavo
A – Proboscis DigaQ. 23
B – Collar A – Ornithorhynchus
C – Trunk B – Macropus
DigaQ. 15 - Chordata characteristics C – Pteropus
A – Nerve cord D – Balaenoptera
B – Notochor d
C – Gill slits
D – Post-anal part
Animal kingdom Examples Mnemonics
PHYLUM PORIFERA
Mnemonic: Pores All Your Sides.
Pore – Porifera, All – Spongilla, Your – Euspongia, Sides – Sycon.
PHYLUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA):

Mnemonic: Physics Objective exams Mein Adam Aur George Ne Pen Hide kiya.
Physics – Physalia, Objective – Obelia, Mein – Meandrina, Adam – Adamsia, Aur – Aurelia, George – Gorgonia, Ne – Cnidaria, Pen – Pennatula, Hide – Hydra.
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES:
Mnemonic: Teeno ki Planning Fail hui.
Teeno – Taenia, Planning – Planaria, Fail – Fasciola
PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES/ NEMATODA:

MNEMONIC: Annie Bechaari Aksar Reh jati hai
Annie – Ancylostoma, Bechaari – Wuchereria, Aksar – Ascaris, Reh – Rhabditis.
PHYLUM ANNELIDA:
MNEMONIC: HERO PHERE KE TIME NAHITHA.
Hero – Hirudinaria, Phere ke time – Pheretima, Nahi – Nereis.
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA:
MNEMONIC: LOLITA BOMBAY AAKAR STORE SE BUTTER PEHLE MAT LENA.
LoLita – Locusta & Limulus, Bombay – Bombax, Aakar – Apies, Store – Scorpion, Butter – Butterfly, Pehle – Palaemon, Mat – Mosquitoes (Anopheles, Culex, Aedes),
Lena – Laccifer.
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA:
MNEMONIC: Phir se Octopus dekhenge, aap pehle chai pe lo.
Phir – Pinctada, Se – Sepia, Octopus, Dekhenge – Dentalium, Aap – Aplysia, Chai – Chaetopleura, Pe – Pila, Lo – Loligo
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA:
MNEMONIC: office mein aunty asked for ek cucumber.
Office – Ophinuria, Aunty – Antedon, Asked – Asterias, Ek – Echinus, Cucumber – Cucumaria.

"BIOHACK" KI VAJH SE AAYE NAA..
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
MORPHOLOGY
OF FLOWERING PLANTS

DigaQ. 1
• THE ROOT
X
1. The direct elongation of radicle leads to the
formation of ______ root. Y
2. Name the 3 root systems.
3. Tap root system ex (1) A B
4. Primary root is short lived in _______.
5. Fibrous root originate from the _______ (NEET 2019)
6. Ex of fibrous root (1)
7. Adventitious root definition -
8. Adventitious root ex (3) - (NEET 2018)
9. Fxn of roots are (4)
10. Thimble like structure covering root apex is ________ C
11. Cells of the region of meristematic activity are very big. T/F
12. They have thin walls and dense protoplasm. T/F
13. Zone responsible for the growth of the root in length is -
14. Root hair arise from ____________
15. Tap root of ______, _______ and adventitious root of _______ store food.
16. Hanging structures supporting banyan tree -
17. Stilt root example (2)
18. Stilt root arise from stem. T/F
19. In _______, pneumatophores are present which helps to get _________
DigaQ. 2 DigaQ. 3
A B
A
E
C
D
• THE STEM DigaQ. 4
20. Stem develop from _______

21. Examples of stem modified to store food (5) -
X
22. They also act as an organ of perennation to tide over
unfavorable conditions. T/F
23. Stem tendrils ex (4) (NEET 2016) A B
24. Stem modified into thorns ex (2) - (NEET 2016) W
25. Some plants of arid regions modify their stem to flattened
stem ex - _______ or fleshy cylindrical ex - ________
structures called ___ (NEET 2016)
26. What are runners ?
27. Runners ex - (2)
28. What are stolons ?
29. Stolons ex (2)
30. What are offsets ? Y
31. Offsets ex (2) Z
32. What are suckers ? D
C
33. Suckers ex (3)
34. Pitcher plant, venus fly trap are also example
modified stem. T/F (NEET 2016)
DigaQ. 5
A
• THE LEAF B
35. Leaf develops at a _____ and bears a _____ in its axil.

36. Leaves are arranged in a basipetal manner. T/F C
37. Parts of leaf is (3) - D E
38. ______ bear two small leaf like structures called ______
39. In ________, the leaf base expanded into a sheath covering the stem partially or wholly.
40. In some _______, the leaf base may become swollen, which is called ______
41. ______ help hold the blade to light
42. Lamina is also called _______
43. The lamina is incisioned but don't touch the midrib. The leaf is simple/compound.
44. How to differentiate between simple leaf and
compound leaflet ?
45. Types of compound leaf (2) with one ex of each. DigaQ. 6
46. Types of phyllotaxy (3) X
47. Alternate ex - (3)
48. Opposite ex - (2)
49. Whorled ex - (2)
50. Leaf tendrils ex - (1)
51. Leaf spine ex - (1)
52. Leaves store food ex - (2) A B
53. In ___________, leaves are small and short lived.
54. In it, petiole expand, become _____, synthesis food and called _______
DigaQ. 8
DigaQ. 7 B
A B
X Y
A-X B-Y C-Z
• THE INFLORESCENCE
55. When a shoot tip transforms into a flower, it is always solitary. T/F C
56. The arrangement of flower on floral axis is termed as ________ Z
57. In racemose, flowers are arranged basipetally. T/F
58. Reproductive unit of angiosperms is ______ DigaQ. 9
59. Pedicel 2 other names are - A
60. Accessory whorls are -
61. In ____ the calyx and corolla are not distinct hence called ____
62. Actinomorphic means ______ symmetry.
63. Bilateral symmetry means
64. Actinomorphic ex (3)
65. Zygomorphic ex (4)
66. Asymmetric ex (1)
67. What are bracts?
68. Ovaries are classified as hypo,epi and perigynous ovaries. T/F
69. Flowers are classified as hypo,epi,perigynous on which basis ?
70. Hypogynous flowers have inferior ovary. T/F
71. Hypogynous flower ex (3)
72. Perigynous ex (3) (NEET 2020) B
73. Epigynous ex (3) (NEET 2020)
DigaQ. 10
• PARTS OF FLOWER A
B
74. Tell the Calyx types and how the both C
D
types look. (same is with corolla) E
75. Corolla shapes (4) DigaQ. 11
76. Name the 4 types of aestivation. A B C D
77. Valvate ex (1) -
78. Imbricate ex (2) -
79. Twisted ex (2) -
80. Vexillary ex (2) -
81. Margins overlap each other but not in any particular direction -
82. Vexillary have many types of petals and their names ?
83. ______ is also called papilionaceous.
84. Sterile stamen is called ________
85. When stamens are attached to petals, they are called _______. Ex - ______
86. Stamens attached to perianth called _______. Ex - _____
87. When each stamens remains free,it is called polyadelphous. T/F (NEET 2016)
88. Monadelphous meaning and ex -
89. Diadelphous ex - DigaQ. 12
A B C D
90. Polyadelphous ex -
91. Variation in length of filament ex (2) - (NEET 2016)
92. Ovules are attached to a cushion like -
93. Apocarpous meaning and ex -
94. Syncarpous meaning and ex - (NEET 2016)
95. Name all the types of placentation.
96. Marginal ex -
97. Axile ex (3) -
98. Parietal ex (2) -
99. Free central (2) - (NEET 2016)
100. Basal ex (2) -
101. In marginal, placenta forms a ridge along the dorsal suture of the ovary. T/F
102. False septum is formed in ______ placentation.
103. Ovules are attached to a multilocular ovary when placenta is ______
104. Placenta develop at _____ of ovary in sunflower.
105. Usually more than one ovule is attached to the ovary in basal placentation. T/F
106. Septa are completely absent in ________ DigaQ. 13
A B C D E
• FRUIT, SEED AND SEED STRUCTURE
107. Fruit without fertilization called ________

108. Pericarp is differentiated into _____, _____, _____ only when it is _____ and ______
109. Drupe ex (2) (NEET 2017)
DigaQ. 14
110. Drupe fruit develop from ________ superior/inferior ovaries.
111. Mesocarp is ______ in coconut.
A
112. Outermost covering of seed is called ________
B
113. No of layers in seed coat - C
114. Outer _____ and inner _____ D
115. Developing seed is attached to the fruit through _______ X
116. Below hilum, is a small pore called micropyle. T/F
117. Endospermous seed ex (2) -
118. Non endospermous seed (2) ex - A
B
119. In _____ such as ______, seed coat is fused with the fruit wall.
120. In maize, seed coat is membranous. T/F C Y
121. Endosperm and embryo are separated by _________
122. Aleurone layer is made of ______
123. The cotyledon of monocot is called ______. It is ______ shaped. (NEET 2016)
124. Coleoptile enclose _______ and coleorhiza enclose _______
A DigaQ. 15 DigaQ. 16
X H A
Y
G
A B
C
B B D
Z
C E
F
• SOME IMPORTANT NCERT FAMILIES
• VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS (COMPARING NCERT FAMILIES)

125. Fabaceae was earlier known as ____________, a subfamily of ___________
126. _________ is commonly known as the potato family.
127. Only monocot family in NCERT is -
128. Root have ______ with nitrogen fixing bacteria ________ in Fabaceae.
129. Leaves of all the families given in NCERT are of ______ phyllotaxy.
130. Only family given in NCERT which is stipulate is _________
131. Leaf base is pulvinate in _________
132. Family of NCERT which may have pinnate leaves present are (2) -
133. Stem is erect or climber in __________
134. Hairy or glabrous stem is found in ________
135. Herbaceous, rarely woody aerial erect stem is found in ________
136. Simple, rarely pinnate leaves are found in ________
137. Palmate leaves are present in which family of NCERT?
• FLORAL CHARACTER ECONOMIC IMP. (COMPARING FAMILIES)

138. The only family having racemose inflorescence is -
139. Only family having zygomorphic flower -
140. NCERT family which have unisexual flower is -
141. In Fabaceae, calyx and corolla aestivation is ______ and ________
142. In potato family, calyx and corolla aestivation is ______ and _______
143. Tepal in _________ have ________ aestivation.
144. Gamosepalous condition is in (2)
145. Androecium is attached to accessory whorls in (2) -
• Identify the family and write its floral formula
DigaQ. 17 DigaQ. 18 DigaQ. 19 DigaQ. 20
146. Stamens no in Fab, Solan, Lili are respectively _____, _____, _____
147. Didelphous, anther dithecous is present in __________
148. NCERT family having inferior ovary is -
149. Carpels in Fab, Solan, Lili are respectively ___, ___, ___ (NEET 2016)
150. Locules in Fab, Solan, Lili are respectively ___, ___, ___
151. Syncarpous family (2)
152. Swollen placenta is present in __________
153. Axile placentation family (2)
154. Fruit of fabaceae is _______
155. Fruit of Solanaceae is _________
156. Fruit of Liliaceae is _________
157. Solanaceae have non endospermous seeds. T/F
158. Only family having non - endospermous seed is -
159. Medicines found in Fab, Solan, Lili respectively are -
160. Ornamental in Fab, Solan, Lili respectively are -
161. Pulses ex (5) -
162. Food in Solanaceae (3) -
163. Food in Liliaceae (2) -
164. Fodder ex (2) -
165. Edible oil ex (2) -
166. Dyes and FIbers found in Fabaceae are -
167. Spices of Solanaceae -
168. Tobacco comes from dried leaves of ______ _______ found in family _______
169. ________ ________ yield colchicine used in ______________
MORPHOLOGY
OF FLOWERING PLANTS
ANSWERS
• THE ROOT 29. Mint and Jasmine
1. Primary 30. A lateral branch with short internodes and each
2. Tap, fibrous, adventitious node bearing a rosette of leaves and a tuft of roots
3. Mustard 31. Pistia, Eichhornia
4. Monocots 32. lateral branches originate from the basal and
5. Base of the stem underground portion of stem, grow horizontally
6. Wheat beneath the soil, then come out obliquely upward
7. Arise from part of plant other than radicle giving rise to leafy shoots
8. Grass, Monstera and banyan tree 33. Banana, pineapple, Chrysanthemum
9. Absorption of water and minerals, providing a 34. F, they are example of modified leaf
proper anchorage, storing reserve food material and • THE LEAF
synthesis of PGR 35. Node, bud
10. Root cap 36. F
11. F 37. Leaf base, petiole and lamina
12. T 38. Leaf base, Stipules
13. Zone of elongation 39. monocots
14. Zone of maturation 40. Leguminous, Pulvinus
15. Carrot, turnip, sweet potato 41. Petoile
16. Prop root 42. Leaf blade
17. Maize, sugarcane 43. Simple
18. T 44. Bud is present in the axil of leaf but not leaflet
19. Rhizophora, oxygen 45. Pinnate - Neem, Palmate - Silk cotton
• THE STEM 46. ALternate, Opposite, Whorled
20. Plumule 47. Mustard, sunflower, china rose
21. potato, ginger, turmeric, zaminkand, Colocasia (Mnemonic - MSC)
22. T 48. Guava, Calotropis
23. Gourds (cucumber, pumpkins, watermelon) and 49. Alstonia, Nerium
grapevines 50. Peas, sweet peas
24. Citrus, Bougainvillea 51. Cactus
25. Opuntia, Euphorbia 52. Onion, garlic
26. Prostrate branched with long internodes, spread 53. Australian Acacia
to new niches when older parts die. 54. Green, phyllodes
Ex - grass and strawberry
27. Strawberry and grass
28. Slender lateral branch arises from the base of
the main axis and after growing aerially for
sometime arch downwards to touch the ground
• THE INFLORESCENCE 84. Staminode
55. T 85. Epipetalous, brinjal
56. Inflorescence 86. Epiphyllous, ex - lily
57. F 87. F, polyandrous
58. Flower 88. Stamens in one bundle, china rose
59. Thalamus and receptacle 89. Pea
60. Calyx and corolla 90. Citrus
61. Lily, Perianth 91. Salvia and mustard
62. Radial 92. Placenta
63. Zygomorphic 93. Carpels are free ex - lotus and rose
64. Mustard, datura, chilli 94. Carpels are fused ex -Mustard and tomato
65. Pea, glumohur, bean, cassia 95. Marginal, axile, parietal, free central, basal
66. Canna 96. Pea
67. Reduced leaf found at the base of the pedicel 97. China rose, tomato, lemon
68. F 98. Mustard and Argemone
69. position of calyx, corolla and androecium in 99. Dianthus and Primrose
respect of the ovary 100. Sunflower and marigold
70. F 101. F, ventral
71. mustard, china rose and brinjal 102. Parietal
72. plum, rose, peach 103. Axile
73. flowers of guava and cucumber, and the ray 104. Base
florets of sunflower 105. F, only one single ovule in attached
• PARTS OF FLOWER 106. Free central
74. Gamosepalous and polysepalous • FRUIT, SEED & SEED STRUCTURE
75. Tubular, cell, funnel, wheel 107. Parthenocarpy
76. Valvate, twisted, imbricate, vexillary 108. Epicarp, mesocarp and endocarp
77. Calotropis 109. Mango, coconut
78. Cassia, gulmohur (Mnemonic - CaiGum) 110. Monocarpellary, superior
79. China rose, lady finger, cotton (Mnemonic - CLC, 111. Fibrous
CuLCuTaa - all capital letters denote ex and T 112. Seed coat
denote twisted) 113. 2
80. Pea and bean flowers 114. Testa, tegmen
81. Imbricate, twisted has direction of overlapping 115. Hilum
82. 3 - standard, wings, keel
83. Vexillary
116. F, above 148. None, all are superior
117. Monocot, castor 149. 1, 2, 3
118. Dicot, orchid 150. 1, 2, 3
119. Cereals, maize 151. Solan and Lili
120. T 152. Solanaceae
121. Aleurone layer 153. Solan and Lili
122. Protein 154. Legume
123. Scutellum, shield 155. Berry or capsule
124. Plumule, radicle 156. Capsule, rarely berry
• SOME IMPORTANT FAMILIES 157. F, it have endospermous seeds
Vegetative characters Q. 158. Fabaceae
125. Papilionoideae, leguminosae 159. Fab - Muliathi, Solan - Belladonna,
126. Solanaceae Ashwagandha, Lili - Aloe
127. Liliaceae 160. Fab - Lupin, sweet pea Solan - Petunia, Lili -
128. Root nodules, Rhizobium Gloriosa, tulip
129. Alternate 161. Gram, arhar, sem, moong, soybean
130. Fabaceae 162. Potato, tomato, brinjal
131. Fabaceae 163. Asparagus, Allium cepa
132. Fab and Solan 164. Trifolium, Sesbania
133. Fabaceae 165. Soyabean, groundnut
134. Solanaceae 166. Indigofera, sunhemp
135. Solanaceae 167. Chilli
136. Solanaceae 168. Nicotiana tabacum, solanaceae
137. None, both faba and solan have simple or 169. Colchicum autumnale, doubling of chromosomes
pinnate and lili have basal simple linear Liliaceae example mnemonic - GATAC - Gloriosa, aloe,
Floral character Economic Imp. Q. tulip, asparagus, colchicine
138. Fabaceae
139. Fabaceae • DigaQs
140. None, all the bisexual DigaQ. 1 - Different types of roots
141. Valvate, vexillary A – Tap X – Main root
142. Valvate both B – Fibrous Y – Laterals
143. liliaceae , valvate C – Adventitious
144. Fab and Solan
145. Solan (to petals) & Lili (to tepals)
146. 10, 5, 6(3+3)
147. Fabaceae
DigaQ. 2 - The regions of the root-tip DigaQ. 10 - Position of floral parts on thalamus
A – region of maturation A – Hypogynous
B – region of elongation B – Perigynous
C – region of meristematic activity C – Epigynous
D – root cap D – Epigynous
E – root hair DigaQ. 11
DigaQ. 3 - Modifications of root A – Androecium
A – Asparagus B – Gynoecium
B – Pneumatophore in Rhizophora C – Corolla
DigaQ. 4 D – Calyx
A – storage W – Zaminkand E – Pedicel
B – support X – Axillary bud modified into tendril DigaQ. 12 - Types of aestivation in corolla
C – protection Y – Stem modified into spine A – Valvate
D – spread Z – Roots arising from nodes B – Twisted
DigaQ. 5 - Parts of a leaf C – Imbricate
A – Lamina D – Vexillary
B – Stipule DigaQ. 13 - Types of placentation
C – Petiole A – Marginal
D – Leaf base B – Axile
E – Axillary bud C – Parietal
DigaQ. 6 - Compound leaves D – Free central
A – pinnately compound leaf X – Rachis E – Basal
B – palmately compound leaf DigaQ. 14 - Parts of a fruit
DigaQ. 7 - Different types of phyllotaxy X – Mango Y – Coconut
A – Alternate X – China rose A – Epicarp A – Mesocarp
B – Opposite Y – Guava B – Mesocarp B – Seed
C – Whorled Z – Alstonia C – Seed C – Endocarp
DigaQ. 8 - Modifications of leaf D – Endocarp
A – support: tendril X – Pea DigaQ. 15 - Structure of dicotyledonous seed
B – protection: spines Y – Cactus A – Seed coat X – Cotyledon
C – storage: fleshy leaves Z – Onion B – Hilum Y – Plumule
DigaQ. 9 C – Micropyle Z – Radicle
A – Racemose inflorescence
B – Cymose inflorescence
DigaQ. 16 - Structure of a monocotyledonous seed DigaQ. 17
A – Endosperm A – Endosperm Brassicaceae - ⊕ ⚥ K₂₊₂ C₄ A₂₊₄ G₍₂₎
B – Embryo B – Scutellum
C – Coleoptile DigaQ. 18
D – Plumule Fabaceae - % ⚥ K₍₅₎ C₁₊₂₊₍₂₎ A₍₉₎₊₁G₁
E – Radicle
DigaQ. 19
F – Coleorhiza
Solanaceae - ⊕ ⚥ K₍₅₎ C₍₅₎ A₅ G₍₂₎
(
H – Seed coat &
fruit-wall DigaQ. 20
G – Aleurone layer Liliaceae - Br ⊕ ⚥ P₍₃₊₃₎ A₃₊₃ G₍₃₎

KAISE AAYE ??
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
ANATOMY OF
FLOWERING PLANTS

01. Study of internal structures of plant is called ________
02. Internal Structure don't show adaptation to diverse environment. T/F
03. In tissues, cell may have different origins but common functions. T/F
• MERISTEMATIC TISSUES
04. Specialised regions of active cell division are called

05. Greek word _______ means "divided".
06. Meristems which produce primary tissue are called _______
07. Identify the diagrams and its labellings of both.
A
B A
C B
C
D
G D
E E
F
08. Some "left behind" cells from Shoot apical meristems, constitute the _______
09. Example of primary meristems (2)
10. Intercalary meristems occur in ______
11. Secondary meristems also called _______ meristem or _______ meristems.
12. Examples of lateral meristems (3)
13. Intrafascicular cambium also called
14. Dermal tissues, ground tissues and vascular tissues are formed by apical meristem. T/F
15. ________ form major components within organs.
16. Parenchyma can have these shapes ? (5)
17. Parenchyma have thick wall because they are closely packed. T/F
18. Parenchyma functions (3)
19. In most Monocot/Dicot Plants, collenchyma occurs in layers below ________
20. Cells in collenchyma are thickened by the deposition of (3)
21. Intercellular spaces may be present in collenchyma. T/F
22. Sclerenchyma provide support to petiole of leaf.
23. Sclerenchyma usually contains protoplasts.
24. Sclerenchyma are of 2 types –
25. Sclereids are found in (4)
• PERMANENT TISSUES
26. 4 elements of xylem –

27. Living element of xylem is
28. _________ lack vessels in their xylem.
29. Vessels have tapering ends. T/F
30. Vessels is made of many cells called _________
31. Vessels members are not interconnected through perforations.
32. Characteristic feature of angiosperm is presence of ______
33. Xylem fibers have obliterated central lumens. T/F
34. In xylem parenchyma, cell wall is made up of cellulose. T/F
35. Xylem parenchyma store food in form of _____, and other substance like ______
36. Radial conduction of water take place by ____________ tissue.
37. Primary xylem two types –
38. In stems, protoxylem lies towards the ________ and the metaxylem lies towards ______
39. In stem, xylem arrangement is endarch/exarch.
40. In root, xylem arrangement is endarch/exarch.
41. Phloem composed of (4)
42. In gymno, ________ & ________ are replaced by _______ & ______ respectively.
43. Sieve plates are found in end/between of sieve tube.
44. Sieve element contains a nucleus. T/F
45. _________ are specialised parenchyma/collenchyma cells, which are associated with sieve tube.
46. Sieve tube and companion cells are connected by ______
47. Companion cells help in maintaining the ___________ in sieve tubes.
48. Phloem parenchyma stores _______ and other substances like _______, _______, ________.
49. Phloem parenchyma have tapering ends. T/F
50. Phloem parenchyma is absent in which types of angiosperms ?
51. Phloem fibers also called ______
52. Phloem fibers are made up of _______ chyma.
53. Phloem fibers are generally present in primary phloem. T/F
54. Phloem fibers of _____, _____, ____ are used commercially.
55. Metaphloem have bigger sieve tube than protophloem. T/F
• Simple tissues
A
B
C A A
D
B
A B
C
• Complex Tissues
A
B A
B
C
D
• THE TISSUE SYSTEM
56. On the basis of structure and location, the 3 types of tissue system are –
57. Epidermal tissue system comprises (3)
58. Epidermis cells are sclerenchymatous. T/F
59. Cuticle prevent loss of ________
60. Cuticle is absent in ________
61. Diagram of stomata
A A
B B
C
D D
E
62. In _______, guard cells are dumb-bell shaped.
63. The outer wall of guard cell is thick while in the inner wall is thin. T/F
64. Guard cells don't have chloroplasts. T/F
65. Stomatal Apparatus include (3)
66. Root hairs are unicellular/multicellular.
67. Trichomes are usually uni/multicellular
68. Trichomes help in preventing ______ loss due to ______
69. In leaves, ground tissue is called _______
70. In ___________, cambium is present between phloem and xylem.
71. Radial arrangement is seen in ______
• Various types of vascular bundles : (a) radial (b) conjoint closed (c) conjoint open
A
A A
B
B C
B
• ANATOMY OF DICTOYLENDONOUS &

MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS
• DICOT ROOT
A
72. The outer most layer of dicot root is called ______ B
73. Innermost layer of cortex is called ______
74. Casparian strip is made up of waxy material called ______ C
75. Pericycle is thin walled. T/F
76. Pith of dicot root is large/small. D
77. Initiation of lateral roots and vascular cambium during E
F
secondary growth takes place in ______ G
78. Parenchymatous cell between xylem and phloem called _____ H
79. Stele constitute – I
A
• MONOCOT ROOT B
80. Monocot root usually have more than _____ xylem C
bundles called as ______ D
E
81. Pith is large in monocot root. F
82. Monocot root undergo secondary growth. T/F G
H
• DICOT STEM I
83. Dicot stem have an extra layer called _________ which is parenchymatous/collenchymatous in
nature.
84. The cells of endodermis in dicot stem are rich in ______, the layer is also called __________.
85. ________ is present in the form of few semilunar patches of parenchyma/sclerenchyma.
86. Arrangement of _______ in a form of ring is the A
characteristic feature of ______ stem. B
A C
87. Pith in dicot stem is parenchymatous. T/F B D
C E
D
E F
F G
G H
H I
• MONOCOT STEM I
J
88. Hypodermis of monocot stem is paren/collen/sclerenchymatous.
89. Each vascular bundle is surrounded by ________ which is ______chymatous.
90. Peripheral vascular bundles are generally larger than central ones. T/F
91. Pholem parenchyma is absent. T/F
92. __________ cavities are present in vascular bundles of monocot stem.
A
A B
B
C
C
D
D
E
F
A
• DICOT LEAF B
C D
93. Dicot leaf is ________ while monocot leaf is called _______
E
94. Adaxial epidermis means which cover the lower surface. T/F
95. Abaxial epidermis bear more stomata than adaxial epidermis. T/F
F
96. However, the amount of stomata on adaxial epidermis can
G
never be zero. T/F H
97. Mesophyll is made up of ____chyma. J I
98. Mesophyll have two kind of cells. Name them.
99. Palisade parenchyma is abaxially/adaxially placed.
100. In dicot/monocot, veins vary in thickness.
101. The vascular bundles are surrounded by layer of thin/thick walled bundle sheath cells.
• MONOCOT LEAF A
102. In monocot leaf, mesophyll is not differentiated. T/F B
C
103. In _______, certain abaxial/adaxial epidermal cells
along the veins modify themselves into bulliform cells. D
104. These cells are large/small, empty/filled and E
colorful/colourless. F
G
105. Fxn of bulliform cell –
• SECONDARY GROWTH
106. The cells of _________, become meristematic and form interfascicular cambium.
107. The cambium is more active on inner side than outer side. T/F
108. The primary xylem is crushed completely during secondary growth. T/F
109. The 1' and 2' phloem remain intact. T/F
110. A narrow band of parenchyma, which passes through the 2*xylem and 2* phloem in radial/longitudinal
direction is called __________
111. In _______ season, cambium is very active, in ______ season cambium is less active.
112. In _______ season, wider cavities containing vessels are produced.
113. Spring wood also called _____
114. Late wood also called _______
115. Low and high density wood are _____ and ______ wood respectively.
116. The two kind of alternate ring, constitue _____ used to measure _____
117. Region comprise dead elements with highly lignified walls is called ______
118. In old trees, secondary xylem is dark brown due to deposition of (6)
119. As heartwood is made of xylem, it help in conduct of water. T/F
120. _______ is ligher in colour and located peripherally.
121. Secondary growth in a dicot stem (diagrammatic) – stages in transverse views
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
122. Cork cambium also called _______ F F G
123. Cork cambium develops in the ______ region.
E
F
A A
B B
C C
D D
124. Phellogen is made of narrow, thin walled rectangular cells. T/F
125. Phellogen cuts off cells only on one side. T/F
126. The outer cell differeciate into _____or _____ and inner cell into ____ or _______
127. ______ deposition occur in cork.
128. The cells of 2' cortex are parenchymatous. T/F
129. _______, _____, _____ are collectively called periderm.
130. ______ is a non-technical term which means tissues outside ______
131. Bark doesn't include secondary phloem. T/F
132. Bark doesn't include 2* xylem. T/F
133. Bark formed early in the season called ____ or____ bark.
134. Bark formed at end of season called _____ or ______ bark.
135. Lenticles are _____ shaped openings.
136. Sometimes phellogen start cutting closely/widely arranged parenchymatous cells called ______
instead of cork cells and form _________ after rupture of epidermis.
137. Lenticel help in ______ exchange. A
138. In stem vascular cambium is completely 2* in origion. T/F B
• Lenticel C
139. In root, vascular cambium is completely 2* in origion.T/F D

140. In roots, vascular cambium originate from (2)
141. Secondary growth doesn't occur in roots and stems of gymnosperms. T/F
142. The wood is actually _______.
• Different stages of the secondary growth in a typical dicot root
A A
B B
C C
D D
E E
F F
G G
A A
B
C
B
C C D
D D
E E E
F F F
G
ANATOMY OF
FLOWERING PLANTS
ANSWERS
ANSWERS
16) Spherical, oval, round, polygonal or elongated

1) Anatomy 17) False
2) False 18) Photosynthesis, storage, secretion
3) False 19) Epidermis
• MERISTEMATIC TISSUES 20) Cellulose, hemicellulose and pectin
4) Meristems 21) False
5) Meristos 22) False, collenchyma does
6) Apical meristems 23) False
7) Root Apical meristem 24) Fibers & sclereids
A - Central cylinder 25) Fruit wall of nuts, pulp of fruits like guava, pear
B - Cortex & sapota, seed coat of legumes and leaves of tea
C - Protoderm • PERMANENT TISSUES
D - Initials of central cylinder and cortex 26) Tracheids, xylem parenchyma, xylem fibers,
E - Initials of root cap vessels
F - Root cap 27) Xylem parenchyma
G - Root apical meristem 28) Gymnosperms
Shoot Apical meristem 29) False
A - Leaf primordium 30) Vessel members
B - Shoot apical 31) False
C - Meristematic zone 32) Vessels
D - Axillary bud 33) True
E – Differentiating vascular tissue 34) True
8) Axillary bud 35) Scratch or fat, tannins
9) Apical and intercalary meristems 36) Ray parenchymatous
10) Grasses 37) Protoxylem and metaxylem
11) Lateral meristems or cylindrical meristems 38) Centre, periphery
12) Interfascicular cambium, cork cambium & 39) Endarch
fascicular vascular cambium 40) Exarch
13) Intrafascicular cambium
14) True
15) Parenchyma
41) Sieve tube elements, companion cells. Phloem • Complex Tissues
parenchyma & phloem fibers (a) Xylem
42) Sieve tubes & companion cells by sieve cell & A - Tracheid
albuminous cells B - Vessels
43) End (b) Phloem
44)False A - Sieve pore
45) Companion cells B - Sieve tube Element
46) Pit fields C - Phloem parenchyma
47) Pressure gradient D - Companion cell
48) Food material & other substance like resins,
• THE TISSUE SYSTEM
latex and mucilage 56) Ground tissue system, epidermal tissue system,
49) True vascular tissue system
50) Monocot 57) Epidermal cells, stomata, epidermal appendages
51) Bast fibers - trichomes & hairs
52) Sclerenchyma 58) False
53) False 59) Water
54)Flax, hemp, jute 60) Roots
55)True 61) Diagram of stomata
• Simple tissues A - Epidermal cells
(a) Parenchyma B - Subsidiary cells
A - Intercelluar space C - Chloroplast
(b) Collenchyma D - Guard cells
A - Thickened corners E - Stomatal pore
B - Protoplasm 62) Monocot
C - Vacuole 63) False
D - Cell wall 64) False
(c) Sclerenchyma 65) Guard cell, subsidiary cell & stomatal aperture
A - Lumen 66) Unicellular
B - Thick cell wall 67) Multicellular
A - Pits 68) water , transpiration
B - Lumen 69) Mesophyll
C - Thick cell wall 70) Dicots
71) Roots 81) True
• Various types of vascular bundles : 82) False
(a) radial • Monocot Root
A - Xylem A - Root hair
B - Phloem B - Epidermis
(b) conjoint closed C - Cortex
A - Phloem D - Endodermis
B - Xylem E - Pericycle
(c) conjoint open F - Phloem
A – Phloem G - Protoxylem
B - Cambium H - Pith
C - Xylem I - Metaxylem
83) Hypodermis, collenchymatous
• ANATOMY OF DICOT & 84) Starch, starch sheath
MONOCOT PLANTS 85) Pericycle, sclerenchyma
72) Epiblema 86) Vascular bundles, dicot
73) Endodermis 87) True
74) Suberin • Dicot Stem A – Epidermis
75) False A – Epidermal hair B – Collenchyma
76) False B – Epidermis C – Parenchyma
77) Pericycle C – Hypodermis D – Endodermis
78) Conjunctive tissue D – Parenchyma E – Pericycle
79) All tissue in innermost side of endodermis such E – Endodermis F – Phloem
as pericycle, vascular bundles and pith F – Pericycle G – Cambium
• Dicot Root G – Vascular bundle H – Metaxylem
A - Root hair H – Medullary rays I – Protoxylem
B - Epidermis I – Pith J – Pith
C - Cortex
D - Endodermis
E - Pericycle
F - Protoxylem
G - Metaxylem
H - Pith
I - Phloem
80) 6, polyarch
88) Sclerenchymatous • SECONDARY GROWTH
89) Bundle sheath, sclerenchymatous 102) True
90) False 103) Grasses, adaxial
91) True 104) Large,, empty, colorless
92) Water containing A – Endodermis 105) Curl leaf inwards minimize water loss
• Monocot Stem B – Hypodermis • Monocot Leaf
A – Endodermis C – Vascular bundles A – Adaxial epidermis
B – Hypodermis D – Phloem B – Xylem
C – Vascular bundles E – Xylem C – Mesophyll
D – Ground tissue F – Ground tissue D – Substomatal cavity
93) Dorsiventral, isobilateral E – Abaxial epidermis
94) False F – Stoma
95) True G – Phloem
96) False 106) Medullary rays
97) Parenchyma 107) True
98) Spongy & palisade 108) False
99) Adaxially 109) False
100) Dicot 110) Radial
101) Thick 111) Spring, winter
• Dicot Leaf 112) Spring
A – Bundle sheath 113) Early wood
B – Xylem 114) Autumn wood, NOT WINTER WOOD
C – Phloem 115) sap , heart
D – Adaxial epidermis 116) annual , age of plant (brach of study called
E – Palisade mesophyll dendrochronology)
F – Air cavity 117) Heartwood
G – Spongy mesophyll 118) Tannins, resins, oils, gums. Aromatic substances
H – Substomatal cavity and essential oils
I – Abaxial epidermis 119) False
J – Stoma 120) Sap wood
121) Different stages of the secondary growth in a • Lenticel
typical dicot stem A - Epidermis
A - Epidermis A – Medullary rays B - Complimentary cells
B - Cortex B – Secondary xylem C - Cork cambium
C - Primary phloem C - Secondary phloem D - Secondary cortex
D - Vascular cambium D – Cambium ring 139) True
E - Primary xylem E – Phellem 140) Tissue located just below phloem bundles,
F - Pith F – Phellogen portion of pericycle, just above the protoxylem
G - Interfascicular cambium 141) False
122) Phellogen 142) Secondary xylem
123) Cortex • Different stages of the secondary growth in a
124) True typical dicot root
125) False A - Epidermis
126) Cork or phellem, secondary cortex or phelloderm B - Cortex
127) Suberin C - Primary phloem
128) True D - Cambial ring
129) Phellem, Phellogen, Phelloderm E - Endodermis
130) Bark, vascular cambium F - Pericycle
131)False G - Protoxylem
132) True A - Epidermis
133) Early, doft B - Cortex A - Epidermis/periderm
134) Late, hard C - Vascular cambium B - Cortex
135) Lens D - Secondary phloem C - Primary phloem
136) Closely, complimentary cells, lenticels E - Primary xylem D - Annual ring
137) Gases F - Secondary xylem E - Secondary xylem
138) False G - Cortex F - Secondary phloem rays
COACHING INSTITUTES AFTER
SEEING THESE BIOHACKS...

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
ANIMAL
TISSUES
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE
DigaQ. 1
A B
1. Cells are compactly packed. T/F
2. 2 types of epithelial tissues are –
3. Simple epithelial fxn (3)
4. Compound epithelium fxn (1) X Y
5. Squamous epithelium have regular boundaries. T/F
C
6. Squamous fxn and found in (2)
7. Cuboidal have single/double layers of ____ like cells. Z
8. Cuboidal ex (2) and fxn (2)
9. The epithelium of PCT of nephron in kidney has microvilli. T/F
10. The columnar epithelium nuclei are located towards the free surface. T/F
11. Found at (2) and fxn (2) D
12. Ciliated epithelium is only formed by columnar epithelium. T/F
13. Found at (2)
14. Glandular epithelium is a specialised form of _______ and
______ epithelium.
15. Glands can be unicellular. T/F
Z
16. Ex of unicellular gland –
17. Exocrine glands secrete (5)
18. Main fxn of compound epithelium is
19. places where compound epithelium is present (5)
20. All cells in epithelium are held together with little DigaQ. 2
intercellular material. T/F
21. Three junctions found in epithelial tissues are –
22. Tight junctions fxn – A
23. Adhering junctions fxn –
24. Gap junction fxn – B
DigaQ. 3
X
• CONNECTIVE TISSUE
25. In all connective tissue except ______, the cells secrete fibers of structural proteins called ______
or ______
26. The fibers provide 3 things to the tissue. Name them.
27. Matrix is formed by ___________
28. 3 classification of connective tissue is –
29. Loose Connective Tissue ex (2)
30. ______ tissue is present beneath the skin.
31. Areolar tissue contains (3)
DigaQ. 4 X DigaQ. 4 Y
A
A
B
C B
C
D
32. _______ act as a support framework for epithelium. DigaQ. 5
33. Adipose tissue store _____
34. ________ and ______ are compactly packed in dense
connective tissue.
35. It is further divided into (2)
36. In dense regular, _______ fibers are present in between
many parallel/perpendicular bundles of fibers.
37. Tendon attach ______ to _____ (NEET) A
38. Ligament attach ______ to ______ (NEET) X
39. Dense irregular is present in –
40. Ex of specialised connective tissue (3)
41. The intercellular of material cartilage resists compression. T/F
42. Cells of this tissue is called _______
43. Cartilage is present at (5)
44. Bones are pliable. T/F
45. Bones are rich in ________ and _________ B
46. Bone cells are present in spaces called _______
DigaQ. 6 A DigaQ. 6 B DigaQ. 6 C
X
X Y
Y Z
• MUSCLE & NEURAL TISSUE
DigaQ. 7 X DigaQ. 7 Y DigaQ. 7 Z

A A
A
B
C
B B
47. Skeletal muscles also called _______ or _______

48. Smooth muscles have ______ ends and don't show ______. (NEET)
49. ________ hold the smooth muscle fibers together.
50. They are bundled together in a _____________ DigaQ. 8
51. Smooth muscles are voluntary. T/F (NEET)
52. _______ are present at some fusion points which allow A
all the cells to contract as a unit in cardiac cells.
53. ______ protect and support the neurons. B
54. Neuroglia make up more than _____% of the volume
of neural tissue in our body. C
55. Our heart contains all the 4 types of tissue, i.e. D
epithelial, connective, muscular, neural. T/F
ANIMAL
TISSUES
ANSWERS
• EPITHELIAL TISSUE • CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. T 25. Blood, collagen or elastin
2. Simple and compound 26. Strength, flexibility, elasticity
3. Lining of body cavities, ducts, tubes 27. Modified polysaccharide
4. Protective fxn as in skin 28. (i) Loose connective tissue, (ii) Dense connective
5. F tissue and (iii) Specialised connective
6. Diffusion, walls of blood vessels and air sacs of tissue
lungs 29. Areolar and adipose
7. Single, cube 30. Areolar and adipose
8. Ex - Ducts of glands and tubular parts of 31. Macrophages, fibroblast and mast cells
nephrons. Fxn - secretion and absorption 32. Areolar tissue
9. T 33. Fat
10. F 34. Fibers and fibroblasts
11. Stomach and intestine, secretion and absorption 35. Dense regular and dense irregular
12. F, both by cuboidal and columnar 36. Collagen, parallel
13. Inner surface of hollow organs like bronchioles 37. Muscle to bone (Mnemonic - MTV is a TV show,
and fallopian tubes replacing T to B (as padhaku students
14. Cuboidal and columnar study BOOKS) MTB - Muscle-Tendon-Bone
15. T 38. Bone to Bone (Mnemonic - BLB, bulb)
16. Goblet 39. Skin
17. Mucus, saliva, earwax, milk, oil, digestive enzymes 40. Blood, bone, cartilage
18. Protection 41. T
19. dry surface of the skin, the moist surface of 42. Chondrocytes
buccal cavity, pharynx, inner lining of ducts 43. tip of nose, outer ear joints, between adjacent
of salivary glands and of pancreatic ducts bones of the vertebral column, limbs and
20. T hands in adults
21. Tight, Adhering, Gap 44. F
22. help to stop substances from leaking across a 45. Calcium salts and collagen fibers
tissue 46. Lacunae
23. perform cementing to keep neighboring cells 47. Striated muscle or voluntary muscle
together 48. Fusiform, striations
24. facilitate the cells to communicate with each
other by connecting the cytoplasm of
adjoining cells, for rapid transfer of ions, small
molecules and sometimes big molecules
• MUSCLE & NEURAL TISSUE DigaQ. 5 - Dense connective tissue
49. Cell junctions A – Dense regular
50. Connective tissue sheath B – Dense irregular
51. F X – Collagen fibre
52. Intercalated disc DigaQ. 6 - Specialised connective tissues
53. Neuroglia A – Cartilage C – Blood
54. 50 X – Collagen fibres X – RBCs
55. T Y – Cartilage cells Y – WBCs
• DigaQs B – Bone Z – Platelets
DigaQ. 1 - Simple epithelium DigaQ. 7 - Muscle tissue
A – Squamous X – Flattened cell X – Skeletal (striated) muscle tissue
B – Cuboidal Y – Cube-like cell A – Striations
C – Columnar Z – Tall cell B – Nucleus
D – Columnar cells bearing cilia Y – Smooth muscle tissue
DigaQ. 2 - Glandular epithelium A – Smooth muscle fibers
A – Unicellular B – Nucleus
B – Multicellular Z – Cardiac muscle tissue
DigaQ. 3 - Compound epithelium A – Striations
X – Multilayered cells B – Nucleus
DigaQ. 4 - Loose connective tissue C – Junction between adjacent cells
X – Areolar tissue DigaQ. 8 - Neural tissue (Neuron with neuroglia)
A – Macrophage Y – Adipose tissue A – Axon
B – Fibroblast A – Fat storage area B – Cell body with nucleus
C – Collagen fibers B – Nucleus C – Dendrite
D – Mast cell C – Plasma membrane D – Neuroglia
STRATEGY YOUTUBERS ARE

WATCHING REAL CONTENT.....
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
COCKROACH
MORPHOLOGY & ANATOMY

• INTRODUCTION
1) Cockroaches are _____ or _____ in colour.

2) Class -
3) _______, ______, ______ coloured cockroaches are also reported in tropical/subtropical regions.
4) The size ranges from ___ inches to ___ inches.
5) They are diurnal/nocturnal carnivores/omnivores
6) Cockroaches are serious pests and vectors of many diseases. T/F
DigaQ. 1
A
• MORPHOLOGY B M
C
7) Common species of cockroach is __________ D L
8) They are ___-___ cm long. E
F K
9) The body is divisible into 3 regions ____, ____, _____ G
10) The entire body of the cockroach is covered with
H I
______ skeleton.
J
11) Hardened plates forming exoskeleton are _____ (NEET)
12) ______ are found dorsally and _______ are found ventrally.
13) Tergites and sternites are joined to each other by thin/thick and flexible _____ also called _____
14) Shape of head of cockroach is _______
15) Head is formed by fusion of ___ no of segments. DigaQ. 2
16) The neck is not flexible. T/F
17) Head capsule bears a pair of __________
18) A pair of thread-like antennae arise from A
membranous sockets lying behind the eyes. T/F X
Y
19) Antennae help in (1) B B
20) ______________ type of mouth parts C
21) Upper lip is called _______
22) Lower lip is called _______
23) Mouthparts consist of (4)
24) Hypopharynx also called _______
25) Thorax consists of 3 parts. Name them. D D
26) Neck is a short extension of ______ E
27) The first pair of wings arise from ________
28) Second pair from _______
29) Forewings are called _______. Features - (2)
30) Hindwings features (2)
31) _______ wings are used in flight.
32) Two pairs of wings are present at_____ and ______segments.
33) Abdomen of cockroach is divided into _____ segments.
34) In females, ____th is a boat shaped sternum. (NEET)
35) Genital pouch is formed by ____, ____, ____ sternum.
36) Anterior part of genital pouch contains ____, ____, ____
37) In males, genital pouch lies at _____ end of abdomen bounded dorsally by ____ and ____ terga
and ventrally by ____ sternum.
38) Male genital pouch consist of (3) DigaQ. 3
39) Anal styles are absent in males. T/F (NEET) A
40) Anal cerci are absent in males. T/F B
41) Jointed filamentous structure are _______
42) ____ segment of cockroach bear anal cerci.
43) Anal style is also called _________
44) Genital pouch consist of (2) F
C
• ANATOMY D
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM E
45) Alimentary canal is divided into 3 regions. Name them.
46) The mouth opens into a short tubular oesophagus. T/F
47) Oesophagus opens into _____ which is used for ___________
48) Crop is followed by ______ or __________
49) Gizzard has outer layer of thick/thin circular/longitudinal muscles and thick/thin inner
cuticle forming ___ no of highly chitinous plates called ______
50) ________ help in grinding food. (NEET)
51) No of gastric caecae present in cockroach are -
52) ___-___ blind tubules called _____ or _____ caecae are present at junction of ______
and _______
DigaQ. 4
53) Hepatic caecae fxn (1)
A
54) Malpighian tubules are ____-____ in no. B
55) Between _______ and _______, a ____ C
coloured thick/thin filamentous ____ is present.
D
56) The midgut is broader than hindgut. T/F
57) Hindgut is differentiated into _____, _____, _____ E
58) Describe the path of flow of food from mouth to anus. F
59) A pair of _______ present near crop. G
H
• CIRCULATORY & RESPIRATORY SYSTEM I
60) Blood vascular system of cockroach is open/closed type. L
J
61) Blood vessels open into space called _______
62) Hemolymph consist of ______ and _______ K
63) Heart is differentiated into _____ shaped chambers. DigaQ. 5
With ____ on either side.
A
64) Blood from ______ enter heart through _______
65) Blood is pumped posteriorly to sinus again. T/F
B
66) The respiratory system consist of a network of ______
67) Number of spiracles ______
68) Exchange of gases at tracheoles take place by _______
69) Spiracles are regulated/not regulated.
C
• EXCRETORY & NERVOUS SYSTEM
70) Excretion by 4 things -
71) Each tubule is lined by _______ and ______cells
72) Malpighian tubule absorb ____________ and convert them
into _______ (NEET)
73) Cockroach is ureotelic/uricotelic.
74) Ganglia are joined by _________________ on dorsal/ventral side.
75) No. of ganglia in abdomen -
76) No. of ganglia in thorax -
77) The brain is represented by __________ ganglion.
78) Supraesophageal ganglion supplies nerves to
________ and _________
79) The compound eyes are situated in the ventral/dorsal surface of head.
80) Name 5 sense organs of cockroach.
81) Each eye consists of ______ hexagonal ommatidia.
82) Cockroach have _____ type of vision in which there is more/less sensitivity and more/less resolution.
• REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
DigaQ. 6 DigaQ. 7
A
B
C A
D
B
E H
F C
G
H D
I
E
J
L K G F
N M
83) Testes lie on medial/lateral side between the ____ abdominal segments.
84) Name the structures that sperm passes through its journey from testes to outside.
85) Male gonopore is situated ventral/dorsal to anus.
86) A characteristic ________ shaped gland is present in the __th - ___th abdominal
segments which function as an accessory reproductive gland.
87) The external genitalia are represented by ______________ or __________
88) Phallomere are made of ________
89) Phallomere are symmetric/asymmetric structures.
90) Sperms are glued together in the form of bundles called ___________
91) The female reproductive system lies laterally in ___-___ abdominal segments.
92) Oviduct unite to form _______ which opens into __________
93) Spermatheca are present in females. T/F
94) They are present in segment ___.and opens into ________
95) The fertilized ovule is capsuled in _______
96) Ootheca color (2) and length is
97) Ootheca are dropped or glued to a suitable surface, usually a crack with _____ and _____
98) On average, females produce ______ ootheca each containing _______ eggs.
99) Function of collateral glands.
100) Development of P. americana is ___________, meaning -
101) The nymphs look very much like adults. T/F
102) The nymph grows by moulting ____ times.
103) The next to last nymphal stage have _________
104) Cockroach don't transmit bacterial diseases. T/F
COCKROACH
MORPHOLOGY & ANATOMY
ANSWERS
31) Hind wings
• ANSWERS 32) 2nd and 3rd
33) 10
34) 7th
1) Brown or black
35) 7th, 8th, 9th
2) Insecta
36) Female gonopore, spermathecal pores and
3) Bright yellow, red and green (Trick - Traffic
collateral glands
signal have all these colours)
37) Hind, 9th, 10th, 9th
4) ¼ inches to 3 inches (0.6-7.6 cm)
38) Dorsal anus, ventral male genital pore and
5) Nocturnal omnivores
gonapophysis
6) True
39) F
• MORPHOLOGY
40) F
7) Periplaneta americana
41) Anal cerci
8) 3.4-5.3 cm
42) 10th
9) Head, thorax and abdomen
43) Caudal style
10) Hard chitinous
44) Genital chamber, vestibulum
11) Sclerites
• ANATOMY
12) Tergites, sternites
Digestive system
13) Thin, arthrodial membrane, articular membrane
45) Foregut, midgut and hindgut
14) Triangular
46) False, it opens into short tubular pharynx
15) 6
47) Crop, storing of food
16) F
48) Gizzard or proventriculus
17) Compound eye
49) Thick, circular, thick, 6, teeth
18) F, lying in front of eye
50) Gizzard
19) Monitoring the environment
51) 6-8
20) Biting and chewing
52) 6-8. Hepatic or gastric, forgut and midgut
21) Labrum
53) Secrete digestive juice
22) Labium
54) 100-150
23) Labrum, labium, mandible, maxilla
55) Midgut and hindgut, yellow, thin, malpighian
24) Tongue
tubules
25) Prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax
56) F
26) Prothorax
57) Ileum, colon and rectum
27) Mesothorax
28) Metathorax
29) Tegmina, Features - opaque dark and leathery
30) Transparent, membranous
58) Mouth - Pharynx - Oesophagus - Crop - 87) Male gonapophysis or phallomere
Gizzard - Midgut - Ileum - Colon - Rectum 88) Chitin
59) Salivary glands 89) Asymmetric
Circulatory & Respiratory system 90) Spermatophores
60) Open 91) 2nd-6th
61) Haemocoel 92) Single median oviduct/vagina, genital chamber
62) Colourless plasma and haemocytes 93) T
63) Funnel, ostia 94) 6, genital chamber
64) Sinuses, ostia 95) Ootheca
65) False, anteriorly 96) Dark reddish or blackish brown, 8mm long
66) Trachea 97) High relative humidity and food source
67) 20 (10 pairs) 98) 9-10, 14-16
68) Diffusion 99) Secrete the hard egg case or ootheca
69) Regulated 100) Paurometabolous, meaning development through
Excretory & Nervous system nymphal stages
70) Malpighian tubules, nephrocytes, fat body, 101) T
urecose glands 102) 13
71) Glandular and ciliated 103) Wing pads
72) Ammonia, uric acid 104) F
73) Uricotelic
74) Paired longitudinal connectives, ventral • DigaQs G – Mesothoracic leg
75) 6 DigaQ. 1 H – Metathoracic leg
76) 3 A – Filiform antennae I – Abdomen
77) Supra-oesophageal ganglion B – Compound eye J – Anal cerci
78) Antennae and compound eyes C – Pronotum K – Hind wing
79) Dorsal D – Mesothorax L – Tegmina
80) Antennae, eyes, maxillary palps, labial palps, E – Prothoracic leg M – Head
anal cerci F – Metathorax
81) 2000 D – Maxilla
82) Mosaic, more sensitivity and less resolution DigaQ. 2 E – Labium
Reproductive system A – Labrum X – Grinding region
83) Lateral, 4-6th B – Mandible Y – Incising region
84) Testis - vas deferens - seminal vesicle - C – Hypopharynx
ejaculatory duct - male gonopore
85) Ventral
86) Mushroom, 6-7
DigaQ. 3 DigaQ. 6 DigaQ. 7
A – Ocellus D – Labrum A – Testis A – Ovary
B – Compound eye E – Labium B – Phallic gland B – Oviduct
C – Mandible F – Maxilla C – Small tubules C – Common oviduct
DigaQ. 4 D – Long tubules or vagina
A – Pharynx G – Hepatic caeca E – Seminal vesicle D – Collaterial glands
B – Salivary gland H – Mesenteron/midgut F – Vas deferens E – Genital chamber
C – Salivary reservoir I – Malpighian tubules G – Ejaculatory duct F – Vestibulum
D – Oesophagus J – Ileum H – Right phallomere G – Genital pouch
E – Crop K – Colon I – Ventral phallomere H – gonapophyses
F – Gizzard L – Rectum J – Anal cercus I – Spermatheca
DigaQ. 5 K – Caudal style
A – Anterior aorta L – Pseudopenis
B – Alary muscles M – Titillator
C – Chambers of heart N – Left phallomere
NEET ASPIRANTS AFTER

REALSING THAT BIOHACKS ARE
BETTER THAN ANY MATERIAL OF
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CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
CELL
THE UNIT OF LIFE
• INTRODUCTION
1) The physico-chemical approach to study and understand living organism is ______

2) _______ discovered the triple helical structure of collagen.
3) _______ first saw and described a live cell.
4) Cell was first seen by -
5) ____________ discovered the nucleus
6) Matthias Schleiden was a German/British __________ (NEET)
7) Theodore Schwann a British/German _________. (NEET)
8) ________ proposed that the bodies of animals and plants are composed of cells and products of cells.
9) Cell theory was given by (2) -
10) ________ first explained that new cells are formed from pre-existing cells.
11) Omnis cellula-e cellula was given by -
12) Main arena of cellular activities in cell is - (NEET)
13) Prokaryotes have membrane bound organelles. T/F (NEET)
14) Microbodies are present in prokaryotes. T/F (NEET)
15) Ribosomes are non-membrane bound organelles. (NEET)
16) Organelles in which ribosomes are found (3) (NEET)
17) 2 non-membrane bound organelles are -
18) Centrosome help in - DigaQ. 1
A
19) Mycoplasmas are only ____ in length R
20) Generally bacteria length is - Q
21) The largest isolated single cell is _______ P
B
22) Human red blood cells are about ____ in diameter.
C
23) Size of virus is -
D
24) Size of PPLO is - (NEET 2020) O
E
25) Size of typical eukaryotic cell is -
F
G
• PROKARYOTIC CELLS H
26) The prokaryotic cells are represented by - (4) I
N J
27) Eukaryotes multiply more rapidly than prokaryotes. T/F M K
L
28) The four basic shapes of bacteria are -
29) Cell wall is present in all except -
30) Small extrachromosomal DNA is called ______
31) Plasmid DNA confers certain unique _________
to such bacteria. Ex - (1)
32) ________ is used to monitor bacterial transformation with foreign DNA.
33) Prokaryotes have something unique in the form of ________
34) Specialised differentiated form of cell membrane called _____ is the characteristic of ______
35) Prokaryotes have a chemically complex envelope. T/F
36) The 3 layer cell envelope consist of - (NEET)
37) All the 3 layer together act as a _________
38) Staining procedure developed by ______ divide bacteria into categories (2) -
39) Loose sheath glycocalyx called _______
40) Thick and tough glycocalyx called ______
41) Cell wall fxn (2)
42) Prokaryotic membrane is structurally similar to eukaryote. T/F
43) Extension of plasma membrane 3 forms are -
44) Mesosome help in (7) - (NEET)
45) In _____, other membranous extension into cytoplasm is present called ____ which contain _____
46) Bacterial flagella 3 parts -
47) Longest portion out of 3 is -
48) Cilla is absent in bacteria. T/F
49) ______are elongated tubular structures made of a special protein.
50) _______are small bristles like fibres sprouting out of the cell.
51) Pili help to attach bacteria to rocks in streams and host tissues. T/F
52) Ribosome size - DigaQ. 2
53) Ribosome subunit in prokaryotes - A
54) Ribosome attach to single mRNA and form a chain O
called _________ or ________ (NEET) B
55) Reserve material is stored as - C
56) Inclusion bodies are bounded by membrane. T/F
D
57) Ex of inclusion bodies - (3) N
58) Gas vacuoles are found in (3) - E
M
F
K G
• EUKARYOTIC CELLS
H
59) Extensive compartmentalisation is seen in _______ J
I
60) Organelle present in animal cell but absent in plant cell is -
• CELL MEMBRANE
61) Detailed structure of the membrane was studied only after the advent of ___________
62) Cell membranes are composed of _____ with their polar
head towards the outer/inner sides. (NEET)
63) Lipid component mainly consist of __________
64) Erythrocyte of ________ has approx. ____ % protein and ____ % lipids.
65) On the basis of ___________, the 2 types of membrane proteins are -
66) Integral proteins are only partially buried in the membrane. T/F (NEET)
67) Fluid mosaic model was given by whom and in which year - (NEET)
68) The quasi-fluid nature of lipid helps in -
69) The ability to move within bilayer measure its _____
70) Fluid nature of membrane is also important A DigaQ. 3
B
because of fxns like (5)
C
71) Define osmosis.
72) Ex of active transport (1) - (NEET)
• CELL WALL D
73) Cell wall is present in ___ and ___ (NEET)
74) Cell wall fxns (4)
75) Algae cell wall is made up of (4) - (NEET)
E
76) In other plants, it consist of (4) - (NEET)
77) The secondary wall is formed on the outer/inner side of the cell.
78) The middle lamella is a layer mainly of ___________ (NEET)
79) Fxn of middle lamella -
80) _______ and _______ may be transversed by _______ which connect the cytoplasm of
neighboring cells. (NEET)
• ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM
81) Endomembrane system include (4)
82) Functions are not coordinated in the endomembrane system. T/F
83) The ER divided the intracellular space into _______ and _______
84) Endoplasmic reticulum with ribosomes is called ______ (NEET)
85) In absence of ribosome, it is called _____ (NEET)
86) ______is frequently observed in the cells actively involved in protein synthesis and secretion. (NEET)
87) RER are continuous with -
88) SER fxns (2) - (NEET)
89) ________ in year______ observed densely
stained reticular structures near the nucleus.
90) Golgi bodies consist of ____- shaped _____ or _____ (NEET) DigaQ. 4
91) The sacs and cisternae are of _____-____ μm diameter. A
B
92) They are stalked parallel/perpendicular to each other. (NEET) C
93) ___ or ___ face is convex and ___ or ___ face is concave.
94) The cis and trans face of the organelle are entirely different. T/F
95) cis and trans face are not interconnected. T/F
96) Golgi Apparatus fxn -
97) Materials are packaged in the form of _______ (NEET)
98) Materials fuse with ____ face of golgi apparatus and
emerge from ____face. D
99) Golgi apparatus is important site of formation of ____ and _____
100) Lysosomes are formed by the process of packaging in ________
E
101) Lysosomes are rich in ______ enzymes. (NEET) DigaQ. 5
102) Its enzymes are optimally active at acidic/basic pH. (NEET)
X
103) Vacuole contain (4) (NEET)
104) Vacuole membrane is called (NEET)
105) In plant cells, vacuoles can occupy up to ____ % of the volume of the cell.
106) Tonoplast fxn -
107) Concentration of ions is higher in cytoplasm than vacuole. T/F
108) In _______, contractile vacuole is important for _______
109) In _______, food vacuoles are formed by engulfing the food particles.
• MITOCHONDRIA & PLASTIDS
110) Mitochondria are stained by ________
111) It is _____ shaped with diameter of _____μm (average ___ μm)
112) Its length is ____-_____μm.
113) The inner compartment is called _______
114) The inner membrane forms a no. of infoldings called ____ DigaQ. 6
A B D
115) Cristae fxn -
116) RNA is absent in mitochondria. T/F C E
117) Plastids are found in all plant cells and _____
118) Mitochondria is larger in size than plastids. T/F
119) 3 types of plastids are -
120) Chloroplast contains pigments (2)
121) Chromoplast have ___ soluble ___ type of pigments like (2)
122) Leucoplast are colorful/colorless plastids. Tell their fxn.
123) Potato contain which plastid -
124) Tell the 3 types of leucoplast and their function.
125) Majority of chloroplast are found in _______ cells. DigaQ. 7 A
126) Length and width are -
B
127) Shapes of chloroplasts are (5) - C
128) 1 chloroplast per cell is present in ________ D
129) Mesophyll cells have __-__ chloroplast per cell.
E
130) Matrix in mitochondria is analogous to
______ in chloroplast. F
131) The outer membrane is relatively less permeable. T/F
132) Thylakoids arrange in stacks to form ______ (NEET)
133) Thylakoid of different grana are connected by ________
134) The membrane of the thylakoids enclose a space called ______
135) Stroma contains enzymes required for the synthesis of carbohydrate only. T/F
136) It contains ssDNA. T/F (NEET)
137) Both chloroplast and mitochondria have ____ ribosomes. DigaQ. 8 A
• RIBOSOME, CYTOSKELETON, CILIA & FLAGELLA
138) They were observed by ___________ in year _____
139) They are composed of ______ and ______ (NEET)
140) Here S is _______ unit stands for _______ coefficient. (NEET)
B
141) Svedberg's unit directly/indirectly measure _____ and _____ of ribosome.
142) 70s ribosome subunits are ____ and ____. Tell the types of rRNA in each subunit.
143) 80s ribosome subunits are ____ and ____. Tell the types of rRNA in each subunit.
144) An elaborate network of filamentous proteinaceous structures present in the cytoplasm is called
________ (NEET)
145) Cytoskeleton fxn (4)
146) ____ and ____ are hair like outgrowths of cell membrane. (NEET) DigaQ. 9
A
147) Prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella are structurally similar. T/F
148) Cilia and flagella are not covered with plasma membrane. T/F B
149) Their core is called _______
150) Axoneme possesses a number of microfilaments F
running parallel to the long axis.T/F C
151) The axoneme have ___ no. of microtubules
arranged laterally and ____ no. located in the centre. (NEET)
152) Such arrangement is called 9 + 1 as 9 pairs are laterally D
arranged and 1 pair is centrally located. T/F E
153) The central tubules are connected by ____ and is enclosed by a ____
154) Central sheath is connected to one of the tubules of each peripheral doublets by a ________
155) Total no. of radial spokes in cilla are -
156) The peripheral doublets are also interconnected by _______
157) Both the cilium and flagellum emerge from ________ like structure called _________
DigaQ. 10
• CENTROSOME & CENTRIOLE A
158) Centrosome contain 2 _______
159) Centrosome are surrounded by _____ called _____
160) The centrioles lie parallel/perpendicular to each other, B
which has an organisation like a ________ C
161) Arrangement is ______
D F
162) Centriole have 9 even/uneven spaced peripheral E}
fibrils of _______ protein.
163) Each peripheral fibril is a doublet. T/F
164) The adjacent triplets are not linked. T/F
165) Central part of the centriole is called ____, which is connected with peripheral triplets by ______.
166) Hub and spokes are made of ______
DigaQ. 11
167) Centrioles form (2) (NEET)
• NUCLEUS & MICROBODIES A

168) Nucleus was first described by ____ in year ___ (NEET)
169) The material of nucleus was stained by acidic/basic dyes B
C
was given the name _______ by _______
170) The interphase nucleus have nucleoprotein fibers called D
_______ (NEET)
171) What is perinuclear space ?
172) The outer membrane remains continuous with - (NEET) DigaQ. 12
173) Movement of ______ and ______ take place through nuclear pore.
174) Nucleoplasm contains (2) (NEET)
175) Nucleoli are _______ shaped structures. (NEET)
176) Nucleoli are membrane bound. T/F (NEET)
177) Active ribosomal RNA synthesis occur in _______ (NEET) X
178) Chromatin contains non histone proteins. T/F
179) Chromatin contains (4) (NEET)
180) Human DNA is ____ m long.
181) Primary constriction is called _______ on the side of
which disc shaped structures _______ are present. (NEET)
X Y DigaQ. 13
B
D
C
A
182) Few chromosomes have staining/non staining secondary constriction.
183) The location of secondary constriction may change. T/F
184) Secondary constriction gives the appearance of a _________
185) Microbodies are not membrane bound. T/F
186) 3 examples of microbodies are -
CELL
THE UNIT OF LIFE
ANSWERS
• INTRODUCTION 33. Inclusions
1. "Reductionist Biology" 34. Mesosome, prokaryotes
2. G.N. Ramachandran 35. T
3. Anton Von Leeuwenhoek 36. outermost glycocalyx, cell wall, plasma membrane
4. Robert Hooke 37. Protective unit
5. Robert Brown 38. Gram, Gram +ve, Gram -ve
6. German botanist (Trick - B ke saath B nhi aata) 39. Slime layer
7. British zoologist (Trick - Schwann cell is in 40. Capsule
zoology) 41. Determines shape of the cell & provides a strong
8. Schwann structural support
9. Schleiden and Schwann 42. T (NCERT line)
10. Rudolf Virchow (1855) 43. vesicles, tubules and lamellae
11. Rudolf Virchow (1855) 44. Cell wall formation, DNA replication and
12. Cytoplasm distribution to daughter cells, respiration, secretion,
13. F increase surface area of the plasma membrane and
14. F enzymatic content
15. T 45. Cyanobacteria, chromatophores, pigments
16. Rough ER, chloroplast & mitochondria 46. Filament, hook and basal body
17. Ribosome and centrosome 47. Filament
18. Cell division 48. T
19. 0.3 μm 49. Pili
20. 3-5 μm 50. Fimbriae
21. Ostrich egg 51. F, fimbriae does
22. 7.0 μm 52. 15 nm by 20 nm
23. 0.02-0.2 μm 53. 50S and 30S
24. 0.1 μm 54. polyribosomes or polysome
25. 10-20 μm 55. Inclusion body
• PROKARYOTIC CELLS 56. F
26. bacteria,BGA, mycoplasma and PPLO 57. phosphate granules, cyanophycean granules and
27. F glycogen granules
28. bacillus (rod like), coccus (spherical), vibrio 58. blue green, purple and green photosynthetic
(comma shaped) and spirillum (spiral) bacteria
29. Mycoplasma
30. Plasmid DNA
31. Phenotypic characters, ex - antibiotic resistance
32. Plasmid DNA
• EUKARYOTIC CELLS 87. Nuclear membrane
59. Eukaryotes 88. Synthesis of lipids & steroids, detoxification of
60. Centriole drugs
• CELL MEMBRANE 89. Camillo Golgi (1898)
61. Electron microscope 90. Disc, sacs or cisternae
62. Lipids, outer 91. 0.5 μm - 1.0 μm
63. Phosphoglycerides 92. Parallel
64. Human, 52, 40 93. cis or forming, trans or maturing
65. Ease of extraction, 94. T
2 types - integral and peripheral 95. F
66. F, partially or totally both 96. Packaging, modification, transportation
67. Singer and Nicolson (1972) 97. Vesicles
68. Lateral movement of protein 98. Cis, trans
69. Fluidity 99. Glycoprotein and glycolipid
70. Cell growth, formation of intercellular junctions, 100. Golgi bodies
secretion, endocytosis, cell division 101. Hydrolytic
71. Movement of water by diffusion through a semi- 102. Acidic
permeable membrane is called osmosis 103. Water, sap, excretory product and other non-
72. Na+/K+ pump useful material
• CELL WALL 104. Tonoplast
73. Fungi and plants 105. 90
74. Give shape to cell, protect cell from mechanical 106. Facilitates transport of a number of ions &
damage and infection, helps in cell-cell interaction, other materials against conc. gradients into vacuole
provide barrier to undesirable macromolecules 107. F
75. Cellulose, galactans, mannans and minerals like 108. Amoeba, excretion
CaCO₃ 109. Protists
76. Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectins and proteins • MITOCHONDRIA & PLASTIDS
77. Inner 110. Janus green
78. Calcium pectate 111. Sausage, 0.2-1.0 μm (average - 0.5μm)
79. Holds different neighbouring cells together 112. 1.0 - 4.1 μm
80. Cell wall and middle lamella, plasmodesmata 113. Matrix
• ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM 114. Cristae
81. ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes and vacuoles 115. Increase surface area
82. F
83. Luminal and extraluminal
84. RER 85. SER
86. RER
116. F 146. Cilia and Flagella
117. Euglenoids 147. F
118. F 148. F
119. Chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast 149. Axoneme
120. Chlorophyll, carotenoids 150. F, microtubules not microfilaments
121. Fat, carotenoid, ex - carotene, xanthophyll 151. 18, 2
122. Colourless, store nutrients 152. F
123. Amyloplasts 153. Bridges, central sheath
124. Amyloplasts - store starch, Elaioplasts - store 154. Radial spoke
oils and fats, Aleuroplasts – store proteins 155. 9
125. Mesophyll 156. Linkers
126. Length (5-10μm) and width (2-4μm) 157. Centriole, basal bodies
127. lens-shaped, oval, spherical, discoid or even • CENTROSOME & CENTRIOLE
ribbon-like 158. Centrioles
128. Chlamydomonas 159. amorphous pericentriolar materials
129. 20-40 160. Perpendicular, cartwheel
130. Stroma 161. 9 + 0
131. F 162. Even, tubulin
132. Grana 163. F, triplet
133. Stroma lamella 164. F, they are linked
134. Lumen 165. Hub, radial spokes
135. F, carbohydrate and protein both 166. Protein
136. F, dsDNA is present 167. basal body of cilia or flagella and spindle fibres
137. 70s • NUCLEUS & MICROBODIES
• RIBOSOME, CILIA & FLAGELLA 168. Robert Brown (1831)
138. George Palade (1953) 169. Basic, chromatin, Flemming
139. Protein and RNA 170. Chromatin
140. Svedberg's unit, sedimentation 171. Space between two nuclear membrane
141. Indirectly, density and size 172. ER
142. 50s, 30s (30s contain 16S rRNA, 50s contain 173. RNA and proteins
23S and 5S rRNA) 174. Nucleolus and chromatin
143. 60s,40s (60s contain 18S rRNA and 40s 175. Spherical
contain 28S, 5.8s, 5s rRNA) 176. F
144. Cytoskeleton
145. mechanical support, motility, maintenance of
the shape of the cell
177. Nucleolus DigaQ. 4 - Endoplasmic reticulum
178. T A – Nucleus
179. DNA, histones, some non-histone proteins & RNA B – Nuclear pore
180. 2 m C – Rough endoplasmic reticulum
181. Centromere, kinetochores D – Ribosome
182. Non-staining E – Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
183. F DigaQ. 5 - Golgi apparatus X – Cisternae
184. Satellite DigaQ. 6 - Mitochondrion (Longitudinal section)
185. F A – Outer membrane
186. Peroxisomes, Sphaerosomes, Glyoxysomes B – Inner Membrane
• DigaQs C – Matrix
DigaQ. 1 - Plant cell DigaQ. 2 - Animal cell D – Inter-membrane space
A – RER A – Microvilli E – Crista
B – Nucleus B – Plasma membrane DigaQ. 7 - Sectional view of chloroplast
C – Nucleolus C – Centriole A – Outer membrane
D – Golgi apparatus D – Peroxiome B – Inner Membrane
E – Nuclear envelope E – Lysosome C – Granum
F – Plasma membrane F – Ribosomes D – Thylakoid
G – Vacuole G – Mitochondrion E – Stroma lamella
H – Middle lamella H – RER DigaQ. 8 - Ribosome
I – Cell wall I – Cytoplasm A – Large subunit
J – Mitochondrion J – Nucleus B – Small subunit
K – Ribosomes K – Nucleolus DigaQ. 9 - Section of cilia/flagella
L – Chloroplast L – Nuclear envelope A – Plasma membrane
M – Cytoplasm M – SER B – Peripheral microtubules (doublets)
N – Peroxisome N – Golgi apparatus C – Interdoublet bridge
O – Microtubule D – Central microtubule
P – Plasmodesmata E – Radial spoke
Q – SER F – Central sheath
R – Lysosome DigaQ. 10 - TS of centriole
DigaQ. 3 - Fluid mosaic model of plasma membrane A – Massule or pericentriolar satellite
A – Sugar B – C-A connective
B – Peripheral protein C – Triplet fibril
C – Phospholipid bilayer D – Central rod (hub)
D – Integral protein E – 9 spokes
E – Cholesterol F – Cart-wheel structure
DigaQ. 11 - Structure of nucleus DigaQ. 13 - Types of chromosomes based on the
A – Nucleoplasm position of centromere
B – Nucleolus A – metacentric X – Satellite
C – Nuclear pore B – telocentric Y – Secondary constriction
D – Nuclear membrane C – sub-metacentric Z – Centromere
DigaQ. 12 - Chromosome X – Kinetochore D – acrocentric
STUDENT GET BIOHACKS BUT

DON'T NOT SHARING THEM WITH
THEIR FRIENDS...
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
BIOMOLECULES
• INTRODUCTION
1. To find the composition of elements in living tissue, we take a liver and grind it in ________ using a
mortar or pestle.
2. We strain the slurry through a _______ or ______ we would obtain two fractions.
3. Elements which are present in more % in human body than in earth crust are (5)
4. Amino acids are substituted ________
5. Acidic amino acid ex (2) -
6. Basic amino acids ex (2) -
7. Neutral amino acid ex (5) -
8. Aromatic amino acid ex (3) -
9. Zwitter means __________. This property is present in -
10. Palmitic acid has _____ carbons excluding the carboxyl group.
11. 20 carbons are present in __________
12. Glycerol is chemically __________
13. Gingelly oil has a high melting point. T/F
14. Ex of phospholipids. (2) (NEET)
15. Phospholipids are found in _______
16. Neural tissues have more complex lipids like _________ which have ______ instead of glycerol as
backbone.
17. Sphingomyelin is a type of __________ which consists of _________ as head group.
18. Nitrogenous bases when attached to sugar form _________ and when attached also to ________
form nucleotides.
19. Nucleoside version of adenine is called _______
20. Nucleoside version of cytosine is called _______
21. Flavonoids are primary metabolites. T/F
22. Types of secondary metabolites are (9)
23. Example of Pigment (2)
24. Example of Alkaloids (2) (NEET)
25. Ex. of Terpenoids (2)
26. Ex of Essential Oils (2) (NEET)
27. Curcumin is a _______ type of secondary metabolite.
28. Ex of Toxins (2) (NEET)
29. Concanavalin A is a ________
30. Ex of Drugs (2) (NEET)
31. Ex of Polymeric substance (3)
32. No secondary metabolites have ecological importance. T/F
33. Compounds found in the acid soluble pool have DigaQ. 1
A
molecular weights ranging from ___ to ____daltons.
34. 4 Types of compounds in acid insoluble pool are - X
35. Define biomacromolecules.
36. Acid insoluble pool have molecular weight in the
range of _______ or above. B
37. Lipids are not strictly ____________
38. The acid soluble pool represent roughly the X Y
composition of ________ C
39. ________ is present 10-15 % in cell. X
40. Carbohydrates are ____% of total cell mass. Y
41. Lipids are ____% of total cell mass.
D
42. Nucleic acids are ____% of total cell mass.
43. Water % in cell is -
• PROTEIN, POLYSACCHARIDE NUCLEIC ACIDS
44. Protein is a homopolymer/heteropolymer.

45. Name all the essential amino acids (10)
46. Fxn of GLUT-4 is - (NEET)
47. _______ is the most abundant protein in animal world. (NEET)
48. _______ is the most abundant protein in the whole biosphere.
49. Inulin is a polymer of _______
50. In a polysaccharide chain, the right end is called the reducing/non-reducing end.
51. Cellulose forms helical secondary structures. T/F
52. Starch hold I₂ molecules in the ______
53. The starch-I₂ is _____ in color.
54. Exoskeleton of arthropods have polysaccharide called _______
55. Ex of amino sugars (2)
56. Chitin is a homo/heteropolysaccharide made of _________
57. A and G are substituted _______
58. In deoxyribose, the oxygen is removed from ___ position.
59. Right end is represented as a first/last amino acid.
60. N-terminal amino acid is the first/last amino acid.
61. Secondary structures ex (2) - Y
DigaQ. 2
62. _______ structure is absolutely necessary for
many biological activities of protein. A
63. Ex of tertiary structure (1)
64. Ex of quaternary structure (1) B
65. No. of peptide bond present in a tripeptide is - X
66. In nucleotides, the bond between phosphate and
hydroxyl is a _____ type of bond.
67. Phosphoester bond is present in DNA. T/F
Z
68. % of T in RNA if % of C is 40%?
69. % of A in DNA if % of G is 30 %?
70. In B DNA, at each step, the strand turns ___ degrees.
71. The pitch of B-DNA is ____nm.
72. 6 base pair long DNA have ____ nm length.
• METABOLISM & ENZYMES
73. There is no uncatalysed metabolic conversion in a living system. T/F

74. Metabolic pathways are always circular, not linear. T/F
75. Blood concentration of glucose in normal healthy individual is _______ mM.
76. Non proteinaceous enzyme ex - (NEET)
77. Difference between inorganic catalyst and enzymes?
78. Enzyme used to convert water and CO₂ to H₂CO₃ is -
79. The ES complex formation is a transient/non-transient phenomenon.
80. All other intermediate structural states are unstable. T/F
DigaQ. 3 X Y
81. When the inhibitor closely resembles the substrate in its molecular structure and inhibits the activity
of the enzyme, it is known as __________ (NEET)
82. Ex of competitive inhibition (2)
83. Factors affecting enzyme activity are - (4)
84. Name the 6 classes of enzymes with their example.
85. Name the 3 types of cofactors.
86. _________ are organic compounds and are tightly bound to the apoenzyme. (NEET)
87. _______ are organic compounds but only transiently bound. (NEET)
88. The essential chemical components of many coenzymes are ______. Ex - (1)
89. Zn is a cofactor of - (NEET)
DigaQ. 4
X
Z
BIOMOLECULES
ANSWERS
• INTRODUCTION 25. Monoterpenes, Diterpenes
1. Trichloroacetic acid 26. Lemon grass oil
2. Cheesecloth or cotton 27. Drugs
3. CHONS (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, 28. Abrin, Ricin
Nitrogen,Sulphur) 29. Lectins
30. Vinblastin, curcumin
31. Rubber, gums, cellulose
32. F
4. Methanes
5. Glutamate, Aspartate
6. Lysine, Arginine (Mnemonic - LyAr (Lier))
7. Valine, alanine, glycine, leucine, isoleucine
33. 18-800
8. Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan
34. proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides and lipids
9. Hermaphrodite, amino acid
35. M.W. > 1000 Da, found in acid insoluble pool
10. 15
36. 10,000 Da
11. Arachidonic
37. Macromolecules
12. Trihydroxy propane
38. Cytoplasm
13. F
39.
14. Phosphatidylcholine (Lecithin),
40.
Phosphatidylethanolamine
41.
15. Cell membrane
42.
16. Sphingolipids, sphingosine
43.
17. Sphingolipid, Phosphatidylethanolamine
18. Nucleoside, phosphate
19. Adenosine
20. Cytidine • PROTEIN, POLYSACCHARIDE
21. F NUCLEIC ACIDS
22. Alkaloids, flavonoids, rubber, essential oils, 44. Heteropolymer
antibiotics, coloured pigments, scents, gums, spices 45. histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine,
23. Carotenoids, Anthocyanins phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, arginine and
24. Morphine, Codeine valine
46. Enables glucose transport into cells
• METABOLISM & ENZYMES
73. T
74. F, both linear and circular
75.4.2 - 6.1 mM
76. Ribozyme
77. Inorganic catalysts work efficiently at high
temperatures and high pressures, while enzymes get
damaged at high temperatures
78. Carbonic anhydrase
79. Transient
80. T
47. Collagen 81. Competitive inhibition
48. RuBisCo 82. inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by malonate,
49. Fructose sulfa drugs for folic acid synthesis in bacteria
50. Reducing (Trick - R for R) 83. Temp, pH, Concentration of substrate, Inhibitors
51. F 84.
52. Helical structure 1) Oxidoreductases/dehydrogenases: ex - Lactate
53. Blue dehydrogenase
54. Chitin 2) Transferases: ex - Transaminase, Kinase
55. N-acetyl glucosamine, N-acetyl galactosamine 3) Hydrolases: ex - Amylase, Lipase etc
56. Homopolysaccharide, N-acetyl glucosamine 4) Lyase: ex - Aldolase, carbonic anhydrase
57. Purines 5) Isomerase: ex - phosphoglucose isomerase
58. 2' 6) Ligase: ex - RUBP carboxylase, PEP carboxylase
59. Last 85. Prosthetic group, Coenzymes, Metal ions
60. First 86. Prosthetic group
61. Alpha helix, beta pleated sheets 87. Coenzyme
62. Tertiary structure 88. Vitamins ex - niacin
63. Myoglobin 89. carboxypeptidase
64. Haemoglobin
65. 2
66. Esher
67. F
68. 0%
69. 20%
70. 36*
71. 3.4 nm
72. 2.04 nm
• DigaQs DigaQ. 2 - Concept of activation energy
DigaQ. 1 - Various levels of Protein Structure X – Substrate
A - Primary Y – Transition state
X – Polypeptide Z – Product
B - Secondary A – Activation energy without enzyme
X – Alpha helix B – Activation energy with enzyme
Y – Beta-plated sheet DigaQ. 3 - Effect of change in pH and Temperature
C - Tertiary X - Enzyme activity Y - Enzyme activity
X – Hydrogen bond DigaQ. 4 - Effect of change in concentration of
Y – Disulphide bond substrate on enzyme activity
D - Quaternary X – Vₘₐₓ
Y – Vₘₐₓ/2
Z – Kₘ
STUDENTS AFTER GETTING THE

NOTIFICATION OF NEW BIOHACK...
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
CELL CYCLE
AND CELL DIVISION

DigaQ. 1
• PHASES OF CELL CYCLE
P
1. The human cell divides once in approximately ____ hrs.
2. _______, can progress through the cell cycle in Q
only ____ minutes.
E
3. Cell cycle is divided into 2 phases, Name them. D
4. The interphase lasts more than ____% of the X
Y C
duration of cell cycle. (NEET) B
5. M phase is divided into (2) - A R
6. Interphase is divided into 3 phases. Name them.
7. DNA synthesis takes place in ____ phase. (NEET)
T
8. There is an increase in the no. of chromosomes in
S phase. T/F (NEET)
9. In S phase, centriole duplication begins in nucleus. T/F
10. What happens in G₂ phase? DigaQ. 2
11. Onion have ___ no. of chromosomes. A
12. Heart cell do not divide. T/F
13. Cells after completing M phase enter first into G₀ phase. T/F
14. G₀ phase is also called __________
15. Cell enters G₀ phase by exiting ____ phase.
16. Cell entering the G₀ phase exit the cell cycle. T/F (NEET)
• M PHASE
B
17. ______ is the most dramatic period of the cell cycle.
18. It is also called _________
19. Cytokinesis is a part of M phase. T/F
20. Name the 5 phases.
• Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase & Telophase
21. _______ is marked by the initiation of condensation of chromosomal material.
C
22. The end of prophase is marked by what characteristic events ? (2)
23. Each centrosome radiates out microtubules called _______
24. Two asters together with spindle fibres forms ___________
25. Cell at the end of prophase don't show - (4) (NEET)
26. What marks the start of the 2nd phase of mitosis ?
D
27. Chromosomes are clearly observed in which stage? (NEET)
28. What is most easily studied in metaphase? (NEET)
29. _______ serve as a site of attachment of spindle fibers (NEET)
30. Disc shaped structure at the surface of centromere are - (NEET)
31. The plane of alignment of the chromosomes at metaphase is called ________
32. Key features of metaphase is (2)
33. Migration to the opposite pole starts in _______. (NEET)
34. Key Events are (2)
35. Chromosome decondense and lose their individuality in ________
36. Nucleolus, Golgi complex and ER reform in _______ (NEET) E
37. Two daughter nuclei are formed in _______
• Cytokinesis
38. In an animal cell, this is achieved by the appearance of a ______ (NEET)
39. In animal cells, cytokinesis occurs centripetally/centrifugally.
40. Centrifugal cytokinesis occur in -
41. Formation of the new cell wall begins with the formation of a simple F
precursor, called ________
42. In some organisms, cytokinesis do not occur forming _____
eg. ________ (NEET)
43. A very significant contribution of mitosis is cell repair. T/F
G
• MEIOSIS
• Prophase I
44. Prophase of the first meiotic division is typically shorter and
less complex when compared to prophase of mitosis. T/F
45. The 5 phases of meiosis I are - (NEET)
46. Chromosomes becomes gradually visible in _______
47. The compaction of chromosomes continues throughout_________
48. Chromosome start pairing together in _______ stage and this process is called _____ (NEET)
49. Paired chromosomes are called _________ chromosomes. (NEET)
50. Chromosome synapsis is accompanied by the formation of complex structure called ______ (NEET)
51. The complex formed by a pair of synapsed homologous
chromosomes is called a _____ or ______ (NEET)
DigaQ. 3
A
B C D
52. The first two stages of prophase I are relatively long-lived compared to pachytene. T/F
53. Four chromatids of each bivalent clearly appear as tetrad in -
54. Pachytene is characterised by appearance of-
55. What is a recombinant nodule?
56. Enzyme involved in crossing over is - (NEET)
57. Recombination between homologous chromosomes is completed by the end of ________
58. Beginning of diplotene is recognised by - (NEET)
59. X shaped structures called _______ are formed in - (NEET)
60. In _______, diplotene can last for months and years.
61. ________ is marked by terminalisation of chiasmata. (NEET)
62. By the end of ________, nucleolus disappears and the nuclear envelope also breaks down. (NEET)
• Metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telophase I & Meiosis II

63. Bivalent chromosomes align on the equatorial plate in ________ (NEET)
64. In Anaphase I, sister chromatids separate. T/F (NEET)
65. No replication of DNA occurs during interkinesis. T/F
66. Dyad of cell is formed in -
67. ________ are very important for the process of evolution
DigaQ. 4 D
A B C
CELL CYCLE
AND CELL DIVISION
ANSWERS
• PHASES OF CELL CYCLE 31. Metaphase plate
1. 24 32. Spindle fibers attach to kinetochore,
2. Yeast, 90 chromosome align along metaphase plate
3. Interphase & M Phase 33. Anaphase
4. 95% 34. Centromeres split and chromatids separate,
5. Karyokinesis and Cytokinesis Chromatids move to opposite poles
6. G₁ phase, S phase, G₂ phase 35. Telophase
7. S 36. Telophase
8. F 37. Telophase
9. F, in cytoplasm 38. Furrow
10. proteins are synthesised in preparation for 39. Centripetally
mitosis 40. Plants
11. 16 41. Cell plate
12. T 42. Syncytium, eg. liquid endosperm of coconut
13. F 43. T
14. Quiescent phase • MEIOSIS
15. G₁ 44. F, longer & more complex
16. F 45. Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and
• M PHASE Diakinesis
17. M phase 46. Leptotene
18. Equational division 47. Leptotene
19. T 48. Zygotene, synapsis
20. Prophase l Metaphase l Anaphase l Telophase | 49. Homologous
Cytokinesis 50. Synaptonemal complex
21. Prophase 51. bivalent or a tetrad
22. Chromosomal material condenses to form 52. F, short lived
compact mitotic chromosomes, Assembly of mitotic 53. Pachytene
spindles 54. Recombinant nodule
23. Asters 55. the sites at which crossing over occurs between
24. Mitotic apparatus non-sister chromatids of the homologous
25. golgi complexes, endoplasmic reticulum, nucleolus chromosomes
and the nuclear envelope 56. Recombinase
26. complete disintegration of the nuclear envelope 57. Pachytene
27. Metaphase
28. Morphology of chromosomes
29. Kinetochore
30. Kinetochore
58. dissolution of the synaptonemal complex DigaQ. 2 - Stages in Mitosis
59. Chiasmata, diplotene A – Anaphase
60. Oocytes of some vertebrates B – Transition to metaphase
61. Diakinesis C – Late prophase
62. Diakinesis D – Telophase
63. Metaphase I E – Early prophase
64. F F – Interphase
65. T G – Metaphase
66. Telophase I DigaQ. 3 - Stages of Meiosis I
67. Variations A – Anaphase I
• DigaQs B – Metaphase I
DigaQ. 1 C – Prophase I
X – Interphase Y – M phase D – Telophase I
P – G₀ A – Prophase DigaQ. 4 - Stages of Meiosis II
Q – G₁ B – Metaphase A – Metaphase II
R–S C – Anaphase B – Telophase II
T – G₂ D – Telophase C – Prophase II
E – Cytokinesis D – Anaphase II
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
TRANSPORT
IN PLANTS

• INTRODUCTION
1. Transport over long distances proceeds through the vascular system and is called _______
2. In rooted plants transport in xylem is uni/multidirectional,
3. Multidirectional transport happens in
4. PGR are transported in a strictly polarised manner. T/F
DigaQ.1
• MEANS OF TRANSPORT
5. Diffusion is a fast/slow process.

6. Diffusion in/of solids is more likely.
7. Diffusion rates are affected by (4)
8. Smaller substance diffuse faster. T/F
9. Inhibitors react to _________
10. The ______ are proteins that forms huge pores in inner/outer DigaQ.2
membrane of the ______, _____ and _____ that allows molecules
up to size of small proteins to pass through.
11. Water channels are made up of how many different types of X
aquaporins?
12. Saturation is not the property of facilitated diffusion. (T/F) (NEET 2013)
Y
13. A gradient must already be present for diffusion to occur. (T/F)
14. Diffusion directly proportional to solubility of substance in
lipids. (T/F) Z
15. Facilitated diffusion is independent of ATP (T/F)
16. Na/K pump is an example of _______(active/passive)
______(symport/antiport)
17. Active transport uses energy to transport and pump molecules along a concentration gradient. (T/F)
(AIPMT 2000)
18. Active transport doesn't saturate. (T/F)
19. Like enzyme, the carrier protein is very specific in active transport. (T/F) (NEET 2019 Odisha)
• PLANT WATER RELATIONS
20. Terrestrial plants take up huge amount water daily but most of it is lost to the air through
evaporation from the leaves, is called
21. Watermelon have _____% water.
22. Seeds have water in them. (T/F)
23. Most herbaceous plants have only about 10 to 15% of its fresh weight as dry matter (T/F)
24. A mature corn plant absorb ____ liters of water a day.
25. ________ plant absorbs water equal to its own weight in 5 hours.
26. The two components of water potential are _____ and ______
27. The greater the concentration of water in a system, the greater is its kinetic energy or 'water
potential'. (T/F)
28. Pure water has maximum water potential i.e. 1. (T/F) (NEET Odisha 2019)
29. Water will move from the system containing water at _____ water potential to the one having
water at ______ water potential. (NEET 2013 & AIPMT 2007)
30. Ψs is always negative. (T/F)
31. For a solution at atmospheric pressure (water potential) Ψw = (solute potential) Ψs . (T/F)
32. In plants, ______ and _______ are important determinants of movement of molecule in and out
the cell.
33. _________ is the term used to refer specifically to the diffusion of water across a differentially or
selectively permeable membrane
34. The net direction and rate of osmosis depends on both the
pressure gradient and concentration gradient. (T/F)
DigaQ.3
35. At equilibrium the two chambers should have nearly the
same water potential. (T/F)
36. If the external solution is more dilute than the cytoplasm,
it is hypertonic. (T/F)
37. Osmotic pressure equal Ψp. T/F A
38. Numerically osmotic pressure equal water potential. T/F B
39. Numerically osmotic pressure equal osmotic potential. T/F
40. Osmotic potential and solute potential is the same thing. T/F C
41. _________ occurs when water moves out of the DigaQ.4
cell and the cell membrane of a plant cell shrinks away
from its cell wall.
42. In plasmolysis, water is first lost from the vacuole,
then the cytoplasm. T/F
43. The process of plasmolysis is usually irreversible. T/F
44. The space between the cell wall and shrunken protoplast is occuping by _________
45. Flaccid cells are found in _______ solution.
46. What would be the Ψp of a flaccid cell?
47. ______ is ultimately responsible for enralgement and extension growth of cell.
48. __________ is a special type of diffusion when water is absorbed by solids – colloids – causing
them to increase in volume.
49. The classical examples of imbibition are absorption of water by seeds and dry wood. (T/F)
50. Imbibition is also diffusion since water movement is along a concentration gradient. (T/F)
51. for any substance to imbibe any liquid, affinity between the adsorbent and the liquid is also a pre-
requisite. (T/F)
• LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT OF WATER
52. Xylem is associated with translocation of mainly water, mineral salts, some organic nitrogen and
hormones. (T/F) (NEET 2019)
53. Pholem translocate inorganic solutes DigaQ.5
A B
also. T/F
54. The _______ is the system of adjacent
cell walls that is continuous throughout the C D E F
plant, except at the _______ of the ____ G
in the roots X H
Y
55. The apoplastic movement of water occurs
exclusively through the intracellular spaces and the walls of the cells. (T/F)
56. Movement through the apoplast does involve crossing the cell membrane. (T/F)
57. Mass flow of water occurs due to the ________ and __________ properties of water.
58. The ________ system is the system of interconnected protoplasts
59. Neighbouring cells are connected through cytoplasmic strands that extend through _______
60. Movement is relatively faster in symplastic pathway because of aid by cytoplasmic streaming. (T/F)
61. Movement of which organelle is seen in Hydrilla leaf due to cytoplasmic streaming ?
62. Most of the water flow in the roots occurs via the apoplast. (T/F)
63. Casparian strip have suberin/lignin. DigaQ.6 B A
64. The movement of water through the root layers is C
ultimately _______ in the endodermis.
65. The water after crossing the endodermis follow the
symplastic pathway only till leaf. T/F
66. In mycorrhizae, fungus provide (2) H
D F
67. In mycorrhiza, the root provide (2) E G
68. Pinus seeds can germinate and establish in the absence of mycorrhizae. T/F
69. Excess water collects in the form of droplets around special openings of veins near the tip of grass
blades, and leaves of many herbaceous parts is known as ________ (NEET 2020)
70. Greatest contribution of root pressure is
71. Root pressure do not play a major role in water movement up tall trees. . (T/F) (NEET 2015)
72. Less than ____ % of water reaching the leaves is used for photosynthesis and growth.
73. Transpiration can be studied from a leaf using _______ paper.
DigaQ.7
• TRANSPIRATION
74. Transpiration is the evaporative loss of water. T/F A

B
75. Exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the leaf
occurs through stomata. T/F C
76. The inner wall of guard cell is thick/thin, elastic/inelastic.
77. Transpiration maintains the shape and the structure of the plants by keeping the cells turgid. (t/f)
78. The immediate cause of the opening or closing of stomata is a change in the turgidity of the ______
cells
79. Microfibrils made up of ________ are oriented radially/longitudinally.
80. The lower surface of a dorsiventral leaf has a greater number of stomata. (T/F)
81. In isobilateral leaf they are equal in number on both sides. (T/F)
82. Mutual attraction between water molecules called ________
83. Attraction of water molecules to polar surface called ________
84. External factors affecting transpiration (4) (NEET 2018)
85. Plant factor affecting transpiration (4) (NEET 2017)
86. When turgidity increase, inner walls become ______ shaped.
87. Transpiration driven ascent of sap is driven mainly by 3 factors. Name them.
DigaQ.8
F
A
B
88. Tensile strength means?
89. Transpiration maintains the shape and E
structure of the plants by keeping cells turgid. (T/F) C D
90. C4 plants are _______ times as efficient as C3 plant.
91. C4 plant loses only _______as much water as C3 plant for same amount of CO₂ fixed. T/F
• UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF MINERAL NUTRIENTS
92. Ions are absorbed from the soil by both passive and active transport. (T/F)
93. Transport proteins of __________ cells are control points, where a plant adjusts the quantity and
types of solutes that reach the xylem.
94. Root endodermis because of the layer of ________ has the ability to actively transport ions in one
direction only.
95. Mineral ions are frequently remobilised, particularly from older, senescing parts. (T/F)
96. Elements most readily mobilised are (4)
97. Calcium since structural component cannot be remoblised. (T/F)
98. Nitrogen travels in both organic and inorganic components. (T/F)
99. We can't say categorically that xylem transport only inorganic material and phloem transport only
organic material. T/F
• PHLOEM TRANSPORT: FLOW FROM SOURCE TO SINK
100. Source and sink may be reversed depending on ________ (NEET 2019)
101. Hormones are transported through xylem/phloem.
102. The source-sink relationship is variable in food translocation. (T/F)
103. The sucrose made is first moved into sieve tube/companion cell.
104. The sugar is moved from companion cells to sieve tube through passive/active transport.
105. Cytoplasmic strands pass through holes in the ________
106. _________ is used to identify tissues through which food is transported.
107. The translocation in phloem is explained by ________ hypothesis.
DigaQ.9
C
TRANSPORT
IN PLANTS
ANSWERS
24. 3 litres
ANSWERS 25. Mustard
26. Solute potential and pressure potential
27. T
1. Translocation
28. F
2. Unidirectional
29. High to low
3. Phloem
30. T
4. T
31. T
• MEANS OF TRANSPORT 32. Cell membrane and tonoplast
DigaQ.1 - Facilitated diffusion
DigaQ.3 – Osmosis
DigaQ.2 - Facilitated diffusion
A – Sucrose solution
X – Uniport
B – Membrane
Y – Antiport
C – water
Z – Symport
33. Osmosis
5. Slow
34. T
6. Diffusion in solids rather than of solids more
35. T
likely
36. F
7. Concentration gradient, permeability of
37. T (sign is opposite)
membrane, temperature, pressure
38. T
8. T
39. T
9. Protein side chain
40. T
10. Porins, plastids, mitochondria, some bacteria
DigaQ.4 - Plant cell plasmolysis
11. Eight
A – Plasmolysed
12. F
B – Flaccid
13. T
C – Turgid
14. T
41. Plasmolysis
15. T
42. F
16. Active, antiport
43. F
17. F
44. Hypertonic
18. F
45. isotonic
19. T
46. Zero
• PLANT WATER RELATIONS 47. Turgor pressure
20. Transpiration
48. Imbibition
21. 92%
22. T
23. T
49. T 62. T
50. T 63. Suberin
51. T 64. Symplastic
• LONG DISTANCE TRANSPORT 65. F
OF WATER 66. Minerals and water
DigaQ.5 - Pathway of water movement in root 67. Sugar and nitrogen containing compound
A – Plasmodesmata 68. F
B – Plasma membrane 69. Guttation
C – Epidermis 70. Re-establish the continuous chains of water
D – Cortex molecules
E – Endodermis 71. T
F – Pericycle 72. 1%
G – Xylem 73. Cobalt chloride
H – Casparian strip • TRANSPIRATION
X – Symplast DigaQ.7 - A stomatal aperture with guard cells
Y – Apoplast A – Microfibrils
52. T B – Guard cells
53. T C – Stomatal aperture
54. Apoplast, casperian strips , endodermis 74. T
55. T 75. T
56. T 76. Thick and elastic
57. Adhesive and cohesive 77. T
58. Symplastic 78. Guard cells.
59. Plasmodesmata 79. Cellulose microfibrils, radially
60. F 80. T
61. Chloroplast 81. T
DigaQ.6 - Symplastic and apoplastic pathways of 82. Cohesion
water and ion absorption and movement in roots 83. Adhesion
A – Xylem 84. Temp, light, humidity, wind speed
B – Endodermis 85. No. of distribution of stomata. % of open
C – Symplastic path stomata, water status, canopy structure
D – Apoplastic path 86. Crescent
E – Cortex 87. Cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension
F – Casparian strip
G – Pericycle
H – Phloem
DigaQ.8 - Water movement in the leaf • PHLOEM TRANSPORT
A – Xylem 96. Phosphorus, sulphur, nitrogen, potassium
B – Phloem 97. T
C – Diffusion into surrounding air 98. T
D – Stomatal pore 99. T
E – Guard cell 100. Season or the plants need
F – Palisade 101. Phloem
88. An ability to resist pulling forces 102. T
89. T 103. Companion cell
90. Twice 104. Active transport
91. Half 105. Sieve plates
• UPTAKE AND TRANSPORT OF 106. Girdling
MINERAL NUTRIENTS 107. Pressure flow hypothesis
92. T DigaQ.9 - Mechanism of translocation
93. Endodermal A – Tip of stem
94. Suberin B – Phloem
95. True C – Root
NEET ASPIRANTS TO FEAR OF

BIOLOGY -
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
MINERAL
NUTRITION
• INTRODUCTION
1. ___________, a prominent German/British botanist, demonstrated that plants could be grown to

maturity in a defined nutrient solution in complete absence of soil.
2. Technique of growing plant in nutrient solution known as ________
3. Hydroponics is successfully employed as a technique for the commercial production of vegetables such
as _______, _______, ________, ________
4. Given diagram is showing which technique-
5. More than ____elements of the 105 discovered so far are found in different plants.
6. The criteria for essentiality are - (3)
7. Macronutrients are present in plant tissues in more than ____ mmole/Kg of dry matter.
8. Macronutrients example (9)
9. Micronutrients are present less than 10 ______ (tell the unit) of dry matter.
10. Micronutrients example (8)
11. Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen are mainly obtained from CO₂ and H₂O. (T/F)
12. Beneficial elements ex (4)
13. Essential elements can be grouped into 4 categories on the basis of function. Name them.
14. Essential elements as component of biomolecules – (4)
15. Essential elements as component of energy related compounds – (2)
16. Mg²⁺ is the activator of _________ and ________
17. Activator of alcohol dehydrogenase is ________
18. Activator of nitrogenase is ________
19. Sodium plays an important role in the opening and closing of stomata. (T/F)
• ROLE OF MACRO AND MICRO NUTRIENTS
20. Essential element required in largest amount is _________

21. Nitrogen mainly absorbed mainly as ________ though
some are also taken as _______ or _______
22. _________ is one of the major constituents of proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins and hormones.
23. ___________ is a constituent of cell membranes, certain proteins, all nucleic acids and
nucleotides. (NEET)
24. Phosphorus is absorbed in the form of ________ or _________
25. ________ is required in more abundant quantities in the meristematic tissues, buds, leaves and
root tips.
26. Maintenance of the turgidity of cells is function of ________ element. (NEET)
27. Potassium is involved in protein synthesis. T/F
28. Maintenance of anionic-cationic balance is done by _______
29. Tell all the functions of K. (5)
30. ________ is required in meristematic and differentiating cells. (NEET)
31. During cell division, _______ is used in the synthesis of cell wall , particularly as _______ in the
middle lamella.
32. Magnesium is also needed during the formation of mitotic spindle. (T/F)
33. _______ is involved in the synthesis of DNA and RNA.
34. Magnesium is a constituent of the ring structure of chlorophyll. T/F (NEET)
35. Ribosome structure is maintained by _________
36. Plants obtain sulphur in the form of SO₃²⁻. T/F
37. Sulphur is present in two amino acids - (NEET)
38. Sulphur is main constituent of several _______, vitamins (tell 3 examples) ,________
39. Plant obtain iron in the form of Fe²⁺. T/F (NEET)
40. Iron is constituents of which proteins ? (2)
41. Zn is an activator of enzyme catalase. (T/F)
42. Iron is essential for the formation of _________
43. Manganese is absorbed in the form of _______
44. Manganese activate many enzymes involved in ________, ________, _________
45. Element used in splitting of water to liberate oxygen during photosynthesis is (NEET)
46. Activator of enzyme carboxylase is
47. Zn is also needed in the synthesis of ______ (NEET)
48. Cu is absorbed as Cu⁺ ions. (T/F)
49. Boron is absorbed as _______ or ________
50. Calcium is required for uptake and utilization of boron. (T/F)
51. Fxns of boron (6)
52. Molybdenum is obtained as ______
53. Anion cation balance is determined by Na, K, Cl. (T/F)
54. Molybdenum is a component of several enzymes. Name them. (2) (NEET)
• DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
55. Define critical concentration.

56. ___, ____, _____ deficiency are visible first in the senescent leaves. (NEET)
57. ______ and ______ deficiency comes in younger leaves.
58. What happens in chlorosis ?
59. Deficiency of which elements happen in chlorosis ? (8)
60. Necrosis occurs due to deficiency of – (4)
61. Inhibition of cell division is caused due to (4)
62. Elements which delay flowering are (3)
63. How do we define toxicity of element ?
64. Appearance of brown spots surrounded by chlorotic veins is a feature of _____ toxicity.
65. Manganese compete with _____ and _____ for uptake and with _____ for binding with enzymes.
66. Mn inhibit ________ translocation to ________
67. Manganese toxicity can cause deficiency of ______, ______ and _______
• METABOLISM OF NITROGEN
68. The movement of ions is called ______

69. _______ is the most prevalent element in the living organism.
70. ________ is a limiting nutrient for both agricultural and natural ecosystems.
71. What is nitrogen fixation ?
72. In nature, lightning and ultraviolet radiation provide enough energy to convert nitrogen to _____,
_____, ______
DigaQ. 1
73. Ammonia is oxidised to nitrite by bacteria ________
and _________ (NEET)
74. Nitrite is further oxidized to nitrate with the help
A B C D
of __________ (NEET)
75. The above two steps are called ___________ (NEET)
76. The above bacteria are chemoautotrophs/
chemoheterotrophs. (NEET)
77. Denitrifying bacteria are (2) E
78. _____ enzyme is used in biological nitrogen fixation.
79. Free living nitrogen fixing aerobic microbes are _____
and _____ while anaerobic microbe is ____ (NEET)
80. Cyanobacterial like ______ and ________
are also free living nitrogen fixers.
81. Bacillus is a symbiotic nitrogen fixer. T/F
82. Rhizobium is a ______ shaped bacteria. DigaQ. 2
83. Rhizobium have relationship with roots of A
several legumes like (7)
84. _______ are small outgrowths on root. D
85. ________ produces nitrogen fixing nodules on
the root of non - leguminous plant.
B C
86. Ex of non-leguminous plant.
87. Central portion of nodule is pink due to presence of ___________
88. The enzyme nitrogenase is a ______ protein which catalyze conversion of ______ to _______
89. First stable product of nitrogen fixation is ______
90. The bacteria get modified into rod shaped _______ and cause _______ and ______ cells to divide.
91. 40 moles of ATP produce ____ moles of NH3.
92. The enzyme nitrogenase is highly sensitive to aerobic conditions. T/F (NEET)
93. The nodule contains an oxygen scavenger called _________ to protect the enzyme. (NEET)
94. The energy for nitrogen fixation is taken from plant/bacteria.
95. Two ways to produce amino acids are –
96. Identify the enzyme in this reaction.
97. Two most important amides found in plants are _______ and _______
98. Amides are transported to other part by phloem. T/F
99. The nodules of soybean export the fixed nitrogen as ____
100. ________ have high nitrogen to carbon ratio.
MINERAL
NUTRITION
ANSWERS
29) Maintain anion-cation balance, involved in protein
• ANSWERS synthesis, opening & closing of stomata, activation of
enzymes, maintenance of turgidity
30) Ca 31) Ca, calcium pectate
1) Julius Von Sachs, German
32) F, Ca is needed for formation of mitotic spindle
2) Hydroponics
33) Mg 34) T
3) Tomato, seedless cucumber and lettuce
35) Mg 36) F, SO₄²⁻
4) Hydroponics
37) Cysteine, methionine
5) 60
38) Coenzymes,, Vitamin - thiamine, biotin,
6) I. Absolute necessity, in the absence it should not
coenzyme A, ferredoxin
complete its life cycle, II. Requirement of element
39) F, Fe³⁺
must be specific and non replaceable, III. must be
40)Ferredoxin, cytochromes
directly involved in metabolism
41) F, Iron is activator
7) 10 8) Ca, Mg, S, N, P, K, C, H, O
42) Chlorophyll
(Mnemonic - Calcium Mange Sulphur se NPK
43) Mn²⁺
or CHONSPK Ca, Mg)
44) Photosynthesis, respiration and nitrogen
9) mmole /Kg
metabolism
10) Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Mo, B, Cl, Ni (Mnemonic - Zara
45) Mn, Cl 46) Zn 47) Auxin
Fer se Man Cu Mohobaat Cal Ni)
48) F, Cu²⁺ 49) BO₃³⁻, B₄O₇²⁻
11) T
50) F, vice versa is true
12) Sodium, Cobalt, Silicon, Selenium
51) For uptake and utilisation of Ca²⁺, membrane
(Mnemonic - Repeatedly say Na,co,si,se 50 times, it
functioning, pollen germination, cell elongation, cell
is such a fun name you will instantly remember it)
differentiation and carbohydrate translocation.
13) Components of structural elements, components
52) MoO₂²⁺ 53) T
of energy related chemical compounds, activate or
54) Nitrogenase, nitrate reductase
inhibit enzymes, alter osmotic potential 14)C, H, O, N
• DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS OF
15) Mg, P
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
16) Rubisco, PEP
55) The concentration of the essential element
17) Zn²⁺ 18) Mo 19) F
below which plant growth is retarded is termed as
• ROLE OF MACRO & MICRO
critical concentration
NUTRIENTS
56) N, K, Mg 57) Ca, S
20) N
58) Loss of chlorophyll leading to yellowing of leaves
21) NO₃⁻, NO₂⁻ and NH₄⁺
22) N 23) P
24) H₂PO₄⁻ or HPO₄²⁻
25) K 26) K 27) T 28) K
59) Na, K, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn, Mo, Mg (Mnemonic - 84) Nodules
Napoleon kaka Iron Man Se Zuta Moja Manga) 85) Frankia
60) Ca, Mg, Cu, K (Mnemonic - Car Me Cutta Kata) 86) Alnus
61) Mo, S, K, N (Mnemonic - MuSKaN) 87) Leg heamoglobin
62) Mo, S, N (Mnemonic - MuSaNa) 88) Mo-Fe, N₂ to NH₃
63) reduces the dry weight of tissues by about 10 % 89) NH₃
is considered toxic. 90) Bacteroides, inner cortical and pericycle
64) Mn 65) Fe, Mg, Mg 91) 5
66) Ca, shoot apex 92) T
67) Fe, Mg, Ca 68) Flux 93) Leg haemoglobin
69) N 70) N 94) Plant
71) The process of conversion of N₂ to NH₃ 95) Reductive amination, transamination
72) NO, NO₂, N₂O 96) Glutamate Dehydrogenase
73) Nitrosomonas, Nitrococcus 97) Asparagine, glutamine
74) Nitrobacter 98) F
• METABOLISM OF NITROGEN 99) Ureides
75) Nitrification 100) ureides
76) Chemoautotrophs • DigaQs
77) Pseudomonas, Thiobacillus DigaQ. 1 DigaQ. 2
78) Nitrogenase A - Biological N₂ fixation A - Hook
79) Azotobacter, Beijernickia while anaerobic is B - Industrial N₂ fixation B - Bacteria
Rhodospirillum C - Electrical N₂ fixation C - Inner cortex and
80) Anabaena, Nostoc D - Denitrification pericycle cells under
81) F 82) Rod E - Ammonification division
83) alfalfa, sweet clover, sweet pea, lentils, garden D - Infection thread
pea broad bean, clover beans containing bacteria
COACHING INSTITUTES AFTER SOME

YEARS WHEN WHOLE QUALITY
EDUCATION WILL BE FREE

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
IN HIGHER PLANTS

• EARLY EXPERIMENTS
1. Photosynthesis is a _________ process.

2. KOH absorb _______
3. _____ performed a series of experiments revealing the essential role of air in growth of green plants.
4. Priestley discovered _________
5. Bell jar experiment was done by ________
6. Priestly used ______ plant.
7. Jan Ingenhousz showed that __________
8. Who showed that it is only the green part of the plants that could release oxygen ?
9. ___________ provided evidence for production of glucose when plants grow.
10. Who showed glucose is usually stored as starch ?
11. ________ illuminated a green alga, ________, placed in a suspension of aerobic/anaerobic bacteria.
12. The first action spectrum of sunlight was described by
13. The first action spectrum resembles roughly the absorption spectrum of chl ____ and ____
14. A microbiologist, ____________, based on his study on _______ and _______ bacteria,
demonstrated that photosynthesis is essentially a light-dependent reaction.
15. ________ proved that the O₂ evolved by the green plant comes from H₂O, not from carbon dioxide.
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS PROPER
16. Chloroplasts align their flat surfaces parallel to the wall when given high/low light intensity.
17. There is a clear division of labour within the chloroplast. T/F
18. The membrane system is responsible for _________ and _________
19. In stroma, ______ reactions occur.
20. Identify the diagram
and missing labelling A, B & C.
C
B
A
21. Identify the diagram and missing labelling A, B & C.
A
B
C
22. Colour in leaves is due to 4 pigments.
Name them and also their colour.
23. Identify the graph. 24. Identify A & B.
A
B
25. Wavelengths at which there is maximum absorption by chlorophyll ___, also shows higher rate of
photosynthesis.
26. ______ is the chief pigment associated with photosynthesis.
27. Accessory pigments ex - (3)
28. Accessory pigment fxn (2)
29. Dark reaction is a photochemical phase. T/F
30. What four things happen in light reaction ?
31. LHC is made up of hundred of pigment bound to _______
32. LHC also called ______
33. In PSI, absorption peak is at ______ nm hence called ______
34. In PSII, absorption peak is at _______, hence called ________
35. Photosystems are named according to discovery/sequence of function.
36. Chl. a + LHC = PS T/F
• ELECTRON TRANSPORT & CHEMIOSMOSIS
37. Light reaction follows ___ scheme. (NEET)

38. The splitting of water is associated with PSI/PSII.
39. PSII is located in the inner/outer side of the membrane of thylakoid.
40. Cyclic phosphorylation occurs in the ____________ component of chloroplast.
41. I gave light at a wavelength of 690nm to a plant. Which phenomenon will be seen ?
Which PS will be functional here ? (NEET)
42. Both ATP and NADPH are synthesised in
Cyclic/Non-cyclic photophosphorylation. (NEET)
43. Stromal lamellae lack _______ and _________
44. Sequence of flow of electrons across thylakoid membrane during in non-cyclic photophosphorylation is
45. The primary acceptor of an electron, located towards the inner/outer side of the membrane
transfers its electron to an electron carrier/H carrier.
46. Relative concentration of protons in stroma and lumen is decreased by which 3 mechanisms?
47. CF1 is embedded in the thylakoid membrane. T/F
48. ______ protrudes out of the thylakoid membrane.
• CALVIN CYCLE, C₄ PATHWAY & PHOTORESPIRATION
49. The primary acceptor molecule of CO₂ is a 2 carbon compound making a 3 carbon compound.
50. First product of C₄ pathway is ______
51. First product of C₃ pathway is ______
52. The name of acceptor molecule is __________
53. THe acceptor molecule is a ketose/aldose sugar.
54. Calvin cycle doesn't occur in C₄ plants. T/F
55. The 3 stages of Calvin cycle are
56. ________ is the most crucial step of the Calvin cycle.
57. Enzyme used in carboxylation is called ________
58. For 5 CO₂ molecules, how many ATP and NADPH will be needed to fix it ?
59. _______ is crucial for the cycle to continue uninterrupted.
60. C₄ pathway is found in plants adapted to ______ regions.
61. _______ anatomy of leaves is present in C₄ pathway.
62. In C₄ plants. _________ cells are present around vascular bundles.
63. The bundle sheath forms only one layer around the vascular bundle. T/F
64. Features of bundle sheath cells (3)
65. Ex of C₄ plant (2)
66. Hatch and Slack pathway is a non-cyclic process. T/F
67. In C₄, primary CO₂ acceptor is ______ and it is present in bundle sheath/mesophyll cells.
68. Analogue to RuBisCO in C₄ is _________
69. After OAA formation, it is converted into ______ or _______ in the mesophyll/bundle sheath cell.
70. In a bundle sheath cell, the acids are broken down into ___ carbon molecules.
71. PEP is regenerated in which cell?
72. Bundle sheath is rich in _______
73. In C₄, the Calvin pathway occurs in ______ cells.
74. Rubisco has a much greater affinity for O₂ than CO₂. T/F
75. RuBP bind with O₂ to form ____________ and ____________
76. The biological function of photorespiration is not known. T/F
77. At low CO₂ concentrations, the photorespiration will increase. T/F
78. Which 3 organelles are involved in photorespiration?
• FACTOR AFFECTING PHOTOSYNTHESIS
79. Blackman gave his law in the year ______.

80. Light is a frequent limiting factor in nature. T/F
81. Light saturation occurs at ______ % of full sunlight. (NEET)
82. There is a linear/parabolic/hyperbolic relation between incident light and CO₂ fixation rates at low/high
light intensities.
83. _______ is a major limiting factor for photosynthesis.
84. CO₂ concentration in the atmosphere is between _____ and _____ %.
85. Increase in conc. Upto ___ % cause increase in CO₂ fixation, beyond which it becomes damaging. (NEET)
86. C₄ plant show saturation only beyond ______
87. C₃ plant show saturation at ______
88. Examples of some greenhouse crops (2) (NEET)
89. Light reactions are temperature sensitive. T/F
90. Dark reactions are temperature controlled because _______
91. C₃ plants have greater optimum temperature. T/F (NEET)
92. Temperate plants have higher optimum temperature than tropical plants. T/F
93. _______ and _______ hormones increase photosynthesis.
94. _______ hormone decreases photosynthesis.
95. Water has a direct/indirect effect.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
IN HIGHER PLANTS
ANSWERS
• EARLY EXPERIMENTS 21) Absorbance of light by chloroplast pigment.
1) Physio-chemical A - Chl b. B - carotenoids, C - Chl a
2) CO₂ 22) Chlorophyll a (bright or blue green),
3) Joseph Priestly chlorophyll b (yellow green), xanthophylls (yellow)
4) Oxygen and carotenoids (yellow to yellow-orange)
5) Priestly 23) Rate of photosynthesis vs wavelength of light
6) Mint 24) A - rate of photosynthesis, B - Absorption
7) Sunlight is essential for photosynthesis 25) a
26) Chl a
8) Jan Ingenhousz 27) Chl b, xanthophyll, carotenoids
9) Julius von Sachs 28) Enable a wider range of wavelength of incoming
10) Julius von Sachs light to be utilised, protect chlorophyll a
11) T.W. Engelmann, cladophora, aerobic from photo-oxidation.
12) T.W. Engelmann 29) F
13) a and b 30) light absorption, water splitting, oxygen release,
14) Cornelius van Niel, purple and green bacteria and the formation of high-energy
15) Cornelius van Niel chemical intermediates
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS PROPER 31) Proteins 32) Antennae
16) Low 33) 700 nm, P700 34) 680 nm, P680
17) T 35) Discovery 36) T
18) Trapping light energy, synthesis of ATP and • ELECTRON TRANSPORT
NADPH 37) Z
38) PSII
19) Dark 39) Inner
40) Stroma lamellae
20) Chloroplast, 41) Red drop effect, PS I will be functional
A - Lipid droplet 42) Non-cyclic
B - Starch Granule 43) PSII and NADP reductase
C - Ribosome 44) Z scheme of light reaction
45) Outer, H carrier 47) F
46) Chemiosmotic Hypothesis 48) CF1
• 1. Protons that are produced by the splitting of • CALVIN CYCLE
water on the inner side of the membrane 49) F
accumulate within the lumen of the thylakoids. 50) OAA
• 2. As electrons move through the photosystems, 51) PGA
protons are transported across the membrane. This 52) RuBP
happens because the primary accepter of electron 53) Ketose
which is located towards the outer side of the 54) F
membrane transfers its electron not to an electron 55) Carboxylation, Reduction, Regeneration
carrier but to an H carrier. 56) Carboxylation
• 3. Reduction of NADP⁺ to NADPH + H⁺. These 57) RuBisCo
protons are also removed from the stroma. 58) 15 ATP, 10 NADPH
59) Regeneration of RuBP • FACTOR AFFECTING
60) Dry tropical PHOTOSYNTHESIS
61) Kranz 79) 1905
62) Bundle sheath cells 80) F
63) F 81) 10
64) Large on of chloroplast, thick walls impervious 82) Linear, low
to gaseous exchange, no intercellular spaces 83) CO₂
65) Maize and sorghum 66) F 84) 0.03-0.04
67) PEP, mesophyll 68) PEPcase 85) 0.05
69) Malic acid or aspartic acid 86) 450 μlL⁻¹
70) 3 87) 360 μlL⁻¹
71) Mesophyll cell 88) Tomato and bell pepper
72) RuBisCO 89) T
73) Bundle sheath cell 90) They are enzymatic
74) F 91) F
75) Phosphoglycerate and Phosphoglycolate 92) F
76) T 93) Cytokinin and GIbberellin
77) F 94) Abscisic acid
78) Peroxisomes, mitochondria and chloroplast 95) indirect

"BIOHACK" KI VAJH SE AAYE NAA..
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
RESPIRATION
IN PLANTS
• GLYCOLYSIS & FERMENTATION
1) The breakdown of glucose to pyruvic acid is called _______

2) Glycolysis was given by _______, ______, _______
3) First step of glycolysis is catalysed by the enzyme ?
4) Net ATP and NADPH produced in glycolysis per 4 glucose molecule are _______
5) Write all the reactions of glycolysis and all the enzymes involved with cofactors & energy equivalents.
6) What are the three fates of pyruvic acid produced ?
7) Yeast converts pyruvic acid to ______ and ______
8) Write the 2 reactions and also the enzymes involved in this reactions.
9) Pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by enzyme ________
10) In both lactic acid and alcohol fermentation, less than ____ % of the total energy is released.
11) Yeast poison themselves to death at ___ % of alcohol.
• AEROBIC RESPIRATION, TCA & ETS
12) In which reaction pyruvate dehydrogenase is used and where is it found ?

13) Write the linking reaction between glycolysis and Krebs' cycle.
14) TCA cycle starts with the condensation of _______ with ______ and water to yield _______
15) First step of TCA is catalysed by?
16) Describe the two steps in which decarboxylation occurs.
17) In which reaction of Krebs' cycle, GTP is synthesised? (NEET)
18) Draw the whole Krebs' cycle with enzymes, coenzymes and energy equivalents produced.
19) ______ is the first member of the Krebs' cycle.
20) Krebs' cycle can be summarized as 1 reaction as –
21) What is the role of NADH in cellular respiration? (NEET)
22) ETS have ______ number of complexes. Name them.
23) Electron from Complex 1 are passed to _______
24) Reduced ubiquinone is called ________
25) Complex 4 contains (4)
26) Cyt c is attached to the inner surface of outer mitochondrial membrane. T/F
27) Cyt c act as a mobile carrier for transport of electrons between _____ and _____
28) Write the whole ETC with each and every element as
given in the NCERT diagram.
• OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION &
RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT
29) 5 molecules of NADH give _____ ATP.

30) ____ molecules of FADH₂ give 8 ATP.
31) For each ATP, __ H⁺ passes through the ATP synthase.
32) NADH pumps ___ H⁺ into intermembrane space.
33) ______ acts as a final e- acceptor.
34) In aerobic respiration, 1 molecule of glucose produces _____ ATP.
35) NADH oxidation is slow in fermentation. T/F
36) Fats and carbohydrate metabolism are interlinked by?
37) Which biomolecule is common in breakdown of fats, carbohydrate and protein? (NEET)
38) Define RQ.
39) RQ of carbohydrate is ____
40) RQ of fats is _____
41) RQ of tripalmitin is _____
42) RQ of protein is about ____
43) In germinating seeds, fermentation occurs. T/F
44) ATP synthase is also called _______
RESPIRATION
IN PLANTS
ANSWERS
• GLYCOLYSIS & FERMENTATION 3) Hexokinase
1) Glycolysis 4) 8 ATP, 0 NADPH
2) Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and J. Parnas 5) Glycolysis
6) Alcoholic fermentation, lactic acid fermentation 9) Lactate dehydrogenase
and aerobic respiration 10) 7
7) CO₂ and ethanol 11) 13
8) Pyruvic acid formed at the end of glycolysis is • AEROBIC RESPIRATION, TCA, ETS
converted to alcohol by using two enzymes, pyruvic 12) It is used for converting Pyruvic acid to acetyl
acid decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase. CoA, it is found in mitochondria
• In the first step, pyruvic acid is decarboxylated 13) Pyruvic acid + CoA + NAD⁺ Pyruvate decarboxylase
Mg²⁺
resulting in the formation of acetaldehyde and CO₂. Acetyl CoA + CO₂ + NADH + H⁺
2CH₃COCOOH Pyruvic acid decarboxylase 14) Acetyl CoA, OAA, Citric acid
Mg²⁺ 2CH₃CHO + 2CO₂ 15) Citrate synthase
• In the second step, acetaldehyde is reduced to 16) Oxalosuccinic acid to alpha-ketoglutarate, alpha-
alcohol by 2NADH + H⁺. ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA
2CH₃CHO + 2NADH + 2H⁺ Alcohol dehydrogenase 17) Succinate to fumarate
2C₂H₅OH 2NAD⁺ 18) Krebs' cycle
Mnemonics to remember Krebs' cycle - 22) 4, Names are -
1. CCIO - alpha keto vala bichara hai isliye aise hi I. NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase
yaad kar lo - Saas Sasur Father II. succinate dehydrogenase or succinate-CoQ
Mother - Oxalo reductase
2. Oh Citric acid Is Ofcourse A Silly Stupid Funny III. cytochrome bc1 complex or CoQH₂-cytochrome c
Molecules. reductase
You can choose according to which suits you best. IV. cytochrome c oxidase
19) OAA 23) Ubiquinone
20) Pyruvic acid + 4NAD⁺ + FAD⁺ 2H₂O + ADP + Pi 24) Ubiquinol
Mitochondrial Matrix 3CO₂ + 4NADH + 4H⁺ 25) Cyt a, Cyt a₃, 2 Cu centres
+ FADH₂ + ATP 26) F
21) It act as a electron carrier 27) Complex III and IV
28) ETS
• OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
& RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT
29) 15
30) 4
31) 2
32) 6
33) Oxygen
34) 38
35) T
36) DHAP or PGAL
37) Acetyl CoA
38) Volume of CO₂ evolved/Volume of O₂ consumed
39) 1
40) Less than 1
41) 0.7
42) 0.9
43) T
44) Oxysome
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
PLANT GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT
• INTRODUCTION
1) Development is the sum of the processes. Name them.

2) _______is the most fundamental and conspicuous characteristic of living organisms.
3) First step in the process of plant growth is ___________
4) Growth is determinate/indeterminate for higher plants.
5) Plants retain the capacity for unlimited growth throughout life. T/F
6) Swelling of a piece of wood when placed in water is growth or not ?
7) What is an open form of growth?
8) One single maize root apical meristem give rise to _____ no. of new cells per ______
9) Watermelons increase in size by up to ______ times.
10) The 3 phases of growth are -
11) Write 4 characteristics of meristematic cells.
12) Write 3 characteristics of cells in phase of elongation.
13) Zone of elongation can be detected by _______ method.
14) 2 characteristics of zone of maturation.
15) In W = W₀eʳᵗ, two other names of 'r' are -
16) ________help in extension growth.
17) Plant growth and further development is linked to ______ status of the plant.
18) Nutrients two fxns.
19) To form tracheary element, the cells lose ______ DigaQ.
A
20) They develop a very strong/weak, elastic/inelastic,
_______ compound containing 1°/2°/3° cell walls.
→
21) Young tree Dead mass. This is also development?
22) Heterophylly is seen in ______, _______, _______
X Y
23) Plasticity is an example of heterophylly. T/F
24) What is Plasticity? B
25) _________ show heterophyllous development
due to the environment.
X Y
• PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
26) Indole compound example - (1)

27) Adenine derivatives - (2)
28) Derivative of carotenoids - (1) (NEET)
29) Terpenes ex -(1)
30) Gases (1)
31) Ethylene is largely a promoter/inhibitor of activities.
32) Chales Darwin and his son experimented on ________ (NEET)
33) Auxin was isolated by ______ from tip of coleoptile of ______
34) Foolish seedling disease is also called ________ disease.
35) Foolish seedling disease affects which plant ? (NEET)
36) Foolish seedling disease was caused by fungus ____________
37) When rice plants were treated with sterile/fertile filtrate of Gibberella it caused bakanae disease.
38) _______ discovered Gibberlic acid.
39) From internodal segments of tobacco stems the callus proliferated only if, in addition to
______the nutrients medium was supplemented with the 4 things. Name them.
40) __________ and _________ named cytokinesis promoting substance kinetin.
41) Tell the three names of ABA.
42) _______ confirmed the release of volatile substances from ripened oranges.
• Auxin
43) (Greek word) Auxin meaning ?
44) Auxin first isolated from ______
45) Auxin are generally produced by _________ (NEET)
46) Natural Auxin (2)
47) Synthetic Auxin (2)
48) Auxin helps to initiate rooting in stem cuttings. T/F
49) Auxin promote flowering in _________
50) _______ prevent fruit and leaf drop in early stages.
51) Auxin promotes abscission of _________ and _________
52) What is apical dominance ?
53) Auxin application (4)
54) Auxin effects (4)
55) Auxin is used to kill monocot/dicot plants
56) Auxin Induce parthenocarpy ex - 1. (NEET)
57) _______ is used in tea plantations.
• Gibberellins
58) There are more than ____ Gibberellins .
59) Gibberellins are reported from ____ and ____
60) Gibberellic acid _____ was one of the first gibberellins discovered and intensively studied.
61) Some but not all GA's are acidic. T/F
62) Length of grape stalks can be increased by _______
63) Gibberellins functions (6)
64) Gibberellins are applied to apples so that they ______ and ______ in shape.
65) Define bolting -
66) Bolting by Gibberellins is done in ____, _____, _____
67) Spraying juvenile _____ with GA hastens the maturity period.
• Cytokinins
68) Cytokinins were discovered as _____ from _____ _____ fish ovum/ sperm DNA.
69) _____ do not occur naturally in plants.
70) Zeatin was naturally extracted from _____, ______ (NEET)
71) Natural cytokinins are found in ______, ______, _____ etc.
72) Cytokinin functions (6)
73) How does Cytokinin delay senescence ?
74) Cytokinin promotes apical dominance. T/F (NEET)
• Abscisic Acid
75) Abscisic acid functions (4) (NEET)
76) ABA is antagonist to - (NEET)
77) _______ is similar to adrenaline w.r.t. Function in plants and animals respectively. (NEET)
78) By inducing dormancy, ABA help the plant to withstand _______
• Ethylene
79) Ethephon is found in gas/ liquid/ solid form .
80) Ethylene is synthesized in large amounts by tissues undergoing _____ and _______
81) What is Respiratory climactic?
82) Most widely used PGR -
83) Most widely compound used as a source of ethylene is ______
84) Ethylene functions (12)
85) It hastens & fruit ripening in ______ and ______
86) It accelerates abscission in flowers and fruits. Ex--- 3
87) Ethephon is given in gaseous mixture. T/F
88) It promote female flower in ______
89) Synchronizing fruit set in _____ is done by ______
• PHOTOPERIODISM, VERNALISATION & SEED DORMANCY
90) The two external factors that affect initiation of flowering are _____ and _____ (NEET)
91) The response of plants to periods of day / night is termed _____
92) LDP means?
93) Plant having no correlation between exposure to sunlight and induction of flowering response are
called ______
94) The site of perception of photoperiodism is
95) Hormonal substance hypothesized which is responsible for flowering is ______
96) Flowering can depend both quantitatively and qualitatively on low temperature. T/F.
97) The spring variety of ______, ______, ____ come to flower and produce grain before/after the
end of growing season.
98) Vernalization prevent _______
99) Spring varieties are planted in spring. T/F
100) Winter varieties are planted in ______ season.
101) Winter varieties are harvested around _______ season.
102) Biennial plants are not monocarpic plants. T/F
103) Ex of biennial plants (3)
104) What is Vernalization?
105) Reasons which cause seed dormancy (5)
106) Effect of inhibitory substance can be removed by subjecting the seeds to ______ condition or by
application of certain chemicals like _____ and ______
107) Changing environment conditions such as _____ and _____ are other methods to overcome seed
dormancy.
PLANT GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT
ANSWERS
• INTRODUCTION • PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
1. Growth and Differentiation 26. IAA (indole-3-acetic acid)
2. Growth 27. N⁶ -Furfurylamine purine, Kinetin
3. Seed germination 28. ABA
4. Indeterminate 29. Gibberellic acid
5. T 30. Ethylene
6. No 31. Inhibitor
7. Form of growth where cells are constantly being 32. Canary grass
added to the plant body. 33. F. W. Went , Oat seedling
8. 17,500 hour 34. Bakane
9. 3,50,000 35. Rice
10. Meristematic, elongation, maturation 36. Gibberella fujikuroi
11. 1. Dense protoplasm 37. Sterile
2. Prominent Nucleus 38. E. Kurosawa
3. 1° cell wall i.e. thin made up of cellulose, have 39. Auxin ,
numerous plasmodesmatal connections 1. Extract of vascular tissue
4. High respiratory rate 2. Yeast extract
12. 1. Large vaculation 3. Coconut mik
2. Cell enlargement 4. DNA
3. New cell wall deposition 40. Skoog, Miller
13. Parallel line 41. Inhibitor - B, Abscission - II, Dormin
14. Cells of this Zone attain maximum size in terms 42. Cousins
of thickening and protoplasmic modification. • Auxin
15. Rate or efficiency index 43. to grow
16. Turgidity of cells 44. Human urine
17. Water 45. Shoot and Root tip
18. 1. Synthesis of protoplasm 46. IBA,IAA
2. Source of energy 47. NAA, 2,4 D ( 2,4 Dichloro phenoxy acetic acid)
19. Protoplasm 48. T
20. Strong elastic lignocellulosic 2° 49. Pineapples
21. True 50. Auxin
22. Cotton, Coriander, Larkspur 51. Older leaves and fruits
23. False 52. Inhibition of growth of lateral bud due to apical
24. Plants follow different pathways in response to bud
environmental phases of life to form different kinds
of structure. This ability is known as plasticity.
25. Buttercup
53. 1.Flowering 72. 1.Cell Division
2.Rooting 2. Delay senescence
3. Parthenopcarpy 3. Promote growth of lateral buds
4.Herbcide 4. Produce new leaves
54. 1. Abscission prevention 5. Produce chloroplast in new leaves
2. Apical dominance 6. Adventitious shoot formation
3. Cell division 73. By nutrient mobilisation
4.Xylem differentiation 74. False
55. Dicot • Abscisic Acid
56. Tomato 75. 1.Promote abscission
57. Decapitation 2. Inhibit seed germination (Seed dormancy
• Gibberellins promoted)
58. 100 3. Stimulate closure of stomata
59. Fungi and higher plants 4. Increase tolerance of plant to various stress
60. GA₃ 76. GA
61. False 77. ABA
62. Gibberellic acid 78. Desiccation
63. 1.Increase the length of grape stalks • Ethylene
2.Maintain and shape and elongate different fruits 79. Liquid
ex apples 80. Senescence , ripening fruits
3.Delay senescence 81. Rise in respiration rate during ripening of fruits
4.Speed up Malting industry 82. Ethylene
5.Used to increase length of sugarcane 83. Etephone
6.Bolting 84. 1.Horizontal growth of seedlings
64. Elongate and improve 2.Swelling of axis
65. Internodal elongation just before flowering 3. Apical hook formation dicot seedlings
66. Beet Cabbage and many plants with rosette 4. Promote Senescence and abscission
habit 5. Fruit ripening
67. conifers 6. Increase respiratory rate
• Cytokinins 7. Break dormancy in seeds and buds
68. Kinetin, autoclaved herring, sperm 8. Sprouting of potato tuber
69. Kinetin 9. Rapid Internodal elongation / Petiole elongation in
70. Corn kernels, coconut milk deep water rice plants
71. Root apices Developing shoot buds, young fruits 10. It help leaves, upper part of shoot to remain
above water
11. Root growth and root hair elongation 98. Precocious reproductive development late in
12. Initiate flowering growing season
85. Tomato and apple 99. True
86. Thinning of cotton, cherry, walnut 100. Autumn
87. F 101. Mid summer
88. Cucumber 102. False
89. Pineapple, ethylene 103. Sugarbeet, Cabbage, Carrot
• PHOTOPERIODISM, 104. It is the promotion of flowering by the period
VERNALISATION & SEED of low temperature
DORMANCY 105. 1) Impermeable and hard seed coat
90. Light and temperature 2) Chemical inhibitors like - abscisic acid, phenolic
91. Photoperiodism acids, para-ascorbic acid
92. They require exposure to light for a period 3) Immature embryos
exceeding a well defined critical duration 106. Chilling, gibberellic acid and nitrates
93. Day neutral plants 107. Light, temperature
94. Leaves • DigaQ
95. Florigen Heterophylly
96. True A - Larkspur: X - Juvenile, Y - Adult
97. Wheat, barley, rye B - Buttercup: X - Terrestrial, Y - Water habitat
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
DIGESTION
AND ABSORPTION
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
1. The tooth is embedded in a socket of jaw bone. This type of arrangement is called ________ (NEET)
2. Diphyodont mean ? (NEET)
DigaQ. 1
3. Humans are homodont/heterodont. (NEET)
4. Dental formula of adult human - A
5. Dental formula of child - L
B
6. The hard chewing surface of teeth is M
made up of _______ C
7. Tongue is attached to floor by ______
8. The upper surface of tongue have small N
projections called ______
9. Common passage for food and air is - D
10. The oesophagus and trachea opens into - E O
11. ______ prevent entry of food into ______
12. The oesophagus leads to a ___ shaped structure. P
F
13. ___________ sphincter is present between
the oesophagus and stomach. G Q
14. 4 parts of stomach are - H R
15. Duodenum is ____ shaped. I
S
16. Ileum is highly coiled. T/F J
T
17. Pyloric sphincter is present between - K
18. Large intestine consists of (3) U
19. _______ is a blind sac and hosts some symbiotic microorganisms.
20. _________ arise from caecum. DigaQ. 2
21. Colon parts are - (4)
A
22. Wall of alimentary canal have layers - (4)
23. ______ is the outermost layer. B
24. Serosa is made up of thin/thick __________ C
25. The submucosal layer is formed of -
26. Mucosa forms _____ in the stomach and ____
D E
in the small intestine.
27. Villi is supplied by a large lymph vessel called ____
28. Crypts of Lieberkuhn are modification of -
29. Gastric glands are modification of -
30. The 3 digestive glands are -
31. The 3 salivary glands are -
32. These salivary glands are present just inside the buccal cavity. T/F
33. Liver weight ________
34. Largest gland of human body is -
35. Liver have ____ (no.) of lobes.
36. The structural and functional unit of liver is -
37. Each lobule is covered by a thick/thin connective tissue sheath called _________
38. _______ and _________ form the common bile duct.
39. Hepato-pancreatic duct is guarded by ___________ (NEET)
• DIGESTION OF FOOD A
DigaQ. 3
40. The 2 major functions of buccal cavity is - B
41. Mucus is present in saliva. T/F
C
42. Swallowing is also called ________
43. The saliva in the oral cavity contains electrolytes (4) - (NEET) F D
44. Enzymes in saliva are (2) - (NEET)
45. About ____% of starch is hydrolysed by salivary amylase. E
46. Optimum pH for salivary amylase is _____
47. Starch is hydrolysed into ______ in mouth.
48. Lysozyme fxn (1) -
DigaQ. 4
49. Chief cells are also called -
A
50. Parietal cells are also called -
}G
51. _______ is also known as an extrinsic factor. B
52. The 3 types of glands in stomach are - (NEET) C
53. Fxn of all 3 of them is - (NEET) D
E
54. _______ help in absorption of extrinsic factor.
55. Vitamin B12 is absorbed in the stomach. T/F F
56. Stomach stores food for __-__ hours.
57. What is chyme ?
58. Pepsin converts protein into ________ and ________
59. _______ and _______ play an important role in lubrication and protection from HCl.
60. HCl provides an acidic pH of ____, optimal for pepsins.
61. Rennin/Renin is a proteolytic enzyme in gastric juice
of infants. (NEET)
62. Small amount of lipases/proteases are also secreted by gastric glands.
63. The pancreatic juice contain enzymes - (6) (NEET)
64. Trypsinogen is activated by _______ which is secreted by _________ (NEET)
65. Bile contains (4) - DigaQ. 5
66. Bile contains enzymes. T/F
67. Bile activates _______
A
68. Goblet cells are absent in the intestine. T/F B
69. Bicarbonates are released from the pancreas. T/F
70. pH ____ is needed for enzyme activation in duodenum.
C
71. Sub-mucosal gland example is (1) - (NEET)
72. Trypsin breaks proteins into amino acids. T/F D
E
73. Pancreatic amylase breaks starch to glucose. T/F (NEET)
F
74. Pancreatic lipase breaks fat into monoglyceride. T/F
75. Pancreatic nucleases break ________ to ________ A DigaQ. 6
76. Sucrose is made up of ______ + ______ E
B
77. Lactase is made up of ______ + ______
78. Succus entericus doesn't constitute mucus. T/F C F
79. The breakdown of biomacromolecules occur in G
________ region.
80. The simple substances thus formed are absorbed in ____ D H
and _______ regions of the small intestine.
81. Fxns of large intestine (2) -
82. The undigested food enter into caecum through _________ I
83. The gastro-intestinal tract is not under neural and hormonal control. T/F
84. _______ prevent the backflow of faecal matter.
85. Gross calorific value of carbs, protein and fats is -
86. Physiological value of carbs, protein and fat is -
• ABSORPTION OF DIGESTED FOOD
87. Compounds absorbed by simple diffusion are (3) -

88. Compounds absorbed by facilitated transport are (2) -
89. Compounds absorbed by active transport are (3) -
90. Fatty acid and glycerol are first incorporated into _______
91. Chylomicrons are _______ coated fat globules.
92. Maximum absorption of substance takes place in ______
93. _______ is a drug which is absorbed from the mouth.
94. Absorption of alcohol take place in -
95. Drugs are not absorbed in the large intestine. T/F
96. Medicines are not absorbed in stomach. T/F
97. What is assimilation?
98. Mass peristaltic movement occurs in _______
• DISORDERS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
99. Parasites of intestine are (5) -

100. The scientific names of all the parasites of Q.99 is -
101. Skin turn yellow in ________
102. Vomit centre is present in -
103. A feeling of ______ precedes vomiting.
104. Abnormal frequency of bowel movement is seen in (2) -
105. Absorption of food reduces in diarrhoea. T/F
106. Causes of Indigestion are (4) -
107. Dietary deficiencies of proteins and total food calories are widespread in - (5)
108. What deficiencies occur in marasmus?
109. Marasmus is found in infants of which age?
110. It occurs because?
111. Marasmus often happens because of which reason?
112. Features of marasmus (5) -
113. Body weight declines considerably in Marasmus. T/F
114. Growth and development of brain and mental faculties is not retarded in marasmus. T/F
115. Kwashiorkor is produced by _______ deficiency.
116. It occurs in children of ______ age.
117. It occurs because?
118. Features of kwashiorkor (5) -
119. Difference between Kwashiorkor and Marasmus is -
DIGESTION
AND ABSORPTION
ANSWERS
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM 33. 1.2-1.5 kg
1. Thecodont 34. Liver
2. Presence of two sets of teeth during life 35. 2
3. Heterodont 36. Hepatic lobule
4. 2123/2123 37. Thin, Glisson's capsule
5. 2102/2102 38. Duct of gallbladder and hepatic duct
6. Enamel 39. Sphincter of oddi
7. Frenulum • DIGESTION OF FOOD
8. Papillae 40. Mastication of food, facilitation of swallowing
9. Pharynx 41. T
10. Pharynx 42. Deglutition
11. Epiglottis, glottis 43. Na⁺, K⁺, Cl⁻, HCO₃⁻
12. J 44. Salivary amylase, lysozyme
13. Gastro-oesophageal 45. 30
14. Fundus, cardiac, body, pyloric 46. 6.8
15. C 47. Maltose
16. T 48. Antibacterial agent
17. Stomach and duodenum 49. Peptic cells
18. Caecum, colon, rectum 50. Oxyntic cells
19. Caecum 51. Vitamin B₁₂
20. Vermiform appendix 52. Mucus neck cell, peptic or chief cells, parietal or
21. an ascending, a transverse, descending part and oxyntic cells
a sigmoid colon 53. Mucus cell - Secrete mucus, Peptic cell -
22. Serosa, muscularis, sub-mucosa and mucosa secrete pepsinogen, Parietal cell - secrete HCl and
23. Serosa intrinsic factor
24. Thin mesothelium 54. Intrinsic factor
25. Loose connective tissues containing nerves, blood 55. F, in ileum
and lymph vessels 56. 4-5
26. Rugae, villi 57. Food with acidic juice of stomach together
27. Lacteal forms chyme
28. Mucosa 58. Proteoses and peptones
29. Mucosa 59. Mucus and bicarbonates
30. Salivary, liver and pancreas 60. 1.8
31. parotids (cheek), the submaxillary/sub-mandibular
(lower jaw) and the sublingual (below the tongue)
32. False, just outer
61. Rennin (Trick - Digestion mai Di(2) aata hai, so 2 88. glucose and amino acids
n digestion vale rennin mai aayenge) 89. amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose,
62. Lipases electrolytes like Na
63. Trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, 90. Chylomicrons
procarboxypeptidase, amylases, lipases and nucleases. 91. Protein
64. Enterokinase, intestinal mucosa 92. Small intestine
65. Bile salts, bile pigments (Bilirubin and biliverdin), 93. Nitroglycerin
cholesterol and phospholipid 94. Stomach
66. False 95. F
67. Lipase 96. F, (see summary of NCERT)
68. False 97. The utilization of absorbed substance by the
69. True tissue.
70. 7.8 98. Large intestine
71. Brunner's gland • DISORDERS
72. F 99. tapeworm, roundworm, threadworm, hookworm,
73. F pin worm
74. T 100. Taenia solium, Ascaris, Enterobius, Ancylostoma,
75. Nucleic acids to nucleotides Enterobius (pinworm and threadworm are same)
76. Glucose and fructose 101. Jaundice
77. Glucose and galactose 102. Medulla
78. F, it consist of both mucus and enzymes 103. Nausea
79. Duodenum 104. Diarrhoea, Constipation
80. Jejunum and ileum 105. T
81. 1) Absorption of water, minerals and drugs, 106. inadequate enzyme secretion, anxiety, food
2) secretion of mucus which helps in adhering the poisoning, over eating, and spicy food
waste for easy passage 107. South Asia, South-East Asia, South America,
82. Ileo-caecal valve West Africa, Central Africa
83. F 108. Protein and calorie
84. Ileo-caecal valve 109. <1
85. Carbohydrates - 4.1 kcal/g, Proteins - 5.65 110. Mother's milk is replaced too early by other
kcal/g, Fats - 9.45 kcal/g foods which are poor in both proteins and caloric
86. Carbohydrates - 4.0 kcal/g, Proteins - 4.0 value
kcal/g, Fats - 9.0 kcal/g 111. Mother has second pregnancy or childbirth
• ABSORPTION OF FOOD
87. glucose, amino acids and some electrolytes like
chloride ions
112. 1) impaired growth 2) replacement of tissue DigaQ. 3 - Anatomical regions of human stomach
proteins 3) extreme emaciation of the body 4) A – Oesophagus
thinning of limbs 5) skin becomes dry, thin and B – Fundus
wrinkled C – Cardiac
113. T D – Body
114. F E – Pyloric
115. Protein F – Superior portion of duodenum
116. >1 DigaQ. 4 - transverse section of gut
117. Replacement of mother's milk by a high calorie A – Serosa
low protein diet B – Inner circular
118. wasting of muscles, thinning of limbs, failure of C – Outer longitudinal
growth and brain development, extensive oedema and D – Submucosa
swelling E – Mucosa
119. unlike marasmus, some fat is still left under the F – Lumen
skin in kwashiorkor G – Muscularis
• DigaQs DigaQ. 5 - A section of small intestinal mucosa
DigaQ. 1 - The human digestive system A – Villi
A – Oral cavity K – Vermiform appendix B – Lacteal
B – Mouth L – Parotid gland C – Capillaries
C – Submaxillary and M – Pharynx D – Artery
sublingual glands N – Oesophagus E – Crypts of Lieberkuhn
D – Liver O – Stomach F – Vein
E – Gall bladder P – Pancreas DigaQ. 6 - The duct systems of liver, gall bladder
F – Duodenum Q – Jejunum and pancreas
G – Transverse colon R – Descending colon A – Gall bladder
H – Ascending colon S – Sigmoid colon B – Duct from bladder
I – Ileum T – Rectum C – common bile duct
J – Caecum U – Anus D – Duodenum
DigaQ. 2 - Different types of teeth in the jaws E – Ducts from liver
A – Incisor F – Common hepatic duct
B – Canine G – Pancreas
C – Premolar H – Pancreatic duct
D – Molars I – Hepato-pancreatic duct
E – Socket of jaw
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
BREATHING AND
EXCHANGE OF GASES

• RESPIRATORY ORGANS DigaQ. 1
A
1. Respiration through gills is called _________ B
2. Breathing by simple diffusion occur in (3)
C
3. Earthworm breath by ________
4. Insects have a network of tubes called _______
5. Gills are used by (3) K
6. Frog can also respire through skin. T/F
J D
• HUMAN RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
7. Nasal chamber opens into ______ E
I F
8. Pharynx opens through _____ into _______ G
9. _______ is called the sound box. H
10. Epiglottis prevent the food entry into _______ (NEET)
11. Trachea divides at the level of ____ thoracic vertebrae.
12. Name the structures which are supported by incomplete cartilaginous rings (5) (NEET)
13. Alveoli are irregular walled. T/F (NEET)
14. Pleura is single/double layered.
15. Pleural fluid fxn is - (NEET)
16. Conducting part end at -
17. Respiratory part is formed by (2) -
18. Fxn of conducting part is (4) -
19. The thoracic chamber is formed dorsally by ______, ventrally by ______, laterally by _____ and on
the lower side by ________
20. Type II alveolar cell secrete _______ which reduce surface tension.
• MECHANISM OF BREATHING
21. Inspiration occurs when there is positive/negative pressure in lungs w.r.t atmosphere. (NEET)
22. Inspiratory muscles are (2) -
23. Increase in the volume of thoracic chamber in the antero-posterior axis is by _______ muscle.
24. Increase in the volume of the thoracic chamber in the dorso-ventral axis.is by _______ muscle.
25. Muscles used in forceful expiration are (2) -
26. Breathing rate of healthy human is -
27. Negative/positive pressure breathing occurs in humans.
28. Negative/positive pressure breathing occurs in frogs.
• RESPIRATORY VOLUME AND CAPACITIES DigaQ. 2
29. Which volume can't be measured by a spirometer ? X Y
30. Which capacities can't be measured by a spirometer ?
31. TV is approx. _____ ml. (NEET)
A
32. IRV value is ______ ml. (NEET)
33. ERV value is _____ ml. (NEET)
34. RV Value - (NEET) F B
35. IC = ______ + _______ (NEET)
36. EC = ______ + ______ (NEET)
37. FRV value is ______ - ______ ml (NEET)
38. TLC include -
E C
• EXCHANGE OF GASES
39. _______ are primary sites for exchange of gases. (NEET)

40. Rate of diffusion is affected by (3) D
41. Partial pressure of O₂ in alveoli is - (NEET)
42. PP of CO₂ in alveoli is -
43. Partial pressure of O₂ in deoxygenated blood is - (NEET) DigaQ. 3
44. PP of CO₂ in oxygenated blood is - X
45. PP of O₂ in tissues in -
46. Solubility of CO₂ is _____ times higher than that of O₂. A
E
47. The 3 layers of the diffusion membrane are - F B
• TRANSPORT OF GASES
D C
48. ___% of O₂ is transported by RBC.
49. ___% of O₂ is carried as a dissolved state in plasma. (NEET)
50. % of CO₂ carried as carbaminohaemoglobin is - (NEET)
51. % of CO₂ transported as dissolved form in plasma is - (NEET)
52. ____ % of CO₂ is carried as bicarbonate. (NEET)
53. Each haemoglobin molecule carries a maximum of 8 atoms of oxygen. T/F
54. Factors that interfere O₂-dissociation curve is - (4)
55. Conditions of left shift are -
56. Conditions of right shift are -
DigaQ. 4
57. Every 100 ml of oxygenated blood can deliver Y
____ ml of O₂ to tissues.
58. The major factor which affect pCO₂ and
haemoglobin binding is -
59. CO₂ is carried as carboxyhaemoglobin in blood. T/F
60. Carbonic anhydrase is absent in plasma. T/F
61. Every 50ml of deoxygenated blood carries ___ ml
of CO₂ to the alveoli.
• REGULATION OF RESPIRATION AND DISORDERS
62. Respiratory rhythm centre is present in -

63. Centre present in pons is _______ which can moderate the functions of ___________
64. Signals from which centre reduce the duration of inspiration ? (NEET)
65. A ___________ area situated adjacent to rhythm centre is highly sensitive to _____ and
______ (NEET)
66. Receptors in ______ and ______ present peripherally recognise CO₂ and H⁺ conc. (NEET)
67. Oxygen plays a major role in regulation of respiration. T/F
68. Difficulty in breathing causing wheezing due to inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles is called
________ (NEET)
69. Respiratory surface is decreased in _________ due to damage of _______ (NEET)
70. One of the major causes of asthma is cigarette smoking. T/F
71. Fibrosis occurs in -
72. Occupational Respiratory Disorders happen to people working in industries involved in - (NEET)
73. Examples of ORD are - (2)
BREATHING AND
EXCHANGE OF GASES
ANSWERS
• RESPIRATORY ORGANS 25. Abdominal muscles & internal intercostal muscles
1. Brachial respiration 26. 12-16
2. Sponges, coelenterates, flatworms 27. Negative
3. Moist cuticle 28. Positive
4. Tracheal tubes Respiratory Volume And Capacities
5. Aquatic arthropods, molluscs and fishes 29. Residual volume
6. T 30. FRC and TLC
Human Respiratory System 31. 500 ml
7. Nasopharynx 32. 2500-3000 ml
8. Larynx to trachea 33. 1000-1100 ml
9. Larynx 34. 1100-1200 ml
10. Larynx 35. TV + IRV
11. 5th 36. TV + ERV
12. tracheae, primary, secondary and tertiary 37. ERV + RV so, 2100-2300 ml
bronchi, and initial bronchioles 38. IRV + TV + ERV + RV
13. T • EXCHANGE OF GASES
14. Double 39. Alveoli
15. Lubrication 40. Conc gradient, rate of diffusion, thickness of
16. Terminal bronchioles membrane
17. Alveoli and their ducts 41. 104
18. transports the air to alveoli, clears it from 42. 40
foreign particles, humidifies, brings the air to body 43. 40
temperature 44. 40
19. Vertebrae, sternum, ribs, diaphragm 45. 40 (Hence, the trick to remember this table is,
20. Lecithin (a surfactant) 1) Chalista (40s) is maintained always in the body 2)
• MECHANISM OF BREATHING CO₂ PP will obviously be the same in tissues and
21. Negative deoxygenated blood)
22. Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles 46. 20-25
23. Diaphragm 47. Thin squamous epithelium, endothelium of
24. External intercostal alveolar capillaries and basement membrane
• TRANSPORT OF GASES • DigaQs
48. 97 DigaQ. 1 - Human respiratory system
49. 3 A – Epiglottis
50. 20-25 B – Larynx
51. 7 C – Trachea
52. 70 D – Pleural membranes
53. T, 4 molecule qual 8 atoms E – Alveoli
54. pO₂, pCO₂, H⁺ conc, temperature F – Pleural fluid
(Dipghosphogylceric acid also, but it is not in G – Bronchiole
NCERT) H – Diaphragm
55. Low temperature, Low H⁺ conc, High pO₂, Low I – Lung
pCO₂ J – Cut end of rib
56. High temperature, High H⁺ conc, Low pCO₂, K – Bronchus
HIgh pO₂ DigaQ. 2 - Exchange of gases
57. 5 ml A – Alveolus X – Inspired air
58. pO₂ B – Pulmonary vein Y – Expired air
59. F, as carbaminohaemoglobin C – Systemic arteries
60. F D – Body tissues
61. 2 ml E – Systemic veins
• REGULATION AND DISORDERS F – Pulmonary artery
62. Medulla DigaQ. 3 - an alveolus with a pulmonary capillary
63. Pneumotaxic centre, respiratory rhythm centre A – Basement substance
64. Pneumotaxic centre B – Endothelium
65. Chemosensitive, CO₂ and H⁺ C – RBC
66. Aortic arch and carotid artery D – Blood capillary
67. F E – Squamous epithelum
68. Asthma F – Alveolar cavity
69. Emphysema, alveoli X – Air
70. F DigaQ. 4 - Oxygen dissociation curve
71. Occupational Respiratory Disorders X – Partial pressure of oxygen (mm Hg)
72. Grinding or stone breaking Y – Percentage saturation of haemoglobin with
73. Silicosis and asbestosis oxygen
LE YOU*

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
BODY FLUIDS AND

CIRCULATION
• BLOOD
1. Blood consist of (2) - DigaQ. 1

2. Plasma is ______ coloured. A
3. Plasma constitutes nearly _____% of blood.
4. Proteins constitute __-__ percent of plasma.
5. Major proteins are (3) - B
6. Fibrinogen is used in - (NEET)
7. Globulins fxn - (NEET)
8. Albumins fxn - (NEET) C
9. Plasma without clotting factor is called _______ (NEET)
10. Formed elements constitute ____% of blood.
11. RBC count in a healthy man is -
12. RBC are formed in -
D
13. RBC are devoid of ____ in most mammals and are ____ in shape. (NEET)
14. ______ grams of haemoglobin is present in every 100 ml of blood.
15. Average lifespan of RBC is -
16. RBC are destroyed in -
E
17. Leucocytes are white in colour. T/F
18. WBC count is -
19. Leucocyte are short lived. T/F
20. Ex of granulocytes are - (3) F
21. Ex of agranulocytes are - (2)
22. Neutrophils are ____% of total WBC. (NEET)
23. Eosinophils % is -
24. Basophils % is -
25. Lymphocyte % is - (NEET)
G
26. Monocyte % is -
27. _____ and _____ are phagocytic cells which destroy foreign
organisms entering the body. (NEET)
28. Basophils secrete (3) - (NEET) H
29. _________ are involved in inflammatory reactions. (NEET)
30. ________ are associated with allergic reactions. (NEET)
31. ________ resist infections. (NEET)
32. Lymphocytes types are - (2) (NEET)
33. Platelets are also called __________ (NEET)
34. Platelets are produced from __________ DigaQ. 2
35. Normal platelet count is - (NEET)
• BLOOD GROUPS
36. Antibody is present on RBC. T/F A
37. Universal Donor is ____ N B
38. Universal Recipient is _____ C
39. Donor group of B blood group is - M D
L
40. The Rh antigen got its name from _______ K
41. Rh antigen is present in ___% of humans. E
42. Erythroblastosis foetalis condition can develop J
in the first child. T/F I F
43. Erythroblastosis foetalis condition develop when
G
mother is Rh +ve/-ve and child is Rh +ve/-ve.
44. Erythroblastosis foetalis cause _____ and _____ H
45. It can be avoided by administering ______ in
the child/mother after delivery of the first/second child.
• COAGULATION OF BLOOD AND LYMPH
46. Thrombin is formed from ________ with the help of enzyme ________
47. Fibrins are formed from _______ with the help of enzyme ________
48. ______ act as a cofactor during the clotting process.
49. Lymph is a colourless fluid. T/F A DigaQ. 3
50. Fat is absorbed through _______
B
• CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
C
51. Open circulatory system is present in - (2)
52. Annelids have an open circulatory system. T/F F
53. Crocodiles have ___ chambered heart D
54. In fish, the heart pumps oxygenated blood. T/F E
• HUMAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
55. Heart is derived from endo/meso/ectoderm.
56. Heart is protected from single/double walled bag called _________
57. Pericardium enclose a fluid called _________
58. Interatrial septum is thin/thick.
59. Atrio-ventricular septum is made of thick/thin ____
tissue.
60. Right chambers are divided by tri/bicuspid valves. (NEET) DigaQ. 4
61. ________ valve is also called ________ (NEET)
62. Semilunar valves are present between - (NEET)
63. A specialised cardiac musculature called _____
is also distributed in the heart. A
64. Nodal tissue present in right upper corner of D
right atrium is -
65. SAN full form is - B
C
66. AVN is present at _____ corner of left/right atrium.
67. The branches which give rise to minute fibres
throughout the ventricular musculature are called ____
68. ______ can generate maximum no of action X Y
potentials in nodal tissue.
69. SAN action potential generation rate is -
• CARDIAC CYCLE
70. Atrial systole causes an increase in blood flow into the ventricles by ____%.
71. Time period of a cardiac cycle is ____ sec.
72. The two atria do not contract simultaneously. T/F
73. Duration of ventricular diastole is -
74. Duration of atrial diastole is -
75. Duration of joint diastole is -
76. Each ventricle pumps out ____ ml of blood which is called ________
77. Cardiac output is the total volume of blood pumped out by the heart per min. T/F
78. Heart rate of athletes is greater than normal individuals in resting state. T/F
79. Normal value of cardiac output is -
80. Stroke volume is also called _______
81. First heart sound is ____ due to -
82. Second heart sound is ____ due to -
• ECG & DOUBLE CIRCULATION
83. The machine is called electrocardiogram which iii DigaQ. 5

is used to obtain electrocardiograph. T/F
84. The three leads are connected at ______, v
i
______, ______
ii iv
85. Why is the 3rd lead connected to the left ankle ? Why not the right ankle ?
86. For detailed evaluation, ____ no of leads are attached to _____ region. A
87. P wave represents ________ of the atria. (NEET)
88. QRS complex represent - F
B
89. T wave represent - (NEET)
90. _______ wave marks the end of systole. (NEET)
91. When does atrial repolarization occur ?
92. The 3 layers of artery and veins are -
93. The 3 layers respectively are made of -
94. _______ is comparatively thin in veins.
E DigaQ. 6
95. The two types of circulation in our body is (2) - C
96. Hepatic portal vein carries blood from _______ to _______ (NEET)
DigaQ. 7 D
X Y
Z
A
B B A
• REGULATION & DISORDERS OF CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
97. Human heart is neurogenic/myogenic.

98. ___________ modulate moderate cardiac function through ANS.
99. Speed of conduction of action potential is decreased by sympathetic nervous system. (NEET)
100. High blood pressure leads to ________ and also affects vital organs like _____ and ______
101. BP equal or greater than _______ shows hypertension.
102. Atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis are same terms. T/F
103. Atherosclerosis is a subtype of arteriosclerosis. T/F
104. Atherosclerosis also called ______ is cause by deposition of (4) -
105. Angina pectoris occurs when -
106. What is heart failure ?
107. Congestion of ______ is one of the main symptoms of heart failure.
108. What happens in cardiac arrest ?
109. What happens in heart attack ?
BODY FLUIDS AND
CIRCULATION
ANSWERS
• BLOOD Blood Groups
1. Plasma and formed elements 36. F
2. Straw 37. O
3. 55 38. AB
4. 6-8 39. B,O
5. Fibrinogen, globulins and albumins 40. Rhesus monkey
6. Coagulation of blood 41. 80 %
7. Involved in defense mechanism 42. F
8. Help in osmotic balance 43. Mother: -ve, child: +ve
9. Serum 44. Severe anaemia and jaundice
10. 45 45. anti-Rh antibodies, first
11. 5-5.5 millions of RBC per mm⁻³
12. Red bone marrow
13. nucleus , biconcave
14. 12-16
15. 120 days
16. Spleen Coagulation of Blood, and Lymph
17. F, colourless 46. Prothrombin, thrombokinase
18. 6000-8000 per mm⁻³ 47. Fibrinogen, thrombin
19. T 48. Ca
20. Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils 49. T
21. lymphocytes and monocytes 50. Lacteals of lymph
22. 60-65 • CIRCULATORY PATHWAYS
23. 2-3 51. Arthropods and molluscs
24. 0.5-1 52. F
25. 20-25 53. 4
26. 6-8 54. F, deoxygenated
27. Neutrophils and monocytes Human Circulatory System
28. histamine, serotonin, heparin 55. Mesoderm
29. Basophils 56. Double layer pericardium
30. Eosinophils 57. Pericardial fluid
31. Eosinophils 58. Thin
32. B and T 59. Thick fibrous
33. Thrombocytes
34. Megakaryocytes
35. 1,50,000-3,50,000 platelets mm⁻³
60. Tricuspid 91. During QRS complex
61. Bicuspid, Mitral (trick - bicuspid have bi names) 92. Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
62. Ventricle and pulmonary artery and ventricle 93. Tunica intima - squamous endothelium,
and aorta Tunica media - smooth muscle and elastic fibres,
63. Nodal tissue Tunica externa - fibrous connective tissue with
64. SAN collagen fibres
65. Sino-atrial node 94. Tunica media
66. Lower left corner of right atrium 95. Pulmonary and systemic circulation
67. Purkinje fibers 96. Intestine to liver
68. SAN • REGULATION & DISORDERS
69. 70-75 per min 97. Myogenic
Cardiac Cycle 98. Medulla oblongata
70. 30 99. F
71. 0.8 100. Heart disease, kidney and brain
72. F 101. 140/90
73. 0.5 sec 102. F
74. 0.7 sec 103. T
75. 0.4 sec 104. CAD, Deposition of - calcium, fat, cholesterol
76. 70 ml, stroke volume and fibrous tissues
77. F, volume pumped by a ventricle 105. not enough oxygen is reaching the heart muscle
78. F 106. When heart is not pumping enough blood to
79. 5000 ml meet the requirements of the body
80. Beat volume (refer summary of NCERT) 107. Lungs
81. Lub, due to closure of bicuspid and tricuspid 108. when the heart stops beating
valves 109. when the heart muscle is suddenly damaged by
82. Dubb, due to closure of semilunar valves an inadequate blood supply
• ECG & DOUBLE CIRCULATION • DigaQs
83. F, vice versa is true DigaQ. 1 - Formed elements in blood
84. One to each wrist and one to the left ankle A – RBC
85. Because our heart is tilted towards left, so B – Platelets
putting lead on left ankle will help measure things C – Eosinophil
more accurately D – Basophil
86. 12, chest E – Neutrophil
87. Depolarisation F – Monocyte
88. Depolarization of ventricle G – T lymphocyte
89. Repolarisation of ventricle H – B lymphocyte
90. T wave
DigaQ. 2 - Section of a human heart DigaQ. 4 – Events of cardiac cycle
A – Aorta A – Atrial systole
B – Pulmonary artery B – Ventricular systole
C – Pulmonary veins C – Atrial diastole
D – Left atrium D – Ventricular diastole
E – Bundle of His DigaQ. 5 - Standard ECG
F – Left ventricle i – P, ii – Q, iii – R, iv – S, v – T
G – Interventricular septum DigaQ. 6 - Blood circulation in humans
H – Apex A – Lungs
I – Right ventricle B – Pulmonary vein
J – Chordae tendinae C – Dorsal aorta
K – AV node D – Body parts
L – Right atrium E – Vena cava
M – SA node F – Pulmonary artery
N – Vena cava DigaQ. 7 – Blood vessels
DigaQ. 3 – Conducting system of heart X – Vein
A – SA node A – Smooth muscle
B – AV node B – Lumen
C – AV bundle Y – Artery
D – Left bundle branch A – Smooth muscle
E – Purkunje fibres B – Lumen
F – Right bundle branch Z – Capillary

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
EXCRETORY
PRODUCTS AND
THEIR ELIMINATION
• INTRODUCTION DigaQ. 1
A
1. Least toxic nitrogenous waste is _______ L B
2. Ammonotelic ex (3) C
3. Ureotelic ex (3) K
4. Uricotelic ex (4) J D
5. Protonephridia also called _____ are excretory structures of (4)
6. Nephridia are found in (1) I
7. Antennal glands or ______ are present in _____ like ______ E
F
• HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM

G
8. Kidneys are _______ in color.
9. It is situated between _______ and _______ vertebrae. H
10. Kidney is located dorsally/ventrally.
11. Kidney dimensions (length, width and thickness) are -
12. Average weight is -
DigaQ. 2
13. Ureter, blood vessels and nerves enter through _____ A
14. Funnel shaped space is _____ which project into _____
15. The outer layer of kidney is a tough capsule. T/F B
16. Kidney is divided into 2 zones -
I
17. Cortex between medullary pyramids and renal column
extend and called __________ H
18. Total no of nephrons in human body is _______ G
C
19. Nephron 2 parts -
D F
20. Cup like structure is __________ E
21. Glomerulus + Bowman's Capsule =
22. Only component of nephron which dips into medulla is -
23. Juxtamedullary nephrons are present in more no.
than cortical nephrons. T/F
24. Vasa recta is absent or highly reduced in cortical nephrons. T/F
• URINE FORMATION
DigaQ. 3
25. The 3 process for urine formation are - B A
26. On average, _____-_____ ml of blood is filtered by
C
the kidneys per min.
27. The filtration occurs through 3 layers. Name them. D
K
28. The epithelial cells of Bowman's capsule is called _____ (NEET)
29. Minute spaces between them is called ____ or ____ (NEET)
30. Protein also passes onto the lumen of the bowman's capsule. T/F
J
31. Glomerular filtration is called ultrafiltration because -
32. GFR normal values are - _____ ml/min i.e. _____ lit/day. E
33. JGA is formed by the cellular modification G
of _____ and ______
F
34. A fall in GFR activate the JG cells to release _______
35. Nearly ____ % of filtrate has to be reabsorbed
by renal tubules. (NEET) H I
36. Substances reabsorbed actively are (3) - (NEET)
37. Substances reabsorbed passively are - (NEET)
38. Tubular cells secrete which 3 things into the filtrate ?
DigaQ. 4
A
• FUNCTION OF TUBULES
B
39. PCT is lined by __________ epithelium.
C
40. 70-80% of _______ and _______ are reabsorbed in PCT. (NEET)
41. PCT helps to maintain _____ and ______ of the body fluids. (NEET)
42. PCT secrete ____, _____, _____ into the filtrate.
43. Reabsorption is minimum in ascending/descending limb. (NEET)
44. What plays a significant role in maintenance of high
osmolarity of medullary interstitium ?
45. Descending limb is permeable to ______ and D
impermeable to _______ (NEET)
46. Ascending limb is impermeable to ______ but permeable to ________ (NEET)
47. Ions are only transported passively in ascending limb. T/F (NEET)
48. Conditional reabsorption of _____ and _____ take place in DCT.
49. DCT also reabsorbs _____ and selective secretion of ____, ____, ____ also occur. (NEET)
50. Large amount of water can be reabsorbed from ________
• MECHANISM OF CONCENTRATION & REGULATION
51. The countercurrent mechanism operate between vasa recta and henle's loop. T/F
52. The countercurrent is formed between the two limbs of Henle's loop. T/F
53. The countercurrent is formed between the two limbs of vasa recta. T/F
54. Osmolarity gradient in the inner medullary interstitium is from ________ mOsmolL-1.
55. This gradient is mainly cause by -
56. Kidney function is regulated by (3) -
57. ADH prevent _______
58. ADH also have constrictory effect on blood vessel. T/F
59. JG cells are activated by _____ and release ______ (NEET)
60. Renin convert ________ to ________
61. Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II by ______ enzyme found in ______
62. Angiotensin II is a powerful _________
63. Angiotensin activate adrenal cortex to release ________
64. Aldosterone causes reabsorption of ____ and _____ from distal parts of tubule.
65. ANF decrease blood pressure by causing diuresis. T/F
66. ANF cause - (NEET)
67. _____ mechanism check RAAS mechanism.
• MICTURITION, ROLE OF OTHER ORGANS & DISORDERS
68. An adult human excrete _____ liters of urine per day.

69. The urine pH is ___ (NEET)
70. ______ gm of urea is excreted out per day. (NEET)
71. Presence of glucose in urine means ______ and ketone means ______ are indicative of
__________ (NEET)
72. Other than kidneys, _____, ______ and ______ help in elimination of excretory waste.
73. Sweat glands eliminate (3) -
74. Sebaceous glands eliminate substances like _____, ______ and ______ through _____
75. Accumulation of urea is called ______
76. Anticoagulant ______ is used when the blood is pumped into a dialysing unit.
77. The unit contains a coiled tube made of _______ surrounded by a dialysing fluid.
78. Anti-heparin is also used in haemodialysis. T/F
79. Renal canaliculi is because of - (NEET)
80. Inflammation of glomeruli of kidney is called - (NEET)
EXCRETORY
PRODUCTS AND
THEIR ELIMINATION
ANSWERS
• INTRODUCTION 29. Filtration slits or slit pores
1. Uric acid 30. F
2. Bony fishes, aquatic amphibians and aquatic 31. All constituent except protein paas to lumen
insects 32. 125 ml/min or 180 lit/day
3. Amphibians, marine fishes, mammals 33. DCT and afferent arteriole
4. Reptiles, birds , land snails and insects 34. Renin
5. Flame cells, ex - Platyhelminthes, rotifers, some 35. 99
annelids and cephalochordata 36. Glucose, amino acid and Na⁺
6. Annelids 37. Nitrogenous waste
7. Green glands, crustaceans like prawns 38. H⁺, K⁺ and ammonia
• HUMAN EXCRETORY SYSTEM • FUNCTION OF TUBULES
8. Reddish brown 39. Simple cuboidal
9. Last thoracic and 3rd lumbar 40. Electrolyte and water
10. Dorsally 41. pH and ionic balance
11. 10-12 cm length, 5-7 cm width, 2-3 cm thickness 42. H⁺, K⁺ and ammonia
12. 120-170 g 43. Ascending limb
13. Hilum 44. Loop of henle
14. Renal pelvis, calyces 45. Water, electrolytes
15. T 46. Electrolytes, water
16. Outer cortex and inner medulla 47. F, actively too
17. Renal columns of bertini 48. Water and Na⁺
18. 2 million 49. HCO₃⁻, selective secretion of Hydrogen,
19. Glomerulus and renal tubule potassium and NH3
20. Bowman's capsule 50. Collecting duct
21. Malphigian body/Renal corpuscle • MECHANISM OF
22. Loop of henle CONCENTRATION
23. F, vice versa is true 51. F
24. T 52. T
• URINE FORMATION 53. T
25. Glomerular filtration, reabsorption and 54. 300-1200
secretion 55. NaCl and urea
26. 1100-1200 ml 56. Hypothalamus, JGA and heart
27. Endothelium of glomerular blood vessel, 57. Diuresis
epithelium of bowman's capsule and basement 58. T
membrane 59. Fall in GFR, renin
28. Podocytes 60. Angiotensinogen to angiotensin
61. ACE (Angiotensin convertase enzyme), lungs DigaQ. 2 - Longitudinal section of Kidney
62. Vasoconstrictor A – Medullary pyramid
63. Aldosterone B – Renal column
64. Water and Na⁺ C – Cortex
65. F D – Renal capsule
66. Vasodilation E – Ureter
67. ANF F – Renal pelvis
• MICTURITION • ROLE OF OTHER G – Renal vein
ORGANS • DISORDERS H – Renal artery
68. 1-1.5 I – Calyx
69. 6 DigaQ. 3 - Nephron
70. 25-30 gm A – Efferent arteriole
71. Glycosuria, ketonuria, diabetes mellitus B – Afferent arteriole
72. Lungs, liver and skin C – Glomerulus
73. NaCl, urea and lactic acid D – Bowman's capsule
74. Sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum E – Descending limb of loop of Henle
75. Uremia F – Ascending limb of loop of Henle
76. Heparin G – Henle's loop
77. Cellophane H – Vasa recta
78. T I – Collecting duct
79. Stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts J – Distal convoluted tubule
(oxalates, etc.) formed within the kidney K – Proximal convoluted tubule
80. Glomerulonephritis DigaQ. 4 - Malpighian body
• DigaQs A – Afferent arteriole
DigaQ. 1 - Human Urinary system B – Efferent arteriole
A – Adrenal gland G – Urinary bladder C – Bowman's capsule
B – Renal artery H – Urethra D – Proximal convoluted tubule
C – Renal vein I – Cortex
D – Kidney J – Medulla
E – Dorsal aorta K – Pelvis
F – Ureter L – Inferior vena cava
CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
LOCOMOTION
AND MOVEMENT
• INTRODUCTION
1. Streaming of protoplasm in unicellular organism like ______ is a simple form of movement.

2. All movements are locomotion. T/F
3. In __________, cilia helps in the movement of food through cytopharynx.
4. In paramoecium, cilla doesn't help in locomotion. T/F DigaQ. 1
5. Hydra uses _______ to capture its prey.
6. The 3 types of movement are -
7. Amoeboid movement is exhibited by (2) -
8. Microtubules are involved in amoeboid movement. T/F A
9. Ex of ciliary movement in the body - (2)
B
• MUSCLES
C
10. Muscles is endo/meso/ectodermal in origin. D
11. About ___-___ % of body weight is contributed by muscles.
12. The 4 special properties of muscles are -
13. Skeletal muscles other 2 names are -
14. Visceral muscles other 3 names are - (NEET)
15. Each skeletal muscle in our body is made of ________ or _______
16. Fascicles are held together by _____________ called _____
17. Each muscle fibre is lined by ________ enclosing the _______
18. The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a store house of -
19. Muscle fibre have large no of ________ also called ________
20. The dark band contains only myosin. T/F DigaQ. 2
21. The light band is called _____ or _______ A B C
22. Dark band is called _____ or ________
23. Myosin filaments are thinner than actin
filaments. T/F
24. H zone contains actin filament. T/F (NEET)
25. Z line is a elastic fiber which bisect -
D
26. M line is thick/thin elastic/fibrous and bisect - E
27. Functional unit of contraction is - (NEET)
28. Anatomical unit of muscle is -
29. Each actin filament is made of two ______ actins
helically wound to each other.
30. Each F actin is a polymer of monomeric ________
31. A subunit of ______ masks the active binding sites for myosin on the actin filaments. (NEET)
32. The 3 parts of meromyosin are -
33. HMM consist of _____ and _____
34. The ________ of meromyosin have an active ATPase enzyme. (NEET)
35. Mechanism of muscle contraction in explained by __________ (NEET)
36. ______ and _____ together constitute the motor unit.
37. A-band retain their length during muscle contraction. T/F DigaQ. 3 X
38. In muscles having reddish appearance, _______ A
content is high. B
C
39. Mitochondria is high in red/white fibers.
A C
40. Sarcoplasmic reticulum is high in red/white fibers. B
41. _______ are called aerobic muscles.
Y D
• SKELETAL SYSTEM
42. Chondroitin salts are present in -

43. No. of bones in human body is - DigaQ. 4 A
44. No. of bones in axial skeleton are -
M B
45. It comprises of (4) -
46. The skull consists of a total of ____ no. of bones. C
D
47. No. of cranial and facial bones respectively are - E
48. Name all the cranial bones. L
F
49. Name all the facial bones. G
K
50. The skull region articulates with vertebral column
by ________ (NEET) J
H
51. First vertebrae is called ______
52. 2nd vertebrae is called ______ I
53. Tell the divisions in the vertebral column and the no of bones in them.
54. Each vertebrae have _______ through which the spinal cord passes.
55. The atlas and occipital condyle form a ______ joint which help ______ movement.
56. The atlas and axis form _______ joint which help in ________ movement.
57. No bone is _____
58. Yes bone is _____
59. All mammals have 7 cervical vertebrae except ______ which have ____ no. of cervical vertebrae.
60. Total no. of ribs humans are -
61. RIbs have two articular surfaces on its ventral/dorsal end hence are DigaQ. 5
called _______ A
62. First _____ pair of ribs are true ribs.
63. True ribs are connected to sternum with the help of _________ (NEET)
64. What pair of ribs are Vertebrochondral ribs ? (NEET)
65. False ribs are also called _________
66. False ribs are joined with the help of _________ with the ____th rib.
B
67. What pairs are Floating ribs ? - (NEET)
68. Each limb have ____ no of bones.
69. Carpels are ___ in no.
70. Tarsals are ____ in no.
71. The longest bone in human body is - D C
72. Each half of the pectoral girdle consist of _______ and _______
73. Scapula is situated between ____ and ____ ribs. E
74. Scapula have a slightly elevated ridge called ______
75. Spine project as a flat expanded process called ______ F
76. Glenoid cavity is present above acromion. T/F
77. Clavicle articulate with ______ and ______
DigaQ. 6
78. _______ articulate with the head of humerus to form
shoulder joint. (NEET)
79. _____ is called collar bone.
80. Each coxal bone is formed by fusion of (3) - X A
81. At the point of fusion, a cavity is formed called _______
82. Pubic symphysis contains hyaline/fibrous cartilage. B
83. The 3 types of joints are - C
84. Fibrous joints are present in - (NEET) Y
85. In it, the bones are connected with the help of _______
in the form of ______ Z
86. Ex of cartilaginous joint - (2) (NEET)
87. Gliding joint ex - (NEET)
88. Saddle joint ex -
89. Joints between phalanges is a type of _______ joint.
DigaQ. 7 DigaQ. 8
A A
D
B E
C
B F
C
G
D
E H
I
F
G
J
H K
L
• DISORDERS
90. Autoimmune disorder affecting _________ is __________ (NEET)

91. Muscular dystrophy is - (NEET)
92. Muscular dystrophy occurs mostly due to - (NEET)
93. Rapid spasm in muscle occurs due to high Ca2+ in the body fluids. T/F (NEET)
94. What is tetany ? (NEET)
95. What is arthritis ? (NEET)
96. What is the common cause of osteoporosis ? (NEET)
97. Decrease bone mass occur in -
98. What is gout ?
LOCOMOTION
AND MOVEMENT
ANSWERS
• INTRODUCTION 31. Troponin
1. Amoeba 32. Globular head, short arm, tail
2. F 33. Globular head and short arm
3. Paramoecium 34. Globular head
4. F 35. Sliding filament theory
5. Tentacles 36. Motor neuron and the muscles fibers connected
6. Amoeboid, ciliary and muscular to it
7. Macrophages and leucocytes 37. T
8. F, microfilaments are involved 38. Myoglobin
9. In trachea for removing dust and in passage of 39. Red
ova through female reproductive tract 40. White
• MUSCLES 41. Red muscles
10. Mesodermal • SKELETAL SYSTEM
11. 40-50 42. Cartilage
12. excitability, contractility, extensibility and 43. 206
elasticity 44. 80
13. Striated and voluntary muscle 45. Skull, vertebral column, ribs sternum
14. Smooth, Non-striated and involuntary muscle 46. 29
15. Muscle bundles or fascicles 47. Cranial - 8, facial bones - 14
16. Common collagenous connective tissue layer 48. Parietal (2), Temporal (2), Frontal (1), Occipital
called fascia (1), Ethmoid (1), Sphenoid (1)
17. Sarcolemma, sarcoplasm 49. Inferior turbinate (2), Lacrimal bones (2),
18. Ca Mandible(1), Maxilla (2), Nasal bones (2), Palatine
19. Myofilaments or myofibrils bones (2), Vomer(1)., Zygomatic bones (2)
20. F 50. Occipital condyle
21. I-band, isotropic band (Trick - LIGHT have I letter 51. Atlas
at 2n position) 52. Axis
22. A-band, anisotropic band (Trick - DARK have A 53. Cervical(7), Thoracic(12), Lumbar(5), Sacral(1),
letter at 2nd position) Coccyx(1)
23. F 54. Neural canal
24. F 55. Condyloid joint, nodding
25. I band 56. Pivot joint, rotatory
26. Thin fibrous, A band 57. Axis
27. Sarcomere 58. Atlas
28. Muscle fiber (Check NCERT summary)
29. F
30. G - actin
59. Two-toed Sloth (Bradypus), 9 93. F
60. 24 94. Rapid spasm in muscle occurs due to low Ca2+
61. Dorsal, bicephalic in the body fluids
62. 7 95. Inflammation of joints
63. Hyaline cartilage 96. Decreased level of estrogen
64. 8th, 9th, 10th 97. Osteoporosis
65. Vertebrochondral 98. Inflammation of joint due to deposition of uric
66. Hyaline cartilage, 7th acid crystals
67. 11th and 12th • DigaQs
68. 30 DigaQ. 1 - Cross sectional view of a muscle showing
69. 8 muscle bundles & muscle fibres
70. 7 A – Fascicle (muscle bundle)
71. Femur B – Muscle fibre (muscle cell)
72. Scapula and clavicle C – Sarcolemma
73. 2nd-7th D – Blood capillary
74. Spine DigaQ. 2 - Anatomy of a muscle fibre showing a
75. Acromion sarcomere
76. F, present below acromion A – Z line
77. Sternum and acromion B – A band
78. Glenoid cavity C – I band
79. Clavicle D – H zone
80. Ilium, ischium, pubis E – Sarcomere
81. Acetabulum DigaQ. 3
82. Fibrous cartilage X – An actin filament
83. Fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial A – Troponin
84. Cranium B – Tropomyosin
85. Dense fibrous connective tissue, sutures C – F actin
86. Sternum-ribs and pubic symphysis Y – Myosin monomer (Meromyosin)
87. Joint between carpals A – Actin binding sites
88. Between carpals and metacarpals of thumb B – ATP binding sites
89. Hinge C – Head
• DISORDERS D – Cross arm
90. Neuromuscular junction is myasthenia gravis
91. Progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle
92. Genetic disorder
DigaQ. 4 - Human skull G – Maxilla DigaQ. 7 - Right pectoral girdle and upper arm
A – Frontal bone H – Mandible A – Clavicle E – Ulna
B – Sphenoid bone I – Hyoid bone B – Scapula F – Carpals
C – Ethmoid bone J – Occipital condyle C – Humerus G – Metacarpals
D – Lacrimal bone K – Occipital bone D – Radius H – Phalanges
E – Nasal bone L – Temporal bone DigaQ. 8 - Right pelvic girdle and lower limb bones
F – Zygomatic bone M – Parietal bone A – Ilium G – Patella
DigaQ. 5 - Vertebral column B – Pubis H – Tibia
A – Cervical vertebra D – Intervertebral disc C – Ischium I – Fibula
B – Thoracic vertebra E – Sacrum D – Coxal bone J – Tarsals
C – Lumbar vertebra F – Coccyx E – Sacrum K – Metatarsals
DigaQ. 6 - Ribs and rib cage F – Femur L – Phalanges
A – Sternum X – True ribs
B – Ribs Y – False ribs
C – Vertebral column Z – Floating ribs
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BIOHACK NOTES
NEURAL
CONTROL AND
COORDINATION
DigaQ. 1
• NEURAL SYSTEM
A
1. Neural system is composed of "network of neurons" in - B
2. The 2 divisions of human neural system is -
C
3. The types of nerve fibers in PNS are -
D
4. The two division of PNS are -
5. Function of somatic and autonomic nervous system are -
6. ANS is divided into - E
7. Visceral nervous system is a part of -
8. It comprises of - (4) F
9. Multipolar neurons found in -
G
10. Bipolar neurons found in -
11. Unipolar found in - H
12. Psudounipolar found in -
I
13. In PNS, myelinated fibers are enveloped with _________ (NEET)
14. In CNS, myelinated fibers are enveloped with __________ J
15. Unmyelinated nerve fibers are not enclosed by schwann cell. T/F
16. At resting state, neuron is permeable to K⁺. T/F
17. Na⁺-K⁺ pump transport ___ Na⁺ out and ___ K⁺ in the cell.
18. Saltatory conduction cause fast/slow conduction.
19. Synaptic cleft may be absent in some cases. T/F
20. The 2 types of synapse are -
21. Electrical synapse is fast/slow than chemical synapse.
22. _______ synapses are rare in our systems.
23. The new potential developed by sending the neurotransmitter can be inhibitory. T/F
DigaQ. 3
B DigaQ. 2 A
C B
D
C
E D
A E G
F
H
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
24. Name the 3 cranial meninges from outside to inside.

25. Arachnoid is a thick layer. T/F
26. The 3 parts of brain are -
27. Forebrain consist of - (3)
28. The hemisphere are connected by tract of nerve
fibers called _______ (NEET)
29. The layer of cells which covers the cerebral hemisphere is called ___________
30. Cerebral cortex is white/grey matter. DigaQ. 4
31. The cerebral cortex is thrown into prominent folds. T/F A
32. The 3 areas found in cerebral cortex are - B
D
33. The 3 function of association area is -
34. The cerebrum wraps around _______
35. ______ is the major relay centre in the brain. X
36. Sensory and all motor signals of the brain must
pass through _______ E
F Y C
37. Body temp, urge of eating and drinking is
controlled by ________ (NEET) Z GH
38. Limbic system is formed by (6) - (NEET) I
J
39. _______ convert short term memory to long term memory.
40. Midbrain is located between - DigaQ. 5
41. A canal called _______ passes through midbrain. B C D
42. The ventral/dorsal portion of midbrain A
E
consist of 4 round swelling called _______
43. The hindbrain comprises (3) - X I H F
G
44. The medulla contains centres which Y
control (3) - (NEET)
45. _______ have a very convoluted surface.
46. ______ forms the connection between brain and spinal cord.
47. The 3 regions which made up the brainstem is -
• NOSE & TONGUE
48. Nose receptors are _____ coated and called ______

49. The 3 kinds of cells in olfactory receptors are -
50. _______ are extensions of the limbic system.
DigaQ. 6
51. Tongue have ______ receptor.
52. The 3 types of cell in taste receptors are - B
A
C
• EYE K
D
53. Eyes are located in sockets of the skull called ______ J L
E
54. The 3 layers of the wall of eyeball is - (NEET)
55. Sclera is composed of which type of connective tissue ? H F
56. The anterior portion of sclera is called ______ I G
57. The choroid looks _______ in colour.
58. The choroid is thick over anterior/posterior one-third/two-third of the eyeball.
59. Choroid anteriorly form -
60. Iris is a continuation of _______
61. Pigmented and opaque structure in eye is -
62. The lens is held in place by _______ attached to ________ (NEET)
63. Structure surrounded by iris is called _______
64. The 3 layers of cells of retina from inside to outside are -
65. The 2 types of photoreceptor cells are - (NEET)
66. The light sensitive proteins are called __________
67. Twilight vision is also called _______ vision.
68. Rod contains a purplish-red protein called ____ or ____ which contain a derivative of ____ (NEET)
69. The 3 types of cones are -
70. Optic nerve enters at a point medial/lateral to and slightly above/below the posterior pole of the eyeball.
71. _________ are not present in that region and hence it is called the ________ (NEET)
72. Lateral to blind spot, there is a yellowish pigmented spot called _____ with a central pit called _____
73. Visual acuity is maximum at - (NEET)
74. At fovea, both rods and cones are densely packed. T/F (NEET)
75. Space between cornea and lens is called _________ and between lens and retina is called ______
76. Aqueous humor is thicker than vitreous humor. T/F
77. Photopigments are composed of ______ and ______ (NEET)
78. Retinal is a aldehyde/ketone of vitamin A. (NEET)
79. Light cause change in the structure of opsin/retinal.
• EAR
DigaQ. 7
B
A C
80. Outer ear consist of (2) -
D
81. Fxn of pinna -
82. Wax secreting glands are present in the skin of E
______ and _______
83. The tympanic membrane is composed of _____ F
covered with _____ outside and with _____ inside.
84. The 3 ossicles are - G
85. Stapes is attached to the round window of cochlea. T/F J I
H
86. Ear ossicles function -
87. Eustachian tube connect _______ with _______
88. Labyrinth have 2 parts. Name them.
89. Bony labyrinth lies inside the membranous labyrinth. T/F
90. Membranous labyrinth is filled with _______ and surrounded by _______
91. The coiled portion of labyrinth is called _______ A DigaQ. 8
92. Scala media is filled with -
93. Scala vestibuli end at ____ window.
B G
94. Scala tympani end at _____ window.
95. Organ of corti is located on ____ membrane
which contains ___ cells which act as auditory receptor.
96. The apical/basal end of the hair cell is in contact C
with nerve fiber.
97. _____ are projected from apical part of hair cell.
98. Thick/thin elastic membrane called F
____ is present above hair cell. D E
99. Vestibular apparatus is composed of three _______ and _______
100. Otolith organs consist of (2) -
101. ______ is the sensory part of saccule and utricle.
102. The base of canal is swollen called _______
103. Ampulla contains a projecting ridge called _________
104. The projecting ridge of saccule and utricle is -
105. ______ and ______ have hair cells.
106. The crista maintains the dynamic/static balance of the body.
107. The otolith organ maintains the dynamic/static balance of the body.
108. Vestibular apparatus is important for (2) - (NEET)
109. The movement in the ______ membrane bend the hair cells, pressing them against the _________
NEURAL
CONTROL AND
COORDINATION
ANSWERS
• NEURAL SYSTEM 32. Sensory area, mortar area and association areas
1. Hydra 33. intersensory associations, memory and
2. CNS and PNS communication
3. Afferent and efferent 34. Thalamus
4. Somatic and autonomic 35. Thalamus
5. Somatic - relay impulses from CNS to skeletal 36. Thalamus
muscles, Autonomic - relays impulses from CNS to 37. Hypothalamus
involuntary organs 38. amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus,
6. Sympathetic and parasympathetic basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus
7. PNS 39. Hippocampus
8. whole complex of nerves, fibres, ganglia, and 40. thalamus/hypothalamus of the forebrain and
plexuses by which impulses travel from the central pons of the hindbrain
nervous system to the viscera 41. Cerebral aqueduct
9. Cerebral cortex 42. Dorsal, corpora quadrigemina
10. Retina 43. Pons, medulla and cerebellum
11. Embryonic stage 44. respiration, cardiovascular reflexes and gastric
12. Dorsal root gangila secretions
13. Schwann cell 45. Cerebellum
14. Oligodendrocytes 46. Medulla
15. F 47. Midbrain, pons and medulla
16. T • NOSE & TONGUE
17. 3 Na⁺, 2 K⁺ 48. Mucus, olfactory receptors
18. Fast 49. Olfactory receptor cell, supporting cell, basal cell
19. T 50. Olfactory bulb
20. Electrical and chemical 51. Gustatory receptors
21. Fast 52. Gustatory receptor cell, supporting cell, basal cell
22. Electrical • EYE
23. T 53. Orbits
• CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM 54. Sclera, choroid and retina
24. Duramater, arachnoid, piamater 55. Dense connective tissue
25. F 56. Cornea
26. Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain 57. Bluish
27. Cerebrum, thalamus and hypothalamus 58. Anterior one-third
28. Corpus callosum
29. Cerebral cortex
30. Grey
31. T
59. Ciliary body 93. Oval window
60. Ciliary body 94. Round window
61. Iris 95. Basilar, hair
62. Ligaments, ciliary body 96. Basal
63. Pupil 97. Stencila
64. ganglion cells, bipolar cells and photoreceptor 98. Thin, tectorial membrane
cells 99. Semi-circular, otolith
65. Rod and cones 100. Saccule and utricle
66. Photopigments 101. Macula
67. Scotopic 102. Ampulla
68. Rhodopsin or visual purple, vitamin A 103. Crista ampullaris
69. Blue, green and red cones 104. Macula
70. Medial, slightly above 105. Crista ampullaris and macula
71. Photoreceptor cells, blind spot 106. Dynamic
72. Macula lutea, fovea 107. Static
73. Fovea 108. Maintenance of balance and posture of body
74. F 109. Basilar, tectorial membrane
75. Aqueous chamber, vitreous chamber • DigaQs
76. F DigaQ. 1 - Structure of a neuron
77. Opsin and retinal A – Dendrites F – Axon
78. Aldehyde B – Nissl's granules G – Myelin sheath
79. Opsin C – Cell body H – Node of Ranvier
• EAR D – Nucleus I – Axon terminal
80. Pinna and external auditory meatus E – Schwann cell J – Synaptic knob
81. Collect the vibrations present in the air DigaQ. 2 – Potential changes of nerve impulse
82. Pinna and meatus A – Threshold D – Repolarization
83. Connective tissue, skin, mucous membrane B – Depolarization E – Hyperpolarization
84. Mallus, incus, stapes C – Reverse of polarization F – Resting potential
85. F DigaQ. 3 - Axon terminal and synapse
86. Amplify the sound A – Axon E – Synaptic cleft
87. Middle ear with pharynx B – Axon terminal F – Post-synaptic
88. Bony and membranous labyrinth C – Synaptic vesicles membrane
89. F D – Pre-synaptic G – Synapse
90. Endolymph, perilymph membrane H – Receptors
91. Cochlea
92. Endolymph
DigaQ. 4 - Sagittal section of the human brain DigaQ. 6 - Parts of an eye
A – Cerebral hemisphere A – Aqueous chamber G – Sclera
B – Corpus callosum H – Cerebellum B – Vitreous chamber H – Retina
C – Cerebral aqueduct I – Medulla C – Fovea I – Ciliary body
D – Cerebrum J – Spinal cord D – Blind spot J – Cornea
E – Thalamus X – Midbrain E – Optic nerve K – Lens
F – Hypothalaus Y – Hindbrain F – Choroid L – Iris
G – Pons Z – Forebrain DigaQ. 7 - Ear
DigaQ. 5 - Reflex action (knee jerk reflex) A – Pinna F – Cochlear nerve
A – Muscle spindle (receptor) B – Temporal bone G – Cochlea
B – Afferent pathway C – Malleus H – Eustachian tube
C – Dorsal root ganglion D – Incus I – Tympanic membrane
D – White matter E – Stapes J – External auditory canal
E – Gray matter DigaQ. 8 - Sectional view of cochlea
F – Interneuron A – Reissner's membrane
G – Motor neuron B – Scala media
H – Efferent pathway C – Organ of corti
I – Motor end plate (effector) D – Basilar membrane
X – Stimulus E – Scala tympani
Y – Response F – Tectorial membrane
G – Scala vestibuli

CONTENT FOR YOU!
BIOHACK NOTES
CHEMICAL
CONTROL AND
INTEGRATION
DigaQ. 1
• INTRODUCTION
A I
1. Define hormones. (NEET)
B
2. Liver don't produce hormones. T/F (NEET)
H
• HYPOTHALAMUS
G
3. Somatostatin is released from hypothalamus. T/F
4. Hypothalamic hormones reach the pituitary gland F
through _______ (NEET) E
5. ______ is under direct neural regulation of hypothalamus. (NEET)
6. _____ is called master of master gland.
7. Hormones released from hypothalamus are - (9)
C D
• PITUITARY GLAND
DigaQ. 2 A
8. Pituitary gland is located in a body cavity called ________
9. Pituitary gland is divided into (2) - (NEET) B
10. Adenohypophysis is divided into - (2)
11. Pars distalis secrete - (6) (NEET)
12. MSH is secreted by _________ (NEET)
13. In humans, pars intermedia is well separated from
pars distalis. T/F
14. Neurohypophysis is also called ______ store _____ C
and ______ hormones. (NEET)
15. Oversecretion of GH cause _______
16. Low secretion of GH cause _______ D
17. Excess GH secretion in ______ cause acromegaly.
18. Acromegaly can cause premature death. T/F E
19. _______ regulate growth of mammary glands and formation of milk in them. (NEET)
20. ACTH stimulates secretion of adrenaline. T/F
21. LH fxn in males is - (NEET)
22. _______ and ______ regulate spermatogenesis.
23. LH fxn in female - (2)
24. FSH fxn in female -
25. MSH act on _______
26. Oxytocin acts on smooth muscles of our body and causes relaxation. T/F (NEET)
27. Fxns of oxytocin (2) - (NEET)
28. Fxn of vasopressin - (NEET)
29. Deficiency of ADH cause - (NEET)
• PINEAL GLAND
30. It is located on the ventral/dorsal side of forebrain. (NEET)

31. Pineal gland secrete a hormone called ______ (NEET)
32. Melatonin function is -
33. Melatonin maintains normal rhythms of body temperature. T/F
34. Melatonin also influence (4) -
• THYROID GLAND
35. The thyroid lobes are connected by - DigaQ. 3

36. Thyroid gland is composed of (2) -
37. T4 other 2 names are - (2)
A
38. _______ is essential for normal rate of
hormone synthesis on the thyroid.
39. Hypothyroidism cause enlargement of thyroid
gland, commonly called - (NEET) B X
40. Hypothyroidism during pregnancy can C
cause ______ in a child. (NEET)
41. Symptoms of cretinism are - (5) (NEET)
42. In adult women, _______ can cause the menstrual cycle to become irregular.
43. Exophthalmic goitre is also called _______ and is characterised by (4) - (NEET)
44. Grave disease is a type of hypo/hyperthyroidism.
45. Thyroid hormones functions are (7) -
46. ______ secreted by thyroid gland regulate blood calcium levels.
47. TCT is a peptide hormone. T/F
• PARATHYROID GLAND
48. Humans have ___ no. of parathyroid gland.

49. PTH is a peptide/protein hormone. (NEET)
50. PTH decreases blood calcium levels. T/F (NEET)
51. Name the 3 targets of PTH and action on them.
• THYMUS
52. Thymus is located above sternum. T/F

53. Exact thymus location is -
54. Thymus release a peptide/protein hormone called ________ (NEET)
55. Thymosins plays a major role in ________ (NEET)
56. Thymosin have no role in production of antibodies. T/F
57. Thymus is degenerated in old individuals. T/F (NEET)
DigaQ. 4
• ADRENAL GLAND A C
58. Adrenal glands are present in the posterior

part of the kidney. T/F
59. Underproduction of hormones by adrenal
cortex cause ________
60. Symptoms of Addison disease is (3) -
61. Catecholamines include (2) - (NEET)
62. Effects of catecholamines are - (4) B D
63. Functions of catecholamines are - (6)
64. The 3 layers of adrenal cortex are (from outer to inner) -
65. Name the hormones which each of the layers secretes -
66. Cortisol functions are (9) - (NEET)
67. Aldosterone function is reabsorption of ____ and ____ & excretion of ____ and _____
68. Aldosterone fxn is (4) -
69. Androgens from zona _______ functions are (3) -
• PANCREAS
70. Endocrine pancreas consists of __________

71. About __-__ million of Islets of Langerhans are present in a normal human pancrea, which represent
only __-__ % of pancreatic tissue.
72. Two types of cells in Islets of Langerhans are -
73. Glucagon is a peptide/protein hormone.
74. Glucagon act on ______ and stimulate - (2) (NEET)
75. Insulin is a peptide/protein hormone.
76. Insulin act on _______ and _______ (NEET)
77. Glycogenesis is stimulated by -
78. Harmful compounds like _______ form in diabetes mellitus.
• TESTIS
79. Testis dual functions are -

80. Testis is composed of ______ and ______
81. Leydig cells are also called ______ cells.
82. ______ help in muscular growth.
83. Major stimulatory role in the process of spermatogenesis is played by -
84. Androgen has a catabolic effect on protein and carbohydrate. T/F
85. Androgen doesn't influence libido. T/F
• OVARY
86. Ovary produces two hormones, namely -

87. Ovary is composed of - (2)
88. The estrogen is synthesised mainly by growing follicles. T/F
89. Corpus luteum secrete ________ (NEET)
90. ______ supports pregnancy.
91. Progesterone functions (3)
• HORMONES OF OTHER ORGANS
92. Heart secrete _____ which increase/decrease BP. (NEET)

93. ANF cause __________
94. ____ cells of kidney produce a protein/peptide hormone called ____ which stimulate RBC production.
95. GIT 4 main peptide/protein hormones are -
96. First discovered hormone was -
97. Gastrin act on ______ and stimulate secretion of -
98. Secretin act on _____ and stimulate secretion of -
99. CCK act on ______ and ______ and stimulate secretion of -
100. GIP act on _____ and fxn -
101. Several other non-endocrine tissues secrete hormones called _______
102. ______ are essential for repairing tissue.
103. Name all the hormones that help in erythropoiesis (4) -
• MECHANISM OF HORMONE ACTION
104. Steroids hormones ex are - (4) (NEET)

105. Epinephrine is _________ derivative. (NEET)
106. Iodothyronine crosses the membrane easily. T/F
107. Secondary messengers ex (3) -
108. IP₃ full form is –
CHEMICAL
CONTROL AND
INTEGRATION
ANSWERS
• INTRODUCTION 27. stimulates vigorous contraction of uterus at the
1. Hormones are non-nutrient chemicals which act as time of child birth, milk ejection from the mammary
intercellular messengers and are produced in trace gland.
amounts. 28. Stimulate reabsorption of water and electrolyte
2. False at DCT
• HYPOTHALAMUS 29. Diabetes insipidus
3. True • PINEAL GLAND
4. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system 30. Dorsal
5. Posterior pituitary 31. Melatonin
6. Hypothalamus 32. regulation of a 24-hour (diurnal) rhythm of our
7. TRH, GHRH, GHIH, GnRH, PRH, PIH, CRH, MRH, body
MIH 33. T
• PITUITARY GLAND 34. metabolism, pigmentation, menstrual cycle,
8. Sella tursica defense capability
9. Adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis • THYROID GLAND
10. Pars distalis and pars intermedia 35. Isthumus
11. LH, FSH, PRL, ACTH, GH, TSH 36. follicles and stromal tissues
12. Pars intermedia 37. tetraiodothyronine, thyroxine
13. F 38. Iodine
14. Pars nervosa, oxytocin and vasopressin 39. Goitre
15. GIgantism 40. Cretinism
16. Dwarfism 41. mental retardation, low intelligence quotient,
17. Adults abnormal skin, deaf-mutism, stunted growth
18. T 42. Hypothyroidism
19. Prolactin 43. Graves disease, characteristics - enlargement of
20. False thyroid gland, protrusion of eyeball, increased BMR,
21. stimulates the synthesis and secretion of weight loss
hormones called androgens 44. Hyperthyroidism
22. FSH and androgens 45. Regulation of BMR, red blood cell formation,
23. induces ovulation of graafian follicles and metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats,
maintains the corpus luteum Maintenance of water and electrolyte balance
24. stimulates growth and development of the 46. TCT
ovarian follicles 47. F
25. Melanocytes
26. False, it cause contraction
• PARATHYROID GLAND 66. Gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, proteolysis, inhibit
48. 4 cellular uptake and utilisation of amino acids.
49. Peptide maintaining the cardio-vascular system and kidney
50. F functions, anti-inflammatory reactions, suppresses
51. 3 targets - Kidney, intestine, bones | Work - immune response, stimulates RBC production
stimulates reabsorption of Ca from renal tubules, 67. Na⁺ and water, K⁺ and phosphate
increased Ca absorption from intestines and 68. Maintenance of electrolytes, body fluid volume,
stimulate bone resorption osmotic pressure and blood pressure
• THYMUS 69. Reticularis, fxns - growth of axial hair, pubic
52. False hair and facial hair
53. located between lungs behind sternum on the • PANCREAS
ventral side of aorta 70. Islets of Langerhans
54. Peptide, thymosins 71. 1-2, 1-2
55. differentiation of T-lymphocytes 72. Alpha and beta cell
56. F 73. Peptide
57. T 74. Hepatocytes, stimulate glycogenolysis and
• ADRENAL GLAND gluconeogenesis
58. F 75. Peptide
59. Addison disease 76. Hepatocytes and adipocytes
60. Low blood sugar, low plasma Na+, high plasma 77. Insulin
K+, weakness, fatigue 78. Ketone
61. Adrenaline and nor-adrenaline • TESTIS
62. increase alertness, pupillary dilation, piloerection 79. As primary sex organ and as endocrine gland
(raising of hairs), sweating 80. seminiferous tubules and Leydig cells
63. Increase heart beat, the strength of heart 81. Interstitial tissue
contraction and the rate of respiration, stimulate 82. Androgens
breakdown of glycogen, protein and lipids 83. Androgens
64. Zona glomerulosa, zona fasciculata, zona 84. F
reticularis (Trick to Remember - GFR - 85. F
glomerulosa,fasciculata,reticularis) • OVARY
65. Mineralocorticoid - eg. Aldosterone, 86. Estrogen and progesterone
Glucocorticoid - eg. Cortisol, Cortisone, 87. Ovarian follicles and stromal tissues
corticosterone, Sex corticoid - eg. Androstenedione, 88. T
dehydroepiandrosterone and
estrogens (from outer to inner)
89. Progesterone 105. Amino-acid
90. Progesterone 106. T
91. supports pregnancy, stimulates the formation of 107. AMP, IP₃, Ca⁺⁺
alveoli (sac-like structures which store milk), milk 108. Inositol Triphosphate
secretion • DigaQs
• HORMONES OF OTHER ORGANS DigaQ. 1 - Location of endocrine glands
92. ANF, decrease A – Hypothalamus F – Pancreas
93. Vasodilation B – Pituitary G – Thymus
94. JG, peptide, erythropoietin C – Ovary (in female) H – Thyroid and
95. Peptide, gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK) D – Testis (in male) Parathyroid
and gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) E – Adrenal I - Pineal
96. Secretin DigaQ. 2 - Pituitary and its relationship with
97. Gastric glands, HCl and pepsinogen hypothalamus C – Portal circulation
98. exocrine pancreas, water and bicarbonate ions A – Hypothalamus D – Posterior pituitary
99. pancreas and gall bladder, pancreatic enzymes B – Hypothalamic neurons E – Anterior pituitary
and bile juice, respectively DigaQ. 3 - Thyroid and Parathyroid
100. Stomach, inhibits gastric secretion and motility A – Vocal cord C – Trachea
101. Growth factors B – Thyroid X – Parathyroid gland
102. Growth factors DigaQ. 4 - Adrenal gland above kidney
103. Cortisol, testosterone, thyroxine, erythropoetin A – Adrenal gland
• MECHANISM OF HORMONE B – Kidney
ACTION C – Adrenal cortex
104. cortisol, testosterone, estradiol & progesterone D – Adrenal medulla

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BIOHACK NOTES

1) ______ was the earliest to attempt a scientific basis of classification.

15) _______ are the sole members of kingdom monera.

50) All ________ are placed under Protista. (NEET)

100) Fungi are cosmopolitan. T/F

• KINGDOM PLANTAE AND ANIMALIA

157) Ex of insectivorous plant (2).

• VIRUSES, VIROIDS, PRIONS AND LICHENS

161) In the Whittaker classification, he didn't include ________ organisms.

• MONERA 23. Same as 22 and also absence of peptidoglycan

DigaQ. 3 - A dividing bacterium DigaQ. 6

FRIEND: TERE BIO MAI 360/360

SCAN AND DONATE US SO THAT WE

1) Whittaker proposed 5 kingdom classification in year ______

16) Algae are ___________ in structure.

36) Identify the diagram and also identify the labelling A, B.

87) Are called _________ of plant kingdom.

120) Pteridophyta include ______ & _______

142) "Gymnosperms" means _________

171) Identify the diagram and labellings.

172) Smallest plant in the world –

• LIFE CYCLE AND ALTERNATION OF GENERATION

181) Haplontic life cycle ex (3)

• BRYOPHYTES 89) False

P.S. - I am general, this is just for mnemonic.

SCAN AND DONATE US SO THAT WE

• MOLLUSCA • ECHINODERMATA • HEMICHORDATA

108. Chordates are classified by having (5) (NEET 2017) D

PHYLUM COELENTERATA (CNIDARIA):

PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES/ NEMATODA:

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• Based on active recall and spaced repetition

20. Stem develop from _______

35. Leaf develops at a _____ and bears a _____ in its axil.

• FRUIT, SEED AND SEED STRUCTURE

107. Fruit without fertilization called ________

• SOME IMPORTANT NCERT FAMILIES

• VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS (COMPARING NCERT FAMILIES)

• FLORAL CHARACTER ECONOMIC IMP. (COMPARING FAMILIES)

FRIEND: TERE BIO MAI 360/360

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• Based on active recall and spaced repetition

04. Specialised regions of active cell division are called

26. 4 elements of xylem –

• THE TISSUE SYSTEM

• ANATOMY OF DICTOYLENDONOUS &

139. In root, vascular cambium is completely 2* in origion.T/F D

• Different stages of the secondary growth in a typical dicot root

16) Spherical, oval, round, polygonal or elongated

SCAN AND DONATE US SO THAT WE

• MUSCLE & NEURAL TISSUE

DigaQ. 7 X DigaQ. 7 Y DigaQ. 7 Z

47. Skeletal muscles also called _______ or _______

STRATEGY YOUTUBERS ARE

SCAN AND DONATE US SO THAT WE

• Based on active recall and spaced repetition

1) Cockroaches are _____ or _____ in colour.

NEET ASPIRANTS AFTER

SCAN AND DONATE US SO THAT WE

1) The physico-chemical approach to study and understand living organism is ______

• NUCLEUS & MICROBODIES A

STUDENT GET BIOHACKS BUT

SCAN AND DONATE US SO THAT WE

120) Pteridophyta include & _

35. Leaf develops at a _ and bears a _ in its axil.

47. Skeletal muscles also called _ or _

1) Cockroaches are _ or _ in colour.

90. Autoimmune disorder affecting _ is __ (NEET)

48. Nose receptors are _ coated and called __