CHEMHACK Inorganic E-Book (XI + XII)_4771033_2022_07_22_11_19

2nd Edition
CHEMHACK
Inorganic (XI + XII)
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A LETTER FROM THE AUTHOR
Hi,
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FEATURES OF THE CHEMHACK BOOK
1) All Imp. points of NCERT Covered - All the important facts and diagrams of
NCERT are covered. Only theory not important from an exam point of view is
omitted.
2) Mnemonics : Funny mnemonics and short tricks added wherever needed
3) DigaQs : These questions will make your diagram practice super-duper!
Chemhack contains all important molecular structures.
4) Essence of Chemhack (Active Recall) : Instead of reading NCERT theory
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5) PYQs highlighted by mentioning (NEET) and (JEE) beside them
6) Internal linking in PDF so that you can easily switch between answers and
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How to Use ?
You can use this book forrevision (that too in an active recall manner,
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Contents
CHEMHACK
Inorganic (XI + XII)
Chapters Page no.
1. Classification of Elements and 1
Periodicity in Properties
2. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 3
3. Hydrogen 6
4. The s-Block Elements 13-25
4.1 Group 1 13
4.2 Group 2 19
5. The p-Block Elements 26-63
5.1 Group 13 26
5.2 Group 14 31
5.3 Group 15 38
5.4 Group 16 48
5.5 Group 17 54
5.6 Group 18 61
6. General Principles & Processes of Isolation 64
of Elements
7. The d-Block Elements 71
8. The f-Block Elements 78
9. Coordination Compounds 81
Chapter 1
CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS AND
PERIODICITY IN PROPERTIES
1. Who gave the law of triads ?
2. Law of octaves was given by -
3. Mendeleev Periodic Law was -
4. A plot of ___ vs atomic number gave a straight line. (JEE)
5. The elements with atomic no. 117 and 119 will be named as - (NEET)
6. The compounds of s block with the exception of ___ and ___ are predominantly ionic.
7. Reactivity always decrease down the group. T/F (JEE)
8. In case of alkali metals, reactivity increase/decrease down the group.
9. In case of halogens, reactivity increase/decrease down the group.
10. First I.E, trend of the elements of 2nd period is - (NEET)
11. Across the period, increasing shielding outweighs nuclear charge. T/F
12. _____ assigned an arbitrary electronegativity value of ___ to F.
13. The electronegativity of any given element is not constant. T/F
14. Electronegativity varies depending on the element it is bound. T/F
15. Electronegativity decreases from left to right. T/F
16. The anomalous behavior of the second period element is attributed to - (3)
17. The chemical reactivity of an element can be best shown by its reaction with _____ and _____
18. Amphoteric oxides ex - (2) (NEET) (JEE)
19. Neutral oxides ex - (3) (NEET)
ANSWERS
2 CHEMHACK
ANSWERS
1. Doberiener 11. F
2. Newlands 12. Pauling, 4
3. The properties of the elements are periodic 13. T
function of their atomic weights. 14. T
√
4. v (v is the frequency of X-ray emitted) 15. F
5. Ununseptium and Ununennium 16. Small size, large charge/radius ratio, high
6. Li and Be electronegativity
7. F 17. Oxygen and halogen
8. Increase 18. Al₂O₃, As₂O₃, ZnO, SnO₂
9. Decrease 19. CO, NO, N₂O
10. Li < B < Be < C < O < N < F < Ne
QUESTIONS
Chapter 2
CHEMICAL BONDING AND
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE
INTRODUCTION
1. In general, the highest/lowest electronegative element occupies the central position.

2. Formal charge (F.C.) charge formula is -
3. Formal charge indicates real charge separation within the molecule. T/F
4. Generally the lowest energy structure is the one with the highest/smallest formal charge.
5. Difference between Van der wall and covalent radius is -
6. Bond angle of water is - (JEE 2021)
7. Isoelectronic molecules have identical bond orders. T/F
8. In resonance, the molecule exists for a certain fraction of time in one canonical form and for other fractions
of time in other canonical forms. T/F
9. Dipole moment = A × B. Tell A and B.
10. 1 D = _______ Cm
11. In chemistry, the dipole moment direction is from +ve to −ve. T/F
12. The smaller the size of cation, greater will be the covalent character. T/F
13. The larger the size of anion, smaller will be the covalent character. T/F
14. The greater charge on cation means greater covalent character. T/F
15. Transition metals are more polarising than alkali and alkaline earth metals. T/F
16. Greater the polarizability of anion, lesser the covalent character. T/F
VSEPR
17. lp-lp repulsion is less than lp-bp repulsion. T/F (NEET)
18. Ex. of molecules with T-shape -
19. BrF₅ shape is -
20. Bond angle in NH₃ is-
21. SF₄ most stable shape is -
22. Most stable structure of ClF₃ is ____ shaped.
HYBRIDISATION
23. Extent of p-p overlapping is more than s-s overlapping. T/F

24. Angle in sp² hybridisation - (NEET)
ANSWERS
4 CHEMHACK
25. Angle is sp³ hybridisation - (NEET)

26. The energies of 3p and 4s are comparable. T/F
27. Hybridisation in [Ni(CN)₄]²⁻ -
28. Hybridisation in SF₆ -
29. Hybridisation in BrF₅ -
30. Hybridisation in [CrF₆]³⁻ -
31. Axial bond pairs suffer more repulsive interaction from the equatorial bond pairs. T/F
MOT & HYDROGEN BONDING
32. Energy of σ2pz molecular orbital is higher than that of π2px and π2py molecular orbitals in C₂. T/F
33. C₂ exists. T/F
34. Bond order of C₂ -
35. In C₂, one bond is sigma, and the other is pie. T/F
36. Bond order of Li₂ -
37. 2s-2p mixing is present in -
38. 2s-2p mixing is absent in -
39. B₂, C₂, N₂ order of e⁻ filling is - (NEET)
40. O₂, F₂, Ne₂ order of e⁻ filling is - (NEET)
41. Hydrogen bonding is seen between H and - (3)
42. H bonding is maximum in the solid state and minimum in the gaseous state. T/F
43. Intramolecular H bonding is seen in -
44. B₂ is diamagnetic/paramagnetic. T/F
ANSWERS
CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 5
ANSWERS
• INTRODUCTION 21. See-saw
1. Lowest 22. T-shaped
2. total number of valence electrons in the free atom • HYBRIDISATION
- total number of non bonding (lone pair) electrons 23. T
- (1/2) total number of bonding(shared) electrons 24. 120°
3. F 25. 109.5°
4. Smallest 26. F
5. Covalent radius is the radius of an atom’s core 27. dsp²
which is in contact with the core of an adjacent atom 28. sp³d²
in a bonded situation. van der Waals radius 29. sp³d²
represents the overall size of the atom which includes 30. d²sp³
its valence shell in a nonbonded situation 31. T
6. 104.5° • MOT
7. T 32. T
8. F 33. T
9. Charge x distance 34. 2
10. 3.33564 × 10⁻³⁰ Cm 35. F, both the bonds are pie bonds
11. T 36. 1
12. T 37. B₂, C₂, N₂
13. F 38. O₂, F₂, Ne₂
14. T 39. σ1s < σ*1s < σ2s < σ*2s < (π2px = π2py)
15. T < σ2pz < (π*2px = π*2py ) < σ*2pz
16. F 40. σ1s < σ*1s < σ2s < σ*2s < σ2pz < (π 2px =
• VSEPR π2py ) < (π*2px= π*2py) < σ*2pz
17. F 41. F, O, N
18. ClF₃ 42. T
19. Square pyramidal 43. ortho-nitrophenol
20. 107° 44. paramagnetic
QUESTIONS 1 QUESTIONS 2
Chapter 3
HYDROGEN
DIHYDROGEN
1. In terms of I.E., H resembles more to alkali metals/halogens.

2. Most abundant element in the universe - (JEE 2021)
3. Isotopes of hydrogen are - (JEE)
4. ____ isotope among the 3 is radioactive and emits ____ particles. (NEET 2021) (JEE 2021)
5. The isotopes have a different enthalpy of bond dissociation. T/F
6. High purity H₂ is obtained by -
7. Water gas is produced by - (2) (NEET)
8. What is syngas? (NEET)
9. The process of production of ‘syngas’ from coal is called -
Diga Q1. Label the diagram
10. Tell "water gas shift" reaction - (JEE)
11. CO₂ in the above reaction is removed by -
12. H₂ is prepared in the laboratory by - (2)
13. H₂ is prepared commercially by - (4) A
14. H₂ + Pd²⁺ → B C
15. H₂ + MₓOᵧ → D
16. Hydrogenation of vegetable oil use ____ as a catalyst. (JEE 2021)
17. Ex of hydrogenated oils - (2)
18. H₂ + CO + RCH=CH₂ →
19. H₂ + RCH₂CH₂CHO →
20. Largest single use of H₂ is -
21. CO + H₂ (in presence of Cobalt catalyst)→
HYDRIDE
22. The hydrides are classified into - (3)

23. ____ and ____ hydrides are polymeric.
24. The ionic hydrides are non-conducting (in solid state). T/F
25. NaH + H₂O → (JEE)
26. Why is LiH used in the synthesis of other useful compounds ?
27. LiH + Al₂Cl₆→
28. LiH + B₂H₆ →
29. Covalent hydrides are further divided into - (3). Give one example of each type. (NEET)
ANSWERS 1
HYDROGEN 7
30. The metals of which groups in the periodic table do not form hydrides ?
31. In grp 6, only ___ form hydride with formula -
32. Metallic hydrides conduct heat and electricity though not as efficiently as their parent metals do. T/F
33. Can P form PH₅ ?
WATER
34. Bond angle in water is -

35. O-H bond length in H₂O is -
36. Density of ice is less than that of water. T/F
37. Water has its maximum density at ___ °C.
38. In ice, each oxygen atom is surrounded tetrahedrally/octahedrally by 4 oxygen atoms at a distance of ___ pm.
39. P₄O₁₀ + H₂O →
40. SiCl₄ + H₂O →
41. N³⁻ + H₂O →
42. Ex. of hydrates with coordinated water -
43. Ex. of hydrates with interstitial water -
44. Ex. of hydrates with hydrogen-bonded water -
45. How many H-bonded waters are associated with CuSO₄.5H₂O? (NEET) (JEE 2021)
46. Hard water contains ___ and ___ salts. (NEET) (JEE)
47. Hard water form _____ with soap.
48. Temporary hardness of water is due to the presence of -
49. Temporary hardness is removed by - (2) (NEET)
50. Boiling convert Mg(HCO₃)₂ to -
51. Boiling convert Ca(HCO₃)₂ to -
52. Calculated amount of ______ is added in Clark's method.
53. Permanent hardness of water is due to the presence of -
54. Permanent hardness is removed by - (4)
55. MCl₂ + Na₂CO₃ →
56. Calgon formula is -
57. Calgon removes hardness by 2 reactions. Write them. (JEE 2021)
58. Ion exchange method use ______, a compound of silicon.
59. Zeolites are also called -
ANSWERS 1 ANSWERS 2
8 CHEMHACK
60. Zeolites are _____________
61. Zeolites are regenerated by -
62. Cation exchange resins contain - (JEE 2021)
63. Ion exchange resin (RSO₃H) is changed to _____ by treating with _____
64. RNa + M²⁺ →
65. Resin can be regenerated by adding -
66. How to obtain pure demineralized water?
67. RH + M²⁺ →
68. RNH₂ + H₂O →
69. RNH₃ + OH⁻ + X⁻ ⇌
HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
70. It has a planar/non-planar structure.

71. Preparation methods - (3)
→
72. BaO₂.8H₂O + H₂SO₄
73. K₂S₂O₈ + D₂O →
→
74. 2-ethylanthraquinol A + B in the presence of O₂ and H₂/Pd. Identify A and B.
75. On careful distillation under low/high pressure, H₂O₂ can be conc. to 85%.
76. A ___% solution of H₂O₂ is marketed as “____” volume H₂O₂.
77. 1 ml of 60% H₂O₂ will give ____ ml of O₂ at STP.
78. Calculate the strength of 10 volume solution of hydrogen peroxide
79. Dihedral angle of H₂O₂ is smaller in solid/gas phase.
80. H₂O₂ act only as an oxidising agent. T/F (JEE 2021)
81. ___ is oxidised by H₂O₂ in both acidic and basic medium.
Diga Q2. Label the diagram
82. ___ is reduced by H₂O₂ in both acidic and basic medium.
83. In acidic medium, MnO⁴⁻ + H⁺ + H₂O₂ →
84. In acidic medium, HOCl + H₂O₂→
→
85. In acidic medium, PbS + H₂O₂ (JEE 2021)
A
B C
→
86. In basic medium, Mn²⁺ + H₂O₂ (JEE 2021) D
→
87. In basic medium, I₂ + H₂O₂ + OH⁻ (JEE 2021)
88. In basic medium, MnO⁴⁻ + H₂O₂ →
89. H₂O₂ is stored in wax-lined glass or plastic vessels in dark. T/F (JEE)
90. Uses of H₂O₂ - (5)
91. H₂O₂ as sold in the market as an antiseptic with the name _______
ANSWERS 2
HYDROGEN 9
HEAVY WATER & DIHYDROGEN AS A FUEL
92. D₂O is used as - (2) (NEET) (JEE)

93. CaC₂ + D₂O →
94. SO₃ + D₂O →
95. Al₄C₃ + D₂O→
96. Dielectric constant of D₂O is more than H₂O. T/F (JEE 2021)
97. Enthalpy of formation of D₂O is more than H₂O. T/F
98. Tanks of which alloys are used for storage of dihydrogen ? (3)
ANSWERS 3
10 CHEMHACK
ANSWERS
DIHYDROGEN 19. RCH₂CH₂CH₂OH
1. Halogens 20. Synthesis of NH₃
2. Hydrogen 21. CH₃OH
3. Protium, deuterium, tritium HYDRIDES
4. Tritium, β⁻ 22. I. Ionic or saline or salt-like hydrides
5. T II. Covalent or molecular hydrides
6. Electrolysing warm aqueous Ba(OH)₂ between Ni III. Metallic or non-stoichiometric hydrides
electrodes 23. BeH₂ and MgH₂
→
7. CH₄ + H₂O CO + H₂ [Temp - 1270 K, 24. T
Catalyst - Ni] 25. NaOH + H₂ (pure hydrogen)
8. CO + H₂, also called synthetic gas or water gas 26. It is rather unreactive at moderate temp with
9. Coal gasification O₂ or Cl₂
→
10. CO + H₂O CO₂ + H₂, [Catalyst - Iron 27. LiAlH₄ + LiCl
Chromate, Temp - 673K] 28. LiBH₄
11. Scrubbing with sodium arsenite solution 29. (i) electron-deficient, Ex - BH₃
12. I. By the reaction of granulated zinc with dil. HCl (ii) electron-precise Ex - CH₄
→
[Zn + H⁺ Zn²⁺ + H₂] (iii) electron-rich hydrides Ex - NH₃
II. By reaction of zinc with aqueous alkali 30. Group 7, 8, 9
→
[Zn + NaOH Na₂ZnO₂ + H₂] 31. Cr, CrH
13. I. electrolysis of acidified water using platinum 32. T
electrodes 33. No, as atomisation and electron gain enthalpy of
II. electrolysing warm aqueous Ba(OH)₂ between H is too high and condition is unfavourable
Ni electrode [high purity H₂]
III. electrolysis of brine [byproduct in the WATER
manufacture of NaOH and Cl] 34. 104.5°
IV. rxn of steam on hydrocarbon in high temp. 35. 95.7 pm
14. Pd + H⁺ 36. T
15. M + H₂O 37. 4
16. Ni 38. Tetrahedrally, 276
17. Vanaspati ghee or margarine 39. H₃PO₄
18. RCH₂CH₂CHO 40. SiO₂ + HCl
HYDROGEN 11
41. NH₃ + OH⁻ HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
42. [Cr(H₂O)6]³⁺ 3Cl⁻ 70. Non - Planar
43. BaCl₂.2H₂O 71. I. acidifying BaO₂
44. [Cu(H₂O)4]²⁺[SO4]²⁻.H₂O in CuSO₄.5H₂O II. hydrolysis of peroxodisulphate
45. 1 III. industrially prepared by auto-oxidation of
46. Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ 2-alklylanthraquinols
47. Scum 72. BaSO₄ + H₂O₂ + H₂O
48. Mg(HCO₃)₂ & Ca(HCO₃)₂
73. KDSO₄ + D₂O₂
49. Boiling and Clark’s Method
74. H₂O + 2-ethylanthraquinone (oxidised product)
50. Insoluble Mg(OH)₂
75. Low
51. Insouble CaCO₃
76. 30%, 100
52. Lime
77. 200 ml
53. MgSO₄, CaSO₄, MgCl₂ and CaCl₂
78. 3% H₂O₂
54. I. Treating with washing soda
II. Calgon’s method 79. Solid phase
III. Ion-exchange method 80. F
IV. Synthetic resins method 81. Fe²⁺
55. MCO₃ + NaCl 82. MnO₄⁻
56. Na₆P₆O₁₈ 83. Mn²⁺ + O₂
→
57. I. Na₆P₆O₁₈ Na⁺ + (Na₄P₆O₁₈)²⁻ 84. Cl⁻ + H₃O⁺
→
II. M²⁺ + (Na₄P₆O₁₈)²⁻ [Na₂MP₆O₁₈]²⁻ + Na⁺ 85. PbSO₄
58. Zeolite 86. Mn⁴⁺
59. Permutit 87. I⁻ + H₂O + O₂
60. Hydrated sodium aluminium silicate 88. MnO₂ + O₂ + H₂O
61. Further treating with aq. NaCl solution 89. T. Urea can be added as a stabiliser. It is kept away
62. RSO₃H from dust because dust can induce explosive
63. RNa, NaCl decomposition of the compound.
64. R₂M + Na⁺ 90. Uses of H₂O₂
65. aq. NaCl solution I. mild disinfectant and antiseptic
66. By passing successively through as cationic II. used in manufacture of sodium perborate and per-
exchanger and then an anionic exchanger carbonate which are used in detergents
67. MR₂ + H⁺ III. synthesis of hydroquinone
68. RNH₃ + OH⁻
69. RNH₃ + X⁻ + OH⁻
12 CHEMHACK
IV. employed as a bleaching agent DIGAQ

V. Used in Environmental chemistry Diga Q1. Structure of H₂O₂ in the gaseous state
91. Perhydrol A. 95.0 pm
HEAVY WATER & DIHYDROGEN B. 147.5 pm
AS A FUEL C. 111.5°
92. I. moderator in nuclear reactors D. 94.8°
II. study of chemical reactions Diga Q2. Structure of H₂O₂ in the solid-state
93. C₂D₂ + Ca(OD)₂ A. 98.8 pm
94. D₂SO₄ B. 145.8 pm
95. CD₄ + Al(OD)₃ C. 90.2°
96. F D. 101.9°
97. T
98. NaNi₅, Ti-TiH₂, Mg-MgH₂
QUESTIONS 4
Chapter 4
THE S-BLOCK ELEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
1. Group 1 elements -
2. They are collectively known as -
3. They are called “alkali metals” because -
5. These are collectively known as _______ with the exception of ___
6. These are called “alkali earth metals” because -
7. Radioactive alkali metal is -
8. Abundant alkali metals are - (2)
9. Very low abundance alkali metals are - (3)
10. Fr half-life is of only ___ min.
11. Ca rank ___th in abundance.
12. Mg rank ____th in abundance.
13. Rarest of all alkaline earth metals are -
14. Li shows similarities to Mg/Al.
15. ___ shows similarities to Al.
4.1 GROUP 1 ELEMENTS

TRENDS AND PROPERTIES
16. Ionisation enthalpy increases down the group. T/F (NEET) (JEE)
17. Hydration enthalpy order - (NEET)
18. Ionic radius order - (NEET) (JEE)
19. Ionic mobility order - (NEET) (JEE)
20. Name the colours given by Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs in flame test. (JEE 2021)
21. ______ and ______ are useful as electrodes in photoelectric cells. (JEE 2021)
22. Melting point order - (NEET)
23. Boiling point order -
24. Standard potential order - (arrange magnitude wise)
25. Reactivity of alkali metals increases down the group. T/F
ANSWERS 1
14 CHEMHACK
26. K on reaction with air form peroxide/superoxide. (JEE)

27. With air, oxide is formed by ___, peroxide by ___ and superoxide by ___, ___, ___ (JEE)
28. Oxidation state of K in KO₂ is - (JEE)
29. Li also react with N to form - (JEE)
30. Alkali metal with water form -
31. Rxn of Li with water is more vigorous as compared to Na. T/F
32. This is because -
33. Alkali metals react at _____ K temp. to form hydrides.
34. Li forms hydrides at _____ K.
35. ____ halides have somewhat covalent character. (NEET)
36. Among lithium halides, ______ is the most covalent in nature.
37. Most powerful and least powerful reducing agents of Grp 1 are -
38. Alkali metals in liquid ammonia give _____ colour. (JEE)
39. The blue colour is due to _______
40. These ammoniated solutions are diamagnetic. T/F
41. On standing slowly, rxn that occur in this solution is -
42. In concentrated solution, blue colour change to _____ and become diamagnetic/paramagnetic.
USES
43. Li with Pb make “_______” bearings for _______ (JEE 2021)

44. Li with Al is used to make _______
45. __ with __ is used to make armour plates.
46. Li is not used in thermonuclear reactions. T/F
47. _____ and _____ were used as anti-knock additives added in petrol.
48. ______ is used as a coolant in fast breeder nuclear reactors.
49. KCl is used as a fertiliser. T/F
50. ____ is used in the manufacture of soft soap.
51. Cs is used in devising photoelectric cells. T/F
ANSWERS 1
THE S-BLOCK ELEMENTS 15
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS
52. M₂O₂ + 2H₂O →

53. 2MO₂ + 2H₂O →
54. M₂O + H₂O →
55. Superoxides are _____ or _____ in colour when pure/impure.
56. Superoxides are diamagnetic/paramagnetic.
57. Na₂O₂ is widely used as an -
58. Alkali metal halides are colourless crystalline solids. T/F
59. The ΔfH° values for fluorides become more negative as we go down the group. T/F
60. The ΔfH° values for chlorides, bromides and iodides become more negative as we go down the group. T/F (JEE)
61. MP and BP of alkali halides of Na follow the trend -
62. All these halides are insoluble in water. T/F
63. Low solubility reasons of LiF and CsI are -
64. LiCl is soluble in pyridine. T/F
65. The carbonates and hydrogencarbonates of alkali metals are highly stable to heat. T/F
66. Stability of hydrogencarbonates decrease down the group. T/F
67. LiCO₃ on heating form -
68. LiHCO₃ exists as a solid. T/F
ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM
69. Strongest reducing agent among all alkali metals is -

70. LiCl crysallise as - (NEET)
71. NaCO₃ is obtained in solid form. T/F
72. Lithium, unlike other alkali metals, forms no ethynide in reaction with ethyne. T/F
73. Lithium nitrate when heated give - (3)
74. NaNO₃ when heated give - (2)
75. Both Li and Mg are harder/softer and lighter/heavier than other elements in the respective groups.
76. Both LiCl and MgCl₂ are insoluble in ethanol. T/F
77. MgCl₂ crystallise to form -
ANSWERS 2
16 CHEMHACK
SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM
78. _______ is generally prepared by Solvay Process.

79. Write the chemical reactions that take place in solvay process (5) - (JEE 2021)
80. We can also manufacture KCO₃ through solvay process. T/F
81. Washing soda formula - (NEET)
82. On heating below _____ K, washing soda forms monohydrate.
83. On heating below 373 K, chemical reaction occur is -
84. Washing soda is used in the manufacture of borax and caustic soda. T/F
85. Uses of washing soda - (4)
86. Brine solution is saturated with ___ gas to obtain pure NaCl.
87. NaCl melt at temp. -
88. NaCl is used in the preparation of - (3)
89. NaOH is prepared by electrolysis of NaCl in _________ (JEE 2021)
90. Brine solution is electrolysed using a ______ cathode and ______ anode. (NEET)
91. Chlorine gas is evolved at the anode/cathode.
92. Rxn at cathode -
93. Rxn at anode -
94. The amalgam is treated with _____ to give _____ and ____
95. NaOH melt at _____K
96. Crystals of sodium hydroxide are deliquescent. T/F
97. Uses - (6)
98. Sodium hydrogen carbonate is made by - (rxn)
99. Uses of NaHCO₃ - (2)
100. Crude NaCl obtained by crystallisation of brine contains - (4) (NEET)
10.1 ___ are most abundant cations within cell fluid.
102. ______ consumes more than 1/3rd of the ATP used by a resting human.
103. Metal ion which activates many enzymes, participate in oxidation of glucose and with Na,, is responsible
for the transmission of nerve signals is - (NEET)
ANSWERS 2
ANSWERS
INTRODUCTION 23. Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
1. H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr (Mnemonic - Halina kabr se 24. Li > Rb > Cs > K > Na
farar) 25. T
2. Alkali metals 26. Superoxide
3. Form hydroxide with water which are strongly 27. Oxide - Li, Peroxide - Na, Superoxide - K, Rb, Cs
alkaline 28. +1
4. Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra (Mnemonic - Beta mange 29. Li₃N
kanya sundar baap roye/raji) 30. Hydroxide and dihydrogen
5. Alkaline earth metals, Be 31. F
6. Alkaline in nature, found in earth crust 32. Because Li have small size and high hydration
7. Fr energy
8. Na, K 33. 673 K
9. Li, Rb, Cs 34. 1073 K
10. 21 35. Li
11. 5th 36. LiI
12. 6th 37. Most powerful - Li, Least powerful - Na
13. Ra 38. Deep blue
14. Mg 39. Ammoniated electrons
15. Be 40. F
TRENDS AND PROPERTIES →
41. M⁺(am) + e⁻ + NH₃(l) MNH₂(am) + ½H(g)
42. Bronze, diamagnetic
16. F
17. Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs USES
18. Li < K < Na < Rb < Cs
43. White metal, motor engines
19. Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs
44. Aircraft plates
20. Li - Crimson Red
45. Li and Mg
Na - Yellow
46. F
K - Violet
47. PbEt₄ and PbMe₄
Rb - Red violet
48. Liquid sodium metal
Cs - Blue
49. T
21. Cs, K
50. KOH
22. Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs
51. T
18 CHEMHACK
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS →
(iv) 2NaHCO₃ Na₂CO₃ + CO₂ + H₂O
OF COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI →
(v) 2NH₄Cl + Ca(OH)₂ 2NH₃ + CaCl₂ + H₂O
80. F (because KCO₃ is soluble & will not precipitate)
METALS
81. Na₂CO₃.10H₂O
52. 2M⁺ + 2OH⁻ + H₂O₂ 82. 373
53. 2M⁺ + 2OH⁻ + H₂O₂ + O₂ →
83. Na₂CO₃.10H₂O Na₂CO₃.H₂O + H₂0
54. 2M⁺ + 2OH⁻ 84. T
85. (i) Used in water softening, laundering and
55. Yellow or orange, pure cleaning
56. Paramagnetic (ii) Used in the manufacture of glass, soap, borax
57. Oxidising agent in inorganic chemistry and caustic soda
58. T (iii) Used in paper, paints and textile industries
59. F, less negative (iv) Important laboratory reagent both in
qualitative and quantitative analysis
60. T
86. HCl
61. NaF > NaCl > NaBr > NaI 87. 1081 K
62. F 88. Na₂O₂, NaOH and Na₂CO₃
63. LiF - high lattice enthalpy 89. Castner-Kellner cell
CsI - smaller hydration enthalpy 90. Mercury, carbon
91. Anode
64. T
→
92. Na⁺ + e⁻ Na-amalgam
65. T
66. F
→
93. Cl⁻ ½Cl₂ + e⁻
94. Water, NaOH & H₂
67. Li₂O and CO₂ 95. 591
68. F 96. T
69. Li 97. (i) the manufacture of soap, paper, artificial silk
and a number of chemicals
70. LiCl.2H₂O
(ii) in petroleum refining
71. T (iii) in the purification of bauxite
72. T (iv) in the textile industries for mercerizing cotton
→
73. 2LiNO₃ 2Li₂O + 4NO₂ + O₂ fabrics
→
74. 2NaNO₃ 2NaNO₂ + O₂ (v) for the preparation of pure fats and oils
(vi) as a laboratory reagent
75. Harder, lighter
76. F
→
98. Na₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂ 2NaHCO₃
99. Mild antiseptic, used in fire extinguisher
77. MgCl₂.8H₂0 100. NaSO₄, CaSO₄, CaCl₂, MgCl₂
78. Sodium carbonate 101. K
→
79. (i) 2NH₃ + H₂0 + CO₂ (NH₄)₂CO₃ 102. sodium-potassium pump
→
(ii) (NH₄)₂CO₃ + H₂O + CO₂ 2NH₄HCO₃ 103. K
→
(iii) NH₄HCO₃ + NaCl NH₄Cl + NaHCO₃

1. Ionisation enthalpy (I) trend - (JEE)
2. Ionisation enthalpy (II) trend -
3. Hydration enthalpy trend -
4. Metallic Radius trend -
5. Ionic radius trend -
6. M.P trend -
7. B.P trend -
8. Density trend -
9. Standard potential trend -
10. First I.E of the alkaline earth metals are lower than those of the corresponding Group 1 metals. T/F
11. Second I.E. of the alkaline earth metals are smaller than those of the corresponding alkali metals. T/F
12. Hydration enthalpies of alkaline earth metal ions are larger than those of alkali metal ions. T/F
13. MgCl₂ and CaCl₂ hydrated form is - (JEE 2021)
14. Alkaline earth metals are softer than alkali metals. T/F
15. ___ and ___ appear greyish.
16. M.P and B.P of group 2 are higher than group 1. T/F
17. Colour imparted by Ca, Sr & Ba in the flame test is -
18. Colour imparted by Be & Mg in the flame test is -
19. Alkaline earth metals are less reactive than alkali metals. T/F
20. Why Be and Mg are kinetically inert to oxygen?
21. Powered Be react with air and give - (2)
22. ___ burns with dazzling brilliance in the air. (JEE)
23. Ca, Sr and Ba do not react with air. T/F
24. Which is the best route for the preparation of BeF₂?
25. BeCl₂ is made by the rxn (indicate rxn temp. also)-
26. All the elements except ___ combine with hydrogen upon heating to form their hydrides.
27. BeH₂ is prepared by the reaction of _____ and _____
28. Write the whole reaction of preparation of BeH₂.
29. Alkaline earth metals dissolve in liquid ammonia to give ______ colour.
ANSWERS 1
20 CHEMHACK
USES
30. ___ is used in the manufacture of alloys.

31. ___-___ alloys are used in the preparation of high strength springs.
32. Metallic beryllium is used for making windows of _______ (JEE 2021)
33. ___-___ alloys are used in aircraft construction.
34. What is the milk of magnesia?
35. It is used as -
36. Magnesium carbonate is an ingredient of toothpaste. T/F
37. ____ is used in the extraction of metals from oxides which are difficult to reduce with carbon.
38. ___ and ___ are used to remove air from vacuum tubes.
39. Radium salts are used in - (1)
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUNDS
40. Except ____, all group 2 metal oxide rock-salt structures.

41. BeO is ionic/covalent in nature.
42. BeO is amphoteric/basic. (NEET)
43. Acidic character of hydroxides decreases down the group. T/F
44. Be(OH)₂ + 2OH⁻ →
45. Be(OH)₂ + 2HCl + 2H₂O →
46. Beryllium halides are ionic/covalent. (NEET 2021)
47. BeCl₂ has a _____ structure in solid-state. (NEET 2021)
48. BeCl₂ form _________ in vapor phase. (NEET 2021)
49. BeCl₂ dissociates into linear monomer at ______K.
50. The tendency to form halide hydrates decreases down the group. T/F
51. Formula of hydrates of MgCl₂, CaCl₂, SrCl₂ and BaCl₂ are -
52. The fluorides are less soluble than chlorides. T/F
53. Carbonates are soluble/insoluble in water. T/F
54. The solubility of carbonates in water increase/decrease down the group. (NEET)
55. BeCO₂ can be kept only in the atmosphere of ___
56. In carbonates, the thermal stability increase/decrease with increasing cationic size. (NEET)
57. Sulphates are white/black solid and stable/unstable to heat.
58. ___ and ___ sulphates readily soluble in water. (JEE)
59. The reason for the previous question is -
60. Sulphates solubility increase down the group. T/F (NEET)
ANSWERS 1 ANSWERS 2
61. How are nitrates made?
62. MgNO₃ crystallizes with ___ molecules of water.
63. BaNO₃ crystallizes with ___ molecules of water. (JEE)
64. Group 2 metal nitrates on heating gives - (3)
65. Lattice energy decrease much more than the hydration energy, down the group. T/F
66. Hydroxides solubility increase/decrease down the group and why? (NEET)
67. Carbonates and sulphates solubility increase/decrease down the group and why? (NEET) (JEE)
ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF BERYLLIUM
68. The oxides and hydroxides of Be are basic/amphoteric.

69. Be(OH)₂ in excess alkali gives ______ just like ___
70. Be and Al have a strong tendency to form complexes. T/F
71. Describe the 4 similarities between Be and Al. (NEET) (JEE)
SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF CALCIUM

72. Quick lime is -
73. Quick lime is prepared by heating ______ in a ______ at _____-_____ K.
74. CaO melting point is -
75. CaO + H₂O →
76. CaO + CO₂ → (JEE)
77. Quick lime slacked with soda is called ______
78. CaO + SiO₂ →
79. 6CaO + P₄O₁₀ →
80. _____ is the cheapest form of alkali.
81. Important primary material for manufacturing cement is - (JEE)
82. _____ is used in the manufacture of Na₂CO₃ from caustic soda.
83. Uses of CaO - (3)
84. Suspension of slaked lime is called - (NEET)
85. Lime water formula -
→
86. Ca(OH)₂ + CO₂ (NEET)
87. On passing excess CO₂ in lime water, the precipitate dissolves to form - (NEET)
→
88. Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ (NEET)
89. The compound formed above is a constituent of _______
90. Uses of Ca(OH)₂ - (3)
ANSWERS 2
22 CHEMHACK
91. CaCl₂ + Na₂CO₃→

92. CaCO₃ decompose at _____ K.
93. CaCO₃ + 2HCl →
94. CaCO₃ + H₂SO₄ →
95. CaCO₃ along with ______ is used as a flux in the extraction of metal like _____
96. CaCO₃ is extensively used in the manufacture of -
97. CaCO₃ cannot be used as an antacid. T/F
98. CaCO₃ is used as a mild abrasive in toothpaste. T/F
99. Gypsum formula - (NEET) (JEE)
100. Gypsum when heated at _____K forms Plaster of Paris. (NEET)
101. Above _____ K, gypsum form ______ which is also called __________
102. For immobilizing the affected part, _____ is used.
103. Cement was first introduced by ______ in year ______
104. Cement resemble with natural limestone quarried in _______, England.
105. Name the 5 most abundant compounds found in cement.
106. For good quality cement, the ratio of SiO₂ and Al₂O₃ should be between ___ and ___
and the ratio of CaO to the total of the oxides of SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and Fe₂O₃ should be close as ___
107. Raw materials for manufacture of cement are ______ and ______
108. Both are strongly heated and form -
109. The important ingredients of Portland cement are - (3)
110. ___ is a cofactor of phosphorylase enzymes. (NEET)
111. Chlorophyll contains ____ (NEET)
112. The Ca in plasma is about _____ mg/L.
ANSWERS 2 ANSWERS 3
ANSWERS
USES
1. Be > Mg > Ca > Sr > Ra > Ba
2. Be > Mg > Ca > Sr > Ra > Ba 30. Be
3. Be > Mg > Ca > Sr > Ba 31. Cu-Be
4. Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba 32. X-ray tubes
5. Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba < Ra 33. Mg-Al
6. Be > Ca > Sr > Ba > Mg 34. Suspension of Mg(OH)₂
7. Be > Ba > Ca > Sr > Mg 35. Antacid
8. Ca < Mg < Be < Sr < Ba 36. T
9. Be < Mg < Ca < Sr < Ba 37. Ca
10. F 38. Ca and Ba
11. T 39. Radiotherapy
12. T GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
13. MgCl₂.6H₂O & CaCl₂.6H₂O OF COMPOUNDS
14. F 40. Be
15. Be and Mg 41. Covalent
16. T 42. Amphoteric
17. Ca - brick red, Sr - crimson red, Ba - apple green 43. T
18. No colour 44. [Be(OH)₄]²⁻ - Beryllate ion
19. T 45. [Be(OH)₄]Cl₂
20. Because of formation of oxide film on surface 46. Covalent
21. BeO and Be₃N₂ 47. Chain
22. Magnesium burns with dazzling brilliance in air to 48. Chloro-bridged dimer
49. 1200 K
give MgO and Mg₃N₂
50. T
23. F
51. MgCl₂.8H₂O, CaCl₂.6H₂O, SrCl₂.6H₂O and
24. Thermal decomposition of (NH₄)₂BeF₄ BaCl₂.2H₂O
→
25. BeO + C + Cl₂ BeCl₂ + CO, 600-800K 52. T
26. Be 53. Insoluble
27. BeCl₂ and LiAlH₄ 54. Decrease
→
28. 2BeCl₂ + LiAlH₄ 2BeH₂ + LiCl + AlCl₃ 55. CO₂
29. Deep blue black 56. Increase
24 CHEMHACK
57. White, stable 77. Sodalime

58. BeSO₄ and MgSO₄ 78. CaSiO₃
59. The greater hydration for Be²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions 79. Ca₃(PO₄)₂
overcome the lattice enthalpy factor 80. CaO
60. F 81. CaO
61. By dissolution of carbonates in dilute nitric acid 82. CaO
62. 6
83. I. The important primary material for
63. It does not crystallise
manufacturing cement
64. MO, NO₂, O₂
65. T II. manufacturing Na₂CO₃
66. Increase, Lattice energy decrease much more than III. purification of sugar and manufacture of
the hydration energy, down the group dyestuff
67. Decrease, Lattice energy remains constant in this 84. Milk of lime
case, as hydration decrease down the group, hence 85. Ca(OH)₂
solubility decrease 86. CaCO₃ + H₂O
87. Ca(HCO₃)₂
ANOMALOUS BEHAVIOUR OF
BERYLLIUM 88. CaCl₂ + Ca(OCl)₂ + 2H₂O
89. Bleaching powder
68. Amphoteric
90. I. Preparation of mortar
69. Beryllate ion, Al
II. Used in whitewash
70. T
III. Glass making, tanning industry, preparation of
71. I. Not readily attacked by acids because of
bleaching powder and for purification
presence of oxide film
of sugar
II. Beryllate ions formation just like aluminate ion
91. CaCO₃ + 2NaCl
in excess alkali
92. 1200 K
III. Chlorides of Be and Al have Cl⁻ bridged chloride
93. CaCl₂ + H₂O + CO₂
structures in vapour phase
94. CaSO₄ + H₂O + CO₂
IV. Have strong tendency to form complexes
95. MgCO₃, iron
SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS 96. High-quality paper
OF CALCIUM
97. F
72. CaO 98. T
73. CaCO₃, rotary kiln, 1070-1270 K 99. CaSO₄.½H₂O
74. 2870 K 100. 393 K
75. Ca(OH)₂
101. 393 K, CaSO₄, dead burnt plaster
76. CaCO₃
QUESTIONS 2 QUESTIONS 3 QUESTIONS 4

102. POP 108. Cement clinker
103. Joseph Aspdin, 1824 109. Dicalcium silicate, tricalcium silicate, tricalcium
104. Isle of Portland aluminate
105. CaO, SiO₂, Al₂O₃, MgO, Fe₂O₃ 110. Mg
106. 2.5-4, 2 111. Mg
107. Limestone and clay 112. 100
QUESTIONS 4
Chapter 5
THE P-BLOCK ELEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
1. Occurrence of oxidation states 2 unit less than the group oxidation states is because of - (JEE)
2. Tendency to show inert pair effect decrease/increase down the group.
8. Group 18 elements

9. Al is a metal/non-metal.
10. Kernite formula - (NEET) (JEE 2021)
11. Boron occurs as - (3)
12. In India, borax occur in - (2)
13. Boron isotopes are ___ and ___ and most abundant isotope is -
14. Most abundant metal in the earth is -
15. ___ is the 3rd most abundant element.
16. Bauxite formula -
17. Cryolite formula - DigaQ 1.
18. Atomic Radius trend - D
E
C
19. Ionic radius trend - B A
20. I.E (I) trend -
21. I.E (II) trend -
22. I.E (III) trend -
23. Electronegativity trend -
24. Density trend -
25. M.P trend -
26. B.P trend -
27. Boron is hard/soft and white/black.
ANSWERS 1
THE P-BLOCK ELEMENTS 27
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
28. In Tl, +3 oxidation state is highly oxidising. T/F (NEET)

29. The compounds in +1 oxidation state are more covalent than +3 oxidation state. T/F (JEE)
30. The tendency to behave as Lewis acid increases down the group. T/F
31. Aluminium chloride in acidified aqueous solution forms -
32. Boron tri-oxides are acidic/basic.
33. Amphoteric oxides are made by which group 13 elements ?
34. B + O₂ + Δ →
35. Boron does not react with acids and alkalis even at moderate temperature. T/F
36. Conc. nitric acid with Al causes no reaction. T/F
37. 2Al(s) + 2NaOH(aq) + 6H₂O(l) →
38. Why white fumes appear around the bottle of anhydrous aluminium chloride ?
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF BORON

39. Borax formula -
40. Borax contains tetranuclear units of -
41. Na₂B₄O₇ + 7H₂O →
→ →
42. Na₂B₄O₇.10H₂O + Δ A B + C. Identify A, B and C.
43. NaBO₂ is called -
44. Co(BO₂)₂ is of ____ colour.
45. The metaborates of many transition metals have characteristic colours. T/F (JEE 2021)
46. ______ test use borax to identify metals.
47. ______ has a soapy touch.
48. Orthoboric acid is a white/black crystalline solid.
49. Na₂B₄O₇ + 2HCl + 5H₂O →
50. Heating orthoboric acid above _____ K forms metaboric acid.
→ →
51. H₃BO₃ + Δ A + Δ B. Identify A & B.
52. Boric acid is a Arrhenius acid. T/F (JEE)
53. 4BF₃ + 3LiAlH₄ → DigaQ 2.
54. Convenient laboratory method to prepare diborane is -
55. On industrial scale, diborane is prepared by - A
B
56. The temp. at which above reaction operate is - D
57. B₂H₆ is colourless. T/F
C
ANSWERS 1 ANSWERS 2
28 CHEMHACK
58. B₂H₆ + 3O₂ →

→
59. B₂H₆(g) + 6H₂O(l)
60. B₂H₆ + 2CO →
61. B₂H₆ + 2NMe₃ →
62. ______ is known as inorganic benzene. (JEE)
63. Borazine formula -
→ →
64. 3B₂H₆ + 6NH₃ A + Δ B. Identify A & B.
65. Diborane have 2 centre - 3 electron bonds. T/F (JEE)
66. Borohydrides ex - (1)
67. Borohydrides are prepared by reacting ____ and ____ in ______
68. ______ are used in making bullet-proof vests and light composing material for aircraft.
69. ____ have a high ability to absorb neutrons.
70. Metal borides are used in nuclear industry as protective shields and control rods. T/F
71. Heat resistant glasses ex -
72. Main industrial application of borax and boric acid is in the manufacture of -
73. Aqueous solution of of _______ is generally used as a mild antiseptic.
74. Electrical conductivity of Al is twice/thrice that of Cu.
75. Al has a toxic nature. T/F
76. Al is used in packing and aeroplane and transportation industry. T/F
77. Hybridization of boron in diborane is - (NEET)
ANSWERS 2
ANSWERS
INTRODUCTION CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
1. Inert pair effect 28. T
2. Increase 29. F
3. B, Al, Ga, In, Tl (Trick - BAll Gaind India Tendulkar) 30. F
4. C, SI, Ge, Sn, Pb (Trick - CaSi Gaye Snkar Pabati) 31. [Al(H₂O)₆]³⁺
5. N, P, As, Sb, Bi (Trick -Nana Patekar Aishwarya Sb 32. Acidic
Bimar)
33. Al and Ga
6. O, Se, Te, Po (Trick - Os Se Tee Po)
34. B₂O₃
7. F, Cl, Br, I, At (Trick - Fir Cal Bhar I Aunty)
35. T
8. He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn (Trick - Hena Nena Aur
Karena Xete Rahna) 36. T
37. 2 Na⁺[Al(OH)₄]⁻ (aq) + 3H₂(g)
GROUP 13 ELEMENTS 38. Because it partially hydrolyse with atmospheric
9. Metal moisture to to liberate HCl
10. Na₂B₄O₇·4H₂O IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF
11. Orthoboric acid, borax and kernite BORON
12. Puga Valley (Ladakh) and Sambhar Lake 39. Na₂B₄O₇⋅10H₂O
(Rajasthan) 40. [B₄O₅(OH)₄]²⁻
13. 10B and 11B, 11B 41. 2NaOH + 4H₃BO₃
14. Al 42. A = Na₂B₄O₇, B = NaBO₂ + B₂O₃]
15. Al 43. Sodium metaborate
16. Al₂O₃.2H₂O 44. Blue
17. Na₃AlF₆ 45. T
18. B < Ga < Al < In < Tl 46. Borax bead
19. B < Al < Ga < In < Tl 47. Orthoboric acid
20. B > Tl > Ga > Al > In 48. White
21. B > Ga > Tl > In > Al 49. 2NaCl + 4B(OH)₃
22. B > Ga > Tl > Al > In 50. 370 K
23. B > Tl > In > Ga > Al 51. HBO₂, B₂O₃
24. B < Al < Ga < In < Tl 52. F, Lewis acid
53. 2B₂H₆ + 3LiF + 3AlF₃
25. B > Al > Tl > In > Ga
26. B > Al > Ga > In > Tl →
54. 2NaBH₄ + I₂ B₂H₆ + 2NaI + H₂
27. Hard, black
30 CHEMHACK
→
55. 2BF + 6NaH B₂H₆ + 6NaF DigaQs
56. 450 K DigaQ 1. - Stucture of Aluminium Chloride (AlCl₃)
57. T A - 118°
58. B₂O₃ + 3H₂O B - 79°
59. 2B(OH)₃(aq) + 6H₂(g) C - 101°
60. 2BH₃⋅CO D - 206 pm
61. 2BH₃⋅NMe₃ E - 221 pm
62. Borazine DigaQ 2. - Structure of Diborane (B₂H₆)
63. B₃N₃H₆ A - 97°
64. A - B₂H₆.2NH₃ [BH₂(NH₃)₂]⁺[BH₄]⁻ B - 120°
B - B₃N₃H₆ C - 134 pm
65. F D - 119 pm
66. NaBH₄
67. Metal hydrides with diborane in presence of
diethyl ether
68. Boron fibers
69. Boron - 10
70. T
71. Pyrex
72. Heat resistant glass
73. Orthoboric acid
74. Twice
75. T
76. T
77. sp³

1. Which is the 17th most abundant element by mass in the earth’s crust?
2. Isotopes of carbon are - (3)
3. ______ is the most abundant element in earth crust my mass.
4. _____ is the 2nd most abundant element on the earth’s crust.
5. ______ is the 3rd most abundant element in earth crust my mass.
6. _____ is a very important component of ceramics, glass, and cement.
7. Tin occurs mainly as -
8. Formula of cassiterite - (JEE 2021)
9. Lead occurs mainly as _____
10. Formula of galena - (JEE)
11. Ultrapure forms of ____ and ____ are used to make transistors and semiconductor devices.
12. Covalent radius trend -
13. I.E. (I) trend - DigaQ 1. Identify the
14. I.E (II) trend - structure and bond
15. I.E. (III) trend - A length A
16. I.E. (IV) trend -
18. Density trend -
19. M.P trend -
20. B.P trend -
21. According to NCERT, Silicon is a metalloid. T/F
22. M.P and B.P of group 14 elements are much lower than those of corresponding elements of group 13. T/F
23. Ge forms stable compounds in the +4 state and only a few compounds in the +2 state. T/F
24. Sn in +2 state is an oxidising agent. T/F (NEET)
25. Pb in +4 state is an oxidising agent. T/F (NEET)
26. Name the acidic and amphoteric dioxides of group 14. (JEE 2021)
27. SiO exists at normal room temperature. T/F
28. Name the acidic monoxide of group 14.
29. CO is acidic/neutral.
ANSWERS 1
32 CHEMHACK
30. SnO and PbO are neutral/basic/amphoteric.

31. Most acidic dioxide (in grp 14) is formed by -
32. Sn + 2H₂O →
33. C, Si and Ge react with water and form their oxides. T/F
34. Pb is unaffected by water because -
35. Except ______, all other members react directly with halogen to make halides.
36. _____ and _____ halides of group 14 are ionic. DigaQ 2.
A
37. PbI4 exists and is ionic in nature. T/F
38. Stability of dihalides increases down the group. T/F
B
39. GeX₂ is more stable than GeX₄. T/F
40. PbX₂ is more stable than PbX₄. T/F
41. Except ____, other tetrachlorides are easily hydrolysed by water.
42. Silicic acid formula -
43. [SiCl₆]²⁻ exist or not ? Give possible reasons - (2) (NEET)
44. What is catenation ?
45. The order of catenation is -
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
46. Graphite is a crystalline/amorphous form. (JEE)
47. The C-C bond length in diamond is -
48. ______ is the hardest substance on earth.
49. Uses of diamonds - (3) DigaQ 3. This is the structure of ______ (JEE)
50. Graphite layers are held by ________ forces. (JEE)
51. Distance between 2 layers of graphite is -
52. C-C bond length within the layer is ______
53. Hybridisation of carbon in graphite is -
54. Pi bonds are present in graphite. T/F
55. Graphite does not conduct electricity. T/F
56. Graphite is used as a dry lubricant. T/F
57. How are fullerenes made?
58. Fullerenes mainly consists of -
59. Fullerenes have ‘dangling bonds’. T/F
60. C₆₀ is also called ____________
61. ____ no. of the six-membered ring and ____ no. of five-membered ring is present in fullerene. (NEET) (JEE)
ANSWERS 1 ANSWERS 2
62. A six-membered ring is only fused with the five-membered ring. T/F (JEE 2021)
63. sp³ hybridisation is present in fullerenes. T/F
64. Fullerenes are aromatic. T/F
65. No. of vertices in fullerenes are -
66. C-C single and double bond length in fullerene are _____ and ______
67. Spherical fullerenes are also called _______ in short.
68. Among all the allotropes of carbon, _______ is most stable.
69. ΔfHᵥ values of diamond and fullerene are ______ and ______
70. ________ is obtained by burning hydrocarbons in a limited supply of air.
71. ______ and ______ are obtained by heating wood or coal respectively at high temperatures in the absence
of air.
72. Other forms of elemental carbon like carbon black, coke, and charcoal are impure forms of ______ and
_______
73. ______ is used for electrodes in batteries and industrial electrolysis.
74. Crucibles made from _______ are inert to dilute acids and alkalis.
75. 1 carat = _____ mg
SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF CARBON AND SILICON
76. On a small scale, pure CO is prepared by -
77. On a commercial scale, it is prepared by - {Write eq too}
78. Mixture of ____ and ____ is called water gas.
79. Water gas is also called ________
80. Producer gas constitute - (2)
81. Producer gas is produced when ____ is passed instead of steam. Write eq with temp.
82. CO is water-insoluble. T/F
83. CO is not able to reduce oxides of alkali and alkaline earth metals. T/F
84. Carboxyhaemoglobin is ____ times more stable than oxyhemoglobin.
85. In the laboratory CO₂ is prepared by -
86. On a commercial scale, CO₂ is obtained by heating _______
87. CO₂ is present _____% by volume.
88. Solid form of CO₂ is ______
89. CO₂ is used in urea manufacture. T/F
90. C-O bond length in CO₂ is -
91. ____ % of the earth's crust is made up of silica and silicates.
ANSWERS 2
34 CHEMHACK
92. Name the crystalline forms of silica - (3)

93. SiO₂ + 2NaOH→
94. SiO₂ + 4HF →
95. ______ is extensively used as a piezoelectric material.
96. ______ is used as a drying agent and as a support for chromatographic materials and catalysts.
97. _______ is an amorphous form of silica.
98. Kieselguhr is used in - (NEET)
99. CH₃Cl reacts with Si in the presence of ___ as a catalyst at temp. of _____ to form methyl-substituted
chlorosilicanes.
100. Silicones are water repellants. T/F (JEE)
101. They have low dielectric strength. T/F
102. They have low stability. T/F
103. Uses of silicones are - (5) (JEE)
104. Examples of silicates are - (4)
105. The basic structural unit of silicates is - (NEET)
106. Name 2 man-made silicates. (NEET)
107. _______ are widely used as a catalyst in petrochemical industries for cracking of hydrocarbons and
isomerization. (JEE 2021)
108. ______ is used to convert alcohols directly into gasoline. (NEET) (JEE 2021)
109. __________ are used as ion exchangers in softening of “hard” water. (NEET)
110. Which compound is used in cosmetic surgery ? (NEET)
ANSWERS 2
ANSWERS
TRENDS AND PROPERTIES 30. Amphoteric
1. C 31. CO₂
2. 12C, 13C, 14C 32. SnO₂ + H₂
3. O 33. F
4. Si 34. It forms a protective oxide layer
5. Al 35. C
6. Si 36. SnF₄ and PbF₄
7. Cassiterite 37. F, it doesn’t exist
8. SnO₂ 38. T
9. Galena 39. F
10. PbS 40. T
41. CCl₄
11. Si and Ge
42. Si(OH)₄
12. C < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb
43. No, because -
13. C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn
(i) 6 large Cl ions cannot be accommodated around
14. C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn
Si⁴⁺ due to the limitation of its size
15. C > Ge > Si > Pb > Sn
(ii) interaction between lone pair of chloride ion and
16. C > Ge > Si > Pb > Sn Si⁴⁺ is not very strong
17. C > Pb > Si = Ge = Sn 44. Tendency to link with one another through
18. Si < C (diamond) < Ge < Sn < Pb covalent bonds
C (graphite) < Si < Ge < Sn < Pb 45. C >> Si > Ge = Sn
19. C > Si > Ge > Pb > Sn
ALLOTROPES OF CARBON
20. C > Si > Ge > Sn > Pb
21. F 46. Crystalline
47. 154 pm
22. F, higher
48. Diamond
23. T
49. I. abrasive for sharpening hard tools
24. F
II. in making dyes
25. T
III. in the manufacture of tungsten filaments
26. Acidic - CO₂, SiO₂, GeO₂
for electric light bulb
Amphoteric - SnO₂, PbO₂ 50. Van der Waals
27. F 51. 340 pm
28. GeO 52. 141.5 pm
29. Neutral 53. sp²
36 CHEMHACK
54. T 82. T
55. F 83. T
56. T 84. 300
57. by the heating of graphite in an electric arc in the
85. CaCO₃ (s) + 2HCl (aq) →
presence of inert gases such as helium or argon CaCl₂ (aq) + CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l)
58. C₆₀ 86. Limestone
59. F 87. 0.03
60. Buckminsterfullerene 88. Dry ice
61. 20, 12 (Trick - no. of rings x no. of carbon 89. T
in the ring should be multiple of 60) 90. 115 pm
62. F 91. 95%
63. F
92. Quartz, cristobalite and tridymite
64. T
93. Na₂SiO₃ + H₂O
65. 60
94. SiF₄ + 2H₂O
66. 143.5 pm and 138.3 pm
95. Quartz
67. Bucky balls
96. Silica gel
68. Graphite
69. 1.90 kJ/mol, 38.1 kJ/mol 97. Kieselguhr
70. Carbon black 98. Filtration plants
71. Charcoal and coke 99. Cu powder, 573 K
72. Graphite and fullerenes 100. T
73. Graphite 101. F
74. Graphite 102. F
75. 200 103. I. sealant
II. greases
SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
OF CARBON AND SILICON III. electrical insulators
IV. waterproofing of fabrics
76. dehydration of formic acid with concentrated
V. compatible for surgical and cosmetic plants
H₂SO₄ at 373 K
104. Feldspar, zeolites, mica and asbestos
77. passage of steam over hot coke
→
{C + H₂O CO + H₂; Temp - 473-1273 K}
105. (SiO₄)⁴⁻
106. Glass and cement
78. CO + H₂
107. Zeolites
79. Synthesis gas
108. ZSM-5
80. CO + N₂
→
81. Air; {C + O₂ + N₂ CO + N₂; Temp - 1273 K}
109. Hydrated Zeolites
110. Sillicones

DigaQs DigaQ 2. The structure of Graphite
A - 141.5 pm
DigaQ 1. The structure of Diamond B - 340 pm
A - 154 pm DigaQ 3. Three dimensional structure of SiO₂
38 CHEMHACK

1. Metalloids found in group 15 are -
2. Chile saltpetre formula -
Diga Q 1. Identify the structure
3. Potassium saltpetre formula -
4. Fluorapatite formula - (JEE)
5. I.E (I) trend -
6. I.E. (II) trend - A
7. I.E. (III) trend - B
11. M.P trend -
12. B.P trend -
13. Density trend - Diga Q 2. Identify the structure
14. Except _____, all elements of group 15 show allotropy.
A E
15. N and P also show +1 oxidation states. T/F C B
16. HNO₂ disproportionate into _____ and _____
D
17. The only well characterized Bi(V) compound is -
18. Single N–N bond is stronger than the single P–P bond. T/F (JEE)
19. The catenation tendency is weaker in N than P. T/F
20. _____ is the strongest reducing agent amongst all the hydrides of grp 15.
21. Basicity order of hydrides is - (NEET 2021) (JEE)
22. M.P order of hydrides -
23. B.P order of hydrides - (NEET)
24. The two types of oxides that are formed are - (2)
25. The acidic character of oxides increases/decreases down the group. (NEET 2021)
26. Oxides of bismuth are basic. T/F
27. Oxides of which grp 15 elements are amphoteric?
28. All the trihalides except those of _____ are stable.
29. In the case of nitrogen, only ____ halide is known to be stable. (NEET)
30. Why are pentahalides more covalent than trihalides?
31. PH₃ have lower boiling point than NH₃. Give reasons.
ANSWERS 1
COMPOUNDS OF NITROGEN
DINITROGEN
32. How is N₂ produced commercially?
33. In the laboratory, N₂ is prepared by -
34. Small amounts of ____ and ____ are also formed in the above reaction which is removed by passing the gas
through aqueous _______ containing _______
35. Thermal decomposition of (NH₄)₂Cr₂O₇ gives - (JEE) Diga Q 3. Identify
36. How to obtain very pure nitrogen? (NEET) the structure
37. Stable isotopes of nitrogen are -
38. Li + N₂ + Heat →
39. It combines with hydrogen at ____ K in the presence of a catalyst to form ammonia.
40. The above process is called the ______ process.
41. N₂ and O₂ combine at ____ K to form _____
42. N₂ is used to make calcium cyanamide. T/F
43. _______ is used as a refrigerant to preserve biological materials, food items, and in cryosurgery.
AMMONIA
44. On a small scale, how is ammonia obtained? Write the 2 reactions.
45. On a large scale, ammonia is manufactured by - (JEE 2021)
46. In Haber's process, the catalyst used is -
47. Haber’s process operates at a temp. of_____K and pressure of ______ P.
48. Earlier in Haber's process, _____ was used as a catalyst with _____ as a promoter.
49. Melting and Boiling point of NH₃ -
→
50. ZnSO₄ (aq) + 2NH₄OH (aq) A + B. Identify A and B and also the colour of ppt formed in above rxn.
→
51. FeCl₃ (aq) + NH₄OH (aq) A + B. Identify A & B and also colour of ppt formed.
→
52. Cu²⁺ (aq) + NH₃ (aq) A. Identify A and colour of A. (NEET)
→
53. Ag⁺ (aq) + Cl⁻ (aq) A. Identify A and colour of A.
→
54. AgCl (s) + NH₃ (aq) A. Identify A and colour of A.
55. Liquid ammonia is not used as a refrigerant because of its peculiar properties. T/F
OXIDES OF NITROGEN
56. Oxides of nitrogen that are not colorless are -
57. Oxides of nitrogen that are not gaseous are -
58. Oxides which are neutral and acidic are - (JEE 2021)
ANSWERS 1 ANSWERS 2
40 CHEMHACK
59. Colour of N₂O₃ -
60. Colour of NO₂ - Diga Q 4. Identify the structure
61. You have Pb(NO₃)₂, how will you prepare N₂O₄ ?
62. N₂O prepared by -
63. NO prepared by -
64. N₂O₃ prepared by -
65. NO₂ prepared by -
66. N₂O₄ prepared by -
67. N₂O₅ prepared by -
68. Out of N-N bond and N-O bond in N₂O, whose length is longer ?
69. All N-O bonds in N₂O₃ are of equal length. T/F
70. N₂O₃ is planar/non-planar.
71. N₂O4 is planar/non-planar.
72. NO₂ bond angle is -
73. N-N bond length of N₂O₃ is larger if comparing it with N₂O₄. T/F
74. Out of N-O-N bond angle and O-N-O bond angle, which is larger in N₂O₅ ?
75. Out of N-O-N bond angle and O-N-N bond angle, which is larger in N₂O₃ ?
76. N₂O₅ is planar/non-planar.
NITRIC ACID
77. Hyponitrous acid formula -
78. In the laboratory nitric acid is prepared by - (JEE 2021)
79. On a large scale, nitric acid is prepared by __________
80. What are the temp. and pressure requirements in Ostwald’s process?
81. Catalyst used in Ostwald’s process is -
82. Write equations of Ostwald’s process.
83. By distillation, aq. HNO₃ can be concentrated by ____ % by mass. Diga Q 5. Identify the structure
84. Further conc. to 98% can be achieved by - of this oxoacid of phosphorus.
85. F.P and B.P of nitric acid is -
86. HNO₃ exists as a planar/non-planar molecule in gaseous state.
87. Conc. HNO₃ attacks most metals except - (2)
88. Concentrated nitric acid is a strong oxidising agent. T/F
89. 3Cu + 8HNO₃ (dilute)→
→
90. Cu + 4HNO₃ (conc.) (NEET)
ANSWERS 2
→
91. 4Zn + 10HNO₃ (dilute) (JEE)
92. Zn + 4HNO₃ (conc.) → (JEE)
93. ___ and ___ do not dissolve in conc. HNO₃ due to formation of a passive film.
94. Conc. HNO₃ oxidises non-metals to give ___ gas.
95. I₂ + HNO₃ →
96. S₈ + HNO₃ → Diga Q 6. Identify the structure of
97. P₄ + HNO₃ → this oxoacid of phosphorus.
98. Brown coloured complex formed in brown ring test is -

99. In this brown colour complex, Fe is in ___ oxidation state.
100. NO₃⁻ + 3Fe²⁺ + 4H⁺ →
101. Nitric acid is used to manufacture ______ for fertillisers.
102. Nitroglycerin and TNT are prepared using _____
COMPOUNDS OF PHOSPHORUS
ALLOTROPIC FORMS
103. Name the allotropes of phosphorus.
104. White phosphorus is transparent/translucent.
105. White phosphorus is poisonous and most reactive. T/F (NEET)
106. Allotrope which show chemiluminescence is -
107. White phosphorus is soluble in _____ and insoluble in _____ (NEET)
→
108. P₄ + NaOH + H₂O A + B. NaOH is boiling in an inert atmosphere. Identify A and B.
109. PH₃ is called -
110. P₄ + O₂→
111. P-P-P bond angle in white phosphorus is -
112. White/Red/Black phosphorus poses iron grey lustre.
113. Red P is obtained by heating white P at ____ K.
114. Red P is non-poisonous. T/F
115. Red P is soluble in CS₂. T/F (NEET)
116. The 2 forms of black P are -
117. When red phosphorus is heated in a sealed tube at 803 K, it forms -
118. α-black P have ______ or ______ crystals systems.
119. α-black P do not oxidise in air. T/F
120. β-black P is prepared by heating ______ at ____ K under high pressure.
ANSWERS 2 ANSWERS 3
42 CHEMHACK
PHOSPHINE
→
121. A + H₂O Ca(OH)₂ + PH₃. Identify A. (NEET)
→
122. Ca₃P₂ + A CaCl₂ + PH₃. Identify A.
123. When pure, it is non-inflammable. T/F
124. But become inflammable due to presence of _____ or _____ vapours.
125. To purify it, it is absorbed in ___ to form ____.
→
126. PH₄I + KOH (NEET)
127. Phosphine has a ______ smell. (NEET)
128. Solution of PH₃ in decomposes in presence of light to give ______ and ____
→
129. CuSO₄ + PH₃ (NEET)
130. HgCl₂ + PH₃ →
131. PH₃ + HBr →
132. Spontaneous combustion of phosphine is used in _________
PHOSPHORUS HALIDES
133. How to prepare PCl₃?
134. P₄ + Cl₂ (not excess) → Diga Q 7. Identify the structure of
135. P₄ + SOCl₂ → this oxoacid of phosphorus.
→
136. PCl₃ + H₂O (NEET)
137. CH₃COOH + PC₃ →
138. C₂H₅OH + PCl₃ →
139. How to prepare PCl₅?
140. P₄ + Cl₂ (excess) →
141. P₄ + SO₂Cl₂ →
142. The colour of PCl₅ is -
143. In moist air, it hydrolyses to -
144. PCl₅ + H₂O → Diga Q 8. Identify the structure of
145. POCl₃ + H₂O → this oxoacid of phosphorus.
→
146. PCl₅ + strong heating
147. C₂H₅OH + PCl₅ →
148. CH₃COOH + PCl₅ →
149. Ag + PCl₅ →
150. Sn + PCl₅ →
ANSWERS 3
151. In ____ and ____ states, PCl₅ have a ________ structure.
152. Axial bond length is smaller than an equatorial bond length in PCl₅. T/F (NEET)
153. In solid-state, PCl₅ exists as an ionic/covalent solid.
154. _____ is cation and _____ is anion in solid PCl₅.
155. PCl₅ fume in moisture. T/F
OXOACIDS OF PHOSPHORUS
156. The formula of Phosphinic - (NEET)
157. The formula of Phosphonic - (NEET)
Diga Q 9. Identify the structure of
158. Orthophosphorus formula-
this oxoacid of phosphorus.
159. H₃PO₄ name -
160. H₃PO₂ name -
161. Hypophosphoric formula -
162. Pyrophosphorus formula -
163. H₄P₂O₇ name -
164. Metaphosphoric acid formula -
165. White P + alkali used to prepare -
166. Red P + alkali used to prepare -
167. H₃PO₃ prepared by - Diga Q 10. Identify the structure
168. H₃PO₄ prepared by - (NEET) of this oxoacid of phosphorus.
169. PCl₃ + H₃PO₃ used to prepare-
170. H₄P₂O₇ prepared by -
171. (HPO₃)ₙ prepared by -
172. H₃PO₃ disproportionate to _____ and _____
173. The acid having a P-H bond is strongly reducing. T/F
174. P-H bond is present in acids - (2) (JEE)
175. AgNO₃ + H₃PO₂ → (JEE 2021)
176. Oxoacid of phosphorus with strongest reducing property is - (NEET)
ANSWERS 3 ANSWERS 4
44 CHEMHACK
ANSWERS
TRENDS AND PROPERTIES 30. As charge on pentahalide carbocation is +5, it
1. As, Sb has more polarising power, hence more covalent
2. NaNO₃ character in compound
3. KNO₃ 31. NH₃ have hydrogen bonding
4. Ca₉(PO₄)₆.CaF₂ DINITROGEN
5. N > P > As > Sb > Bi 32. by the liquefaction and fractional distillation of
6. N > P > As > Bi > Sb air
7. N > P > As > Bi > Sb 33. NH₄CI (aq) + NaNO₂ (aq) →
8. N > P > As > Sb > Bi N₂ (g) + 2H₂O (l) + NaCl (aq)
9. N < P < As < Sb < Bi 34. NO and HNO₃, H₂SO₄ containing K₂Cr₂O₇
10. Sb < Bi < N < P < As 35. N₂
11. N < P < As > Sb > Bi 36. By thermal decomposition of sodium or barium
{Also, As > Sb > Bi > P > N} azide
12. N < P < As < Sb > Bi 37. N1₄, N1₅
13. N < P < As < Sb > Bi 38. Li₃N
14. N 39. 773K
15. T 40. Haber’s
16. HNO₃ + NO 41. 2000 K, NO
17. BiF₅ 42. T
18. F 43. N₂
19. T AMMONIA
20. BiH₃
21. NH₃ > PH₃ > AsH₃ > SbH₃ > BiH₃
44. I. (NH₄)₂SO₄ + 2NaOH →
2NH₃ + 2H₂O + Na₂SO₄
II. 2NH₄Cl + Ca(OH)₂ → 2NH₃ + 2H₂O + CaCl₂
22. NH₃ > SbH₃ > AsH₃ > PH₃
23. BiH₃ > SbH₃ > NH₃ > AsH₃ > PH₃
45. Haber's process
24. E₂O₃ and E₂O₅ (E = Element)
46. Iron oxide with small amounts of K₂O and Al₂O₃
25. Decrease
47. 700K, 200 atm
26. T
48. Fe, Mo
27. As, Sb
49. M.P - 198.4K, B.P - 239.7K
28. N
50. Zn(OH)₂ + (NH₄)₂SO₄, White ppt by Zn(OH)₂
29. NF₃
51. Fe₂O₃.xH₂O + NH₄Cl, brown ppt by Fe₂O₃.xH₂O
52. [Cu(NH₃)₄]²⁺, deep blue 80. Temp. - 500 K, Pressure - 9 bar
53. AgCl, white ppt 81. Pt/Rh gauge
54. [Ag(NH₃)₂]Cl, colorless →
82. I. NH₃ + O₂ NO + H₂O
55. F →
II. NO + O₂ NO₂
OXIDES OF NITROGEN →
III. NO₂ + H₂O HNO₃ + NO
56. N₂O₃, NO₂ 83. 68%
57. N₂O₃, N₂O₄, N₂O₅ 84. Dehydration with conc. H₂SO₄
58. Neutral - N₂O, NO 85. F.P - 231.4 K, B.P - 355.6 K
Acidic - N₂O₃, NO₂, N₂O₄, N₂O₅ 86. Planar
59. Blue 87. Gold and platinum
60. Brown 88. T
→
61. Pb(NO₃)₂ NO₂ + PbO + O₂ at 673K, after this, 89. Cu(NO₃)₂ + NO + H₂O
90. Cu(NO₃)₂ + NO₂ + H₂O
NO₂ on colling will give N₂O₄
→
62. NH₄NO₃ + Heat N₂O + H₂O 91. Zn(NO₃)₂ + N₂O + H₂O
63. NaNO₂ + FeSO₄ + H₂SO₄ → 92. Zn(NO₃)₂ + NO₂ + H₂O
Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + NaHSO₄ + NO + H₂O 93. Cr, Al
→
64. NO + N₂O₄ N₂O₃, at 250K 94. NO₂
→
65. Pb(NO₃)₂ NO₂ + PbO + O₂, at 673K 95. HIO₃ + NO₂
⇌
66. NO₂ N₂O₄, this reaction is reversible by heating 96. H₂SO₄ + NO₂
97. H₃PO₃ + NO₂
and cooling
→
67. HNO₃ + P₄O₁₀ HPO₃ + N₂O₅ 98. [Fe(H₂O)₅(NO)]²⁺
99. +1
68. N-O
69. F 100. NO + Fe³⁺
70. Planar 101. NH₄NO₃
71. Planar 102. HNO₃
72. 134° ALLOTROPIC FORMS
73. T
103. White, red and black phosphorus
74. O-N-O
104. Translucent
75. O-N-O
105. T
76. Planar
106. White phosphorus
NITRIC ACID 107. CS₂, H₂O
77. H₂N₂O₂ 108. PH₃ + NaH₂PO₂
78. NaNO₃ + H₂SO₄ → NaHSO₄ + HNO₃ 109. Phosphine
79. Ostwald’s process 110. P₄O₁₀

46 CHEMHACK
111. 60° 139. 2 ways -
112. Red P I. rxn of white P with excess dry chlorine
113. 573 K II. action of SO₂Cl₂ (sulfuryl chloride) on P
114. T 140. PCl₅
115. F 141. PCl₅ + SO₂
116. α-black P & β-black P 142. Yellowish
117. α-black P 143. POCl₃
118. Monoclinic and rhombohedral 144. POCl₃ + HCl
119. T 145. H₃PO₄ + HCl
120. White P, 473 K 146. PCl₃ + Cl₂
PHOSPHINE 147. C₂H₅Cl + POCl₃ + HCl
121. Ca₃P₂ 148. CH₃COCl + POCl₃ + HCl
122. HCl 149. AgCl + PCl₃
123. T 150. SnCl₄ + PCl₃
124. P₂H₄ or P₄ 151. Liquid and gaseous, trigonal bipyramidal
125. HI, PH₄I 152. F
126. KI + PH₃ + H₂O 153. Ionic solid
127. Rotten fish smell 154. [PCl₄]⁺, [PCl₆]⁻
128. Red P, H₂ 155. T
129. Cu₃P₂ + H₂SO₄ OXOACIDS OF PHOSPHORUS
130. Hg₃P₂ + HCl
156. H₃PO₂
131. PH₄Br
157. H₃PO₃
132. Holme’s signal
158. H₃PO₃
PHOSPHORUS HALIDES 159. Orthophosphoric
133. 2 ways - 160. Hypophosphorous
I. passing dry chlorine over heated white P 161. H₄P₂O₆
II. action of thionyl chloride with white P 162. H₄P₂O₅
134. PCl₃ 163. Pyrophosphoric
135. PCl₃ + SO₂ + S₂Cl₂ 164. (HPO₃)ₙ
136. H₃PO₃ + HCl 165. H₃PO₂ (Hypophosphorus)
137. CH₃COCl + H₃PO₃ 166. H₄P₂O₆ (Hypophosphoric)
138. C₂H₅Cl + H₃PO₃ 167. P₂O₃ + H₂O

168. P₄O₁₀ + H₂O Diga Q2. This is the structure of HNO₃
169. H₄P₂O₅ (Pyrophosphorus) A) 102°
170. Heating H₃PO₄ B) 130°
171. H₃PO₃ + Br₂, heat in a sealed tube C) 96 pm
172. H₃PO₄ + PH₃ D) 140.6 pm
173. T (Remembering trick - P-H bond is reducing E) 121 pm
because it want to get oxidised to P-OH as then he can Diga Q3. White Phosphorus
participate in resonance) Diga Q4. Red Phosphorus
174. H₃PO₂, H₃PO₃ Diga Q5. Hypophosphorous acid (H₃PO₂)
175. Ag + HNO₃ + H₃PO₄ Diga Q6. Orthophosphorus acid (H₃PO₃)
176. H₃PO₂
Diga Q7. Orthophosphoric acid (H₃PO₄)
DIGAQS
Diga Q8. Pyrophosphoric acid (H₄P₂O₇)
Diga Q1. This is the structure of NH₃ Diga Q9. Polymetaphosphoric acid (HPO₃)ₙ
A) 101.7 pm Diga Q10. Cyclotrimetaphosphoric acid (HPO₃)₃
B) 107.8°
QUESTIONS 5
48 CHEMHACK

1. Group 16 is called pnictogens/chalcogens.

2. “Chalcogen” is derived from _____ which point out association of S with Cu.
3. Most abundant element on earth is -
4. Epsom salt formula -
5. Baryte formula -
6. ZnS is called - (JEE)
7. Copper pyrites formula -
8. Polonium occur as decay product of ____ and ____ minerals.
9. Covalent radius trend - Diga Q 1. Identify the structure
11. Electron gain enthalpy trend - A
12. I.E. trend - B
14. Density trend -
15. M.P trend -
16. B.P trend -
17. Metalloids in Group 16 are -
18. All elements of group 16 exhibit allotropy. T/F
19. Why there is a large difference between M.P and B.P of O and S ?
20. In OF₂, oxidation state of O is -
21. M.P order of hydrides -
22. B.P order of hydrides - (JEE)
Diga Q 2. Identify
23. All hydrides except _____ possess reducing properties.
the structure
24. H₂Te is the most reducing hydrides among all. T/F
25. Most acidic hydride in grp 16 is - (NEET 2021)
A
26. SeO₂ is solid/gas.
27. SO₂ is reducing/oxidising. B
28. TeO₂ is reducing/oxidising.
29. The stability of halides in grp 16 decrease in order -
30. TeF₄ geometry is -
31. Tell the physical states of SF₄, SeF₄ and TeF₄.
32. All elements except ____ form dichlorides and dibromides.
ANSWERS 1
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
DIOXYGEN
33. KClO₃ on heating in presence of _____ gives O₂. (NEET) Diga Q 3. Identify the structure
34. Catalyst to decompose H₂O₂ is - of this oxoacid of sulphur.
35. 3 ways to obtain O₂ in laboratory -
36. Industrially, O₂ is obtained by - (NEET)
37. O₂ liquefy at ____ K and freeze at ____ K.
38. Stable isotopes of O₂ are -
39. O₂ do not combine with metals - (2)
→
40. SO₂ + O₂ SO₃. Catalyst in this rxn is - (JEE)
→
41. HCl + O₂ Cl₂ + H₂O. Catalyst is this rxn is - (JEE)
42. O₂ is used in ________ welding.
43. Combustion of ______ in liquid O₂ provides tremendous thrust in rockets.
SIMPLE OXIDES & OZONE
44. Ex. Metal oxides having acidic character - (3) (NEET)
45. Ex. of neutral oxides - (3) (NEET)
46. How to prepare O₃?
47. Pure ozone is _____ coloured gas, ______ coloured liquid and _______ coloured solid.
48. PbS + O₃→
49. I⁻ + O₃→
50. How to quantitatively estimate O₃ gas?
51. _____ are used in aerosol sprays and as refrigerants that may be depleting ozone.
52. In O₃, O-O bond length is _____ and bond angle is _____
53. O₃ is used as a germicide. T/F
54. O₃ acts as an oxidising agent in the manufacture of
SULPHUR - ALLOTROPIC FORMS
55. Name the 2 most important allotropes of S and their crystal systems. Diga Q 4. Identify the structure
56. At room temp., _________ is stable. (JEE) of this oxoacid of sulphur.
57. Rhombic transforms into monoclinic when heated above _____ K.
58. Colour of rhombic sulphur is -
59. How to make rhombic sulphur?
60. α-sulphur is soluble in water. T/F
61. α-sulphur is readily soluble in -
ANSWERS 1 ANSWERS 2
50 CHEMHACK
62. M.P of rhombic sulphur -
63. M.P of monoclinic sulphur - Diga Q 5. Identify the structure of
64. Monoclinic sulphur is insoluble in CS₂. T/F this oxoacid of sulphur.
65. At ____K, both α and β-sulphur are stable. (JEE 2021)
66. Both α and β-sulphur have ___ molecules.
67. The S₈ ring in both the form has _____ shape.
68. At elevated temp, sulphur exist in ____ form. (JEE)
69. S₂ is diamagnetic/paramagnetic. (JEE 2021)
SULPHUR DIOXIDE
70. In lab, SO₂ is produced by -
71. Industrially, SO₂ is produced -
72. SO₂ have pungent smell. T/F
73. NaOH + SO₂ →
74. Na₂SO₃ + SO₂ + H₂O →
75. In its reaction with water and alkalies, the behaviour of SO₂ is very similar to that of ____
76. SO₂Cl₂ name is -
77. SO₂ + Cl₂, in the presence of charcoal gives -
78. SO₂ is oxidised to SO₃ in the presence of _____ catalyst.
79. Fe²⁺ + SO₂ →
80. SO₂ + MnO⁴⁻ →
81. Liquid SO₂ dissolves a number of organic and inorganic chemicals. T/F
82. ____ is used as an anti-chlor, disinfectant and preservative.
SULPHURIC ACID
83. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by the ______ process. (NEET) (JEE 2021)
84. Oleum formula is - (NEET)
Diga Q 6. Identify the structure of
85. Contact process steps - (3)
this oxoacid of sulphur.
86. Key step in the manufacture of H₂SO₄ is -
87. In contact process, temp. and pressure are -
88. H₂SO₄ obtained by the contact process is only 50% pure. T/F
89. H₂SO₄ is an oily liquid. T/F
90. Conc. H₂SO₄ is a strong hydrating agent. T/F
91. C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ + H₂SO₄ →
ANSWERS 2
92. Arrange H₃PO₄, HNO₃, and H₂SO₄ in order of oxidising power.

93. Cu + H₂SO₄ (conc.)→
94. S + H₂SO₄ (conc.) →
95. H₂SO₄ is used in the manufacture of nitrocellulose products. T/F
ANSWERS 2
52 CHEMHACK
ANSWERS
TRENDS AND PROPERTIES 28. Oxidising
1. Chalcogens 29. F⁻ > Cl⁻ > Br⁻ > I⁻
2. Brass 30. See-saw geometry
3. O 31. SF₄ - gas, SeF₄ - liquid, TeF₄ - solid
4. MgSO₄.7H₂O 32. O
5. BaSO₄ DIOXYGEN
6. Zinc blende 33. MnO₂
7. CuFeS₂ 34. Finely divided metals and MnO₂
8. Th, U 35. I. Heating KClO₃ in presence of MnO₂
9. O < S < Se < Te < Po II. Thermal decomposition of oxides of metal
10. O < S < Se < Te < Po III. H₂O₂ decomposition
11. S > Se > Te > Po > O {Order is according to 36. Air
magnitude} 37. 90 K, 55 K
12. O > S > Se > Te > Po 38. 16O, 17O, 18O
13. O > S > Se > Te > Po 39. Au, Pt
14. O < S < Se < Te 40. V₂O₅
15. O < S < Se < Te < Po 41. CuCl₂
16. O < S < Se < Te < Po 42. Oxyacetylene
17. Se, Te 43. Hydrazines
18. T SIMPLE OXIDES AND OZONE
19. Because O exist as O₂, S exist as S₈. As 44. Mn₂O₇, CrO₃, V₂O₅
atomicity of O is less, Molecular mass is too 45. CO, NO, N₂O
less, hence such major difference 46. Bypassing slow dry dream of O₂ through a
20. +2 silent electrical discharge
21. H₂O > H₂Te > H₂Se > H₂S 47. Pale blue, dark blue, violet-black
22. H₂O > H₂Te > H₂Se > H₂S 48. PbSO₄ + O₂
23. H₂O 49. I₂ + O₂ + OH⁻
24. T 50. When O₃ reacts with an excess of KI solution
25. H₂Te buffered with a borate buffer (pH 9.2), I₂ is
26. Solid liberated which can be titrated against a standard
27. Reducing solution of Na₂S₂O₃. (sodium thiosulphate)
51. Freons SULPHURIC ACID
52. 128 pm, 117° 83. H₂S₂O₇
53. T 84. H₂S₂O₇
54. KMnO₄ 85. I. generating SO₂ (by burning of sulphur or sulphide
SULPHUR - ALLOTROPIC FORMS ores)
II. SO₂ to SO₃ by V₂O₅
55. α-sulphur (rhombic), β-sulphur (monoclinic)
III. absorption of SO₃ in H₂SO₄ to give Oleum
56. Rhombic
86. SO₂ to SO₃ conversion in presence of V₂O₅
57. 369 K
87. Temp. - 720K, P - 2 bar
58. Yellow
88. F (96 - 98% pure)
59. evaporating the solution of roll sulphur in CS₂
89. T
60. F
90. F, dehydrating agent
61. CS₂
91. C + H₂O
62. 385.8 K
92. HNO₃ > H₂SO₄ > H₃PO₄
63. 393 K
93. CuSO₄ + SO₂ + H₂O
64. F
94. SO₂ + H₂O
65. 369
95. T
66. S₈
67. Crown DIGAQS
68. S₂ Diga Q1. This is the structure of S₈ ring in rhombic
69. Paramagnetic sulphur
SULPHUR DIOXIDE A) 204 pm
→
70. SO₃²⁻ (aq) + 2H⁺ (aq) H₂O (l) + SO₂ (g) B) 107°
Diga Q2. This is the structure of S₆ form
71. As a by product of roasting of sulphise ores
72. T A) 205.7 pm
73. Na₂SO₃ + H₂O B) 102.2°
74. 2NaHSO₃ Diga Q3. Sulphurous acid (H₂SO₃)
75. CO₂ Diga Q4. Pyrosulphuric acid (Oleum) H₂S₂O₇
76. Sulphuryl chloride Diga Q5. Peroxodisulphuric acid (H₂S₂O₈)
77. SO₂Cl₂ Diga Q6. Sulphuric acid (H₂SO₄)
78. V₂O₅
79. (SO₄)²⁻ + Fe³⁺
80. SO₄²⁻ + Mn²⁺
81. T
82. Contact

54 CHEMHACK

1. ‘Halo’ means -
2. Fluorspar formula -
3. Cryolite formula -
4. 3Ca₃(PO₄)₂.CaF₂ is called - Diga Q1. Identify the structure
5. Carnallite formula -
8. I.E. trend -
9. Electron gain enthalpy trend - (NEET) (JEE 2021)
10. Electronegativity trend - (NEET)
11. Melting point trend -
12. Boiling point trend -
13. Density trend -
14. Bond dissociation enthalpy trend - (NEET) (JEE 2021)
15. Halogen which exists in liquid form -
16. Halogen which exists as solid -
17. Tell the colors of F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂.
18. Although the EGE of F is fewer -ve compared to Cl, F is a stronger oxidizing agent. Why?
19. Oxidising power of any element depends on - (3)
20. F₂ + H₂O→
21. X₂ + H₂O→ (X = Cl/Br)
→
22. I₂ + H₂O
23. I⁻ + O₂→
24. The only oxoacid fluorine form is -
25. Acidic strength order of hydrogen halides is - (NEET 2021) (JEE)
26. Stability order of HX - (JEE)
27. M.P order of HX -
28. B.P order of HX - (NEET)
29. The 2 oxides that fluorine form is -
ANSWERS 1
30. O₂F₂ is used to remove ___ from spent nuclear fuel by forming _____
31. Iodine oxides are less stable than chlorine oxides. T/F
32. Order of stability of oxides formed by halogen is -
33. The higher oxides of halogens tend to be more stable than the lower ones. T/F
34. _____ is used as a bleaching agent for paper pulp and textiles and in water treatment.
35. Oxides of ____ halogen are least stable and this phenomenon is called -
36. _____ is used in the estimation of CO.
37. Oxides formed by Cl are - (4)
38. Oxides of Br are - (3)
39. Oxides of I are - (3)
40. MI is more ionic than MF. (M - Metal) T/F
41. The halides of higher oxidation state will be more covalent than the one in lower oxidation state. T/F
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
CHLORINE
42. Cl was discovered by _____ by the action of HCl on MnO₂.
43. _____ established the elemental nature of Cl.
44. MnO₂ + HCl →
→
45. NaCl + MnO₂ + H₂SO₄
46. KMnO₄ + HCl →
47. Tell the reagents and catalyst used in the deacon’s process. (NEET) (JEE 2021)
48. Preparation methods of Cl are - (2) (NEET)
49. Manufacturing methods of Cl are - (2) (NEET)
50. Cl has a pungent and suffocating odour. T/F
51. P₄ + Cl₂→
52. S₈ + Cl₂→
53. Fe + Cl₂→
54. H₂S + Cl₂→
→
55. C10H1₆ + Cl₂ Diga Q2. Identify the structure
56. NH₃ (excess) + Cl₂ → (JEE)
57. NH₃ + Cl₂ (excess) →
58. NaOH (cold and dilute) + Cl₂→ (JEE)
→
59. NaOH (hot and conc.) + Cl₂ (NEET)
60. Ca(OH)₂ + Cl₂ →
ANSWERS 1 ANSWERS 2
56 CHEMHACK
61. Composition of bleaching powder is - (JEE)
62. CH₄ + Cl₂ + UV →
63. C₂H₄ + Cl₂ →
64. Chlorine water on standing loses its color due to the formation of - (2)
65. Hypochlorous acid formula -
66. _____ is responsible for the bleaching action of Cl.
67. The bleaching action of chlorine is due to oxidation/reduction. Diga Q3. Identify the structure
68. FeSO₄ + H₂SO₄ + Cl₂ →
69. Na₂SO₃ + Cl₂ + H₂O →
→
70. SO₂ + Cl₂
→
71. I₂ + Cl₂
72. Phosgene formula -
73. Tear gas formula -
74. Mustard gas formula -
75. Cl is used in the extraction of gold and platinum. T/F
76. Uses of Cl - (5)
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE (HCL)
77. Bleaching effect of chlorine is permanent. T/F
78. ______ prepared the acid in 1648.
79. _____ in 1810 showed that it is a compound of H and Cl.
80. Preparation of HCl is done by -
81. NH₃ + HCl →
82. NH₄Cl fumes are _____ in colour.
83. Aqua regia have ____ parts of HCl and ____ parts of HNO₃.
84. Aqua regia is used to dissolve _____ and _____
85. Au + NO₃⁻ + Cl⁻ + H+ → (JEE)
86. Pt + NO₃⁻ + Cl⁻ + H+ →
87. Na₂CO₃ + HCl →
88. NaHCO₃ + HCl →
89. Na₂SO₃ + HCl →
90. HCl on reacting with finely powdered iron produces ferrous/ferric chloride.
91. Uses of HCl are - (3)
ANSWERS 2
OXOACIDS OF HALOGEN & INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS

92. HOF is known as _______ acid.
93. HOCl is known as _______ acid.
94. HOBr is known as _______ acid.
95. Chlorous acid formula -
96. Iodic acid formula -
97. Perbromic acid formula -
98. Arrange HClO, HClO₂, HClO₃, HClO₄ in order of acidic strength. (NEET) (JEE)
99. Arrange HIO₃, HCIO₃, HBrO₃ in order of acidic strength.
100. OF₂ is an oxide of fluorine. T/F (NEET)
→
101. Cl₂ + F₂ (both equal volume)
→
102. Cl₂ + F₂ (excess)
→
103. I₂ + Cl₂ (excess)
Diga Q4. Identify the structure
→
104. I₂ + C₂ (equimolar)
105. Br₂ + F₂ (diluted with water)→
→
106. Br₂ + F₂ (excess)
107. CIF is a yellow-colored gas. T/F
108. BrF color is -
109. Structure of IF₅ - (NEET)
110. Structure of XX’₃ - (NEET)
111. Structure of IF₇ - (NEET)
112. ____ is detected spectroscopically.
113. All interhalogen compounds are diamagnetic in nature. T/F
114. Interhalogen compounds are more reactive than halogens except _______ (JEE)
115. When XX’ is hydrolyzed, it gives - (2)
116. When XX’₃ is hydrolyzed, it gives - (2)
117. When XX’₅ is hydrolyzed, it gives - (2)
118. The shape and geometry of BrF₃ are -
119. The axial F atoms make an angle of 90° with the equatorial F. T/F
120. Interhalogen compounds are not used as fluorinating agents. T/F
→
121. U (s) + ClF₃ (l) A + B. Identify A and B.
ANSWERS 2 ANSWERS 3
58 CHEMHACK
ANSWERS
TRENDS AND PROPERTIES 28. HF > HI > HBr > HCl
1. Salt 29. O₂F₂ and OF₂
2. CaF₂ 30. Pu (Plutonium), PuF₆
3. Na₃AlF₆ 31. F
4. Fluorapatite 32. I > Cl > Br
5. KCl.MgCl₂.6H₂O 33. T
6. F < Cl < Br < I 34. ClO₂
7. F < Cl < Br < I 35. Br, middle row anomaly
8. F > Cl > Br > I 36. I₂O₅
9. Cl > F > Br > I 37. Cl₂O, ClO₂, Cl₂O₆ and Cl₂O₇
10. F > Cl > Br > I 38. Br₂O, BrO₂, BrO₃
11. F₂ < Cl₂ < Br₂ < I₂ 39. I₂O₄, I₂O₅, I₂O₇
12. F₂ < Cl₂ <Br₂ < I₂ 40. F
13. F₂ < Cl₂ <Br₂ < I₂ 41. T
14. Cl₂ > Br₂ > F₂ > I₂ CHLORINE
15. Br₂ 42. Scheele
16. I₂ 43. Davy
17. F₂ - yellow, Cl₂ - greenish yellow, Br₂ - red, 44. MnCl₂ + Cl₂
I₂ - violet colour 45. MnCl₂ + NaHSO₄ + Cl₂
18. I. low enthalpy of dissociation of F-F bond 46. KCl + MnCl₂ + Cl₂
II. high hydration enthalpy of F- 47. Reagents - HCl + O₂, Catalyst - CuCl₂
19. I. enthalpy of dissociation 48. I. By heating MnO₂ with conc. HCl
II. enthalpy of electron gain II. Action of HCl on potassium permanganate
III. enthalpy of hydration →
49. I. HCl + O₂ Cl₂ + H₂O in presence of CuCl₂
20. HF + O₂ II. By electrolysis of brine
21. HX + HOX 50. T
22. no reaction 51. PCl₃
23. I₂ + H₂O 52. S₂Cl₂
24. HOF 53. FeCl₃
25. HI > HBr > HCl > HF 54. HCl + S
26. HF > HCl > HBr > HI 55. HCl + C
27. HI > HF > HBr > HCl 56. NH₄Cl + N₂
57. NCl₃ + HCl 80. Heating NaCl with conc. H₂SO₄
58. NaCl + NaOCl Rxns -
59. NaCl + NaClO₃ →
NaCl + H₂SO₄ NaHSO₄ + HCl (T - 420K)
60. Ca(OCl)₂ + CaCl₂ →
NaHSO₄ + NaCl Na₂SO₄ + HCl (T - 823K)
61. Ca(OCl)₂.CaCl₂.Ca(OH)₂.2H₂O 81. NH₄Cl
62. CH₃Cl + HCl 82. White
63. C₂H₄Cl₂ 83. 3, 1
64. HCl + HOCl 84. Gold and platinum
65. HOCl 85. AuCl₄⁻ + NO
66. HOCl 86. (PtCl₆)²⁻ + NO
67. Oxidation 87. NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O
68. Fe₂(SO₄)₃ + HCl 88. NaCl + CO₂ + H₂O
69. Na₂SO₄ + HCl 89. NaCl + SO₂ + H₂O
70. H₂SO₄ + HCl 90. Ferrous
71. HIO₃ + HCl 91. I. in the manufacture of chlorine, NH₄Cl, and glucose
72. COCl₂ (from corn starch)
73. CCl₃NO₂ II. for extracting glue from bones and purifying bone
74. ClCH₂CH₂SCH₂CH₂Cl black
75. T III. in medicine and as a laboratory reagent
76. (i) for bleaching woodpulp (required for the OXOACIDS OF HALOGENS &
INTERHALOGEN COMPOUNDS
manufacture of paper and rayon)
(ii) bleaching cotton and textiles 92. Hypofluorous
93. Hypochlorous
(ii) in the extraction of gold and platinum
94. Hypobromous
(iii) in the manufacture of dyes, drugs and organic
95. HClO₂
compounds such as CCl₄, CHCl₃, DDT, refrigerants, etc
96. HIO₃
(iv) in sterilising drinking water
97. HBrO₄
(v) preparation of poisonous gases such as phosgene,
98. HClO₄ > HClO₃ > HClO₂ > HClO
tear gas, mustard gas 99. HClO₃ > HBrO₃ > HIO₃
100. F, OF₂ is a fluoride of oxygen
HYDROGEN CHLORIDE
101. ClF
77. T 102. ClF₃
78. Glauber 103. ICl₃
79. Davy 104. ICl

60 CHEMHACK
105. BrF₃ 116. Halide and halite

106. BrF₅ 117. Halide and halate
107. F 118. Shape - Bent T, Geometry - Trigonal bipyramidal
108. Pale brown 119. F
109. Square pyramidal 120. F
110. Bent T-shaped 121. A - UF₆, B - ClF
111. Pentagonal bipyramidal DIGAQ
112. IF Diga Q1. Hypochlorous Acid
113. T Diga Q2. Chlorous Acid
114. F₂ Diga Q3. Chloric Acid
115. Halide and hypohalite Diga Q4. Perchloric Acid
QUESTIONS 4

1. All noble gases except ____ occur in atmosphere.
2. Name some minerals of radioactive origin - (3)
3. The main commercial source of He is -
4. I.E. trend -
5. Electron gain enthalpy trend -
6. Density trend -
7. M.P trend -
8. B.P trend - (JEE)
9. Most abundant noble gas in atmosphere is -
10. _____ has the lowest B.P of any known substance.
11. Noble gas have negative electron gain enthalpy. T/F
12. ______ (scientist name) for the first time observed the reactivity of Xe.
13. He first prepared ______, a red compound.
14. KrF₂ exist. T/F
XENON COMPOUNDS
→
15. Xe (excess) + F₂ A Tell A, Temp, Pressure.
→
16. Xe + F₂ (1 : 5 ratio) A Tell A, Temp, Pressure.
→
17. Xe + F₂ (1 : 20 ratio) A Tell A, Temp, Pressure.
18. XeF₄ + O₂F₂→ (JEE)
19. XeF₂ + H₂O →
20. Shape of XeF₂ - (JEE)
21. Shape of XeF₄ - (NEET) (JEE)
22. Shape of XeF₆ - (NEET) (JEE)
23. XeF₂ + PF₅ →
24. XeF₆ + MF (M = Na, K, Rb, Cs) →
25. XeF₄ + H₂O →
26. XeF₆ + 3H₂O →
27. XeF₆ + H₂O (partial hydrolysis)→
→
28. XeF₆ + 2H₂O (partial hydrolysis) (JEE 2021)
ANSWERS
62 CHEMHACK
29. _____ is a colorless explosive solid.

30. Structure of XeOF₄ - (NEET)
31. Structure of XeO₃ - (NEET)
32. ______ is used in discharge tubes and fluorescent bulbs.
33. _____is used mainly to provide an inert atmosphere in high-temperature metallurgical processes. (JEE)
34. ______ is used in filling balloons for meteorological observations (JEE)
35. ______ is used as diluent for oxygen in modern diving apparatus.
36. Why He is used in diving apparatus?
37. Noble gas are sparingly soluble in water. T/F (NEET 2021)
38. Noble gas have large positive values of Electron gain enthalpy. T/F (NEET 2021)
39. Noble gas have very high melting and boiling point. T/F (NEET 2021)
40. Noble gases have weak dispersion force. T/F (NEET 2021)
ANSWERS
ANSWERS
TRENDS AND PROPERTIES 20. Linear
1. Rn 21. Square planer
2. pitchblende, monazite, cleveite 22. Distorted octahedral
3. Natural gas 23. [XeF]⁺[PF₆]⁻
4. He > Ne > Ar > Kr > Xe > Rn 24. M⁺[XeF₇]⁻
5. Ne > Ar = Kr > Xe > Rn > He 25. Xe + XeO₃ + HF + O₂
6. He < Ne < Ar < Ke < Xe < Rn 26. XeO₃ + HF
7. Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe < Rn 27. XeOF₄ + HF
8. He < Ne < Ar < Kr < Xe < Rn 28. XeO₂F₂ + HF
9. Ar 29. XeO₃
10. He 30. Square pyramidal
11. F 31. Pyramidal
12. Neil Bartlett 32. Neon
13. O₂⁺PtF₆⁻ 33. Argon
14. T 34. He
XENON COMPOUNDS 35. He
36. Because of its very low solubility in blood
15. XeF₂ (s) Temp.- 673 K (400°C) & P - 1 bar
37. T
16. XeF₄ (s) Temp - 873 K (600°C) & P - 7 bar
38. T
17. XeF₆ (s) Temp - 573K (300°C) & P - 60-70 bar
39. F
18. XeF₆ + O₂
40. T
19. Xe + HF + O₂
Chapter 6
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF
ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS
OCCURRENCE OF METALS
1. What are ores ? (NEET)

2. Ores are usually contaminated by earthly or undesired materials known as ______ (NEET)
3. Extraction and isolation of metals from ores involve the steps - (3)
4. ____ metal is the most abundant.
5. ____ is the 3rd most abundant element in the earth crust.
6. ___ is the impurity in ruby and ___ is the impurity in sapphire.
7. ___ is the 2nd most abundant metal in earth crust.
8. Bauxite composition is - (JEE 2021)
9. [Al₂(OH)₄Si₂O₅] name - (JEE 2021)
10. Haematite formula - (JEE 2021)
11. Magnetite formula - (NEET) (JEE 2021)
12. FeCO₃ is name - (JEE 2021)
13. Iron pyrites formula -
14. CuFeS₂ name - (NEET) (JEE)
15. CuCO₃.Cu(OH)₂ name - (NEET) (JEE 2021)
16. Copper glance formula -
17. Zinc blende is also called ______ with formula - (JEE 2021)
18. Calamine formula - (JEE 2021)
19. ZnO name -
CONCENTRATION OF ORES
20. Name the 4 methods of conc. of ore -
21. Upward/downward stream of running water is used in hydraulic washing.
22. Magnetic separation is used in case of _____ ores.
23. Froth flotation method is used to remove gangue from ______ ores. (JEE)
24. Ex of collectors - (3)
25. Froth stabilisers ex - (2)
26. What collectors do ?
27. In case of an ore containing ZnS and PbS, the depressant used is ______
28. It prevent ZnS/PbS from coming to the froth but allows ZnS/PbS to come with the froth.
ANSWERS 1
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ISOLATION OF ELEMENTS 65
29. ______ saw that the Cu bearing compounds were caught in the soapsuds and so they came to the top.
30. ______ is often used if the ore is soluble in some suitable solvent.
31. Impurities present in bauxite are - (3)
32. In leaching, bauxite is treated with conc. solution of _____ at ____-____ K and ___-___ bar pressure.
33. Al₂O₃ + NaOH → (JEE)
34. Na[Al(OH)₄] (aq) + CO₂ (g)→
35. Al₂O₃.xH₂O (s) (on heating at 1470K)→
36. In metallurgy of Au and Ag, the metal is leached with ____ or ____.
37. M + CN⁻ + O₂ →
38. [M(CN)₂] + Zn →
EXTRACTION OF CRUDE METAL FROM CONCENTRATED ORE
39. The isolation of metals from conc. ore involves steps - (2)
40. Conversion to oxide is done by - (2) (JEE 2021)
→
41. Fe₂O₃.xH₂O + Δ
42. ZnCO₃ + Δ →
→
43. CaCO₃.MgCO₃ + Δ
44. In roasting, metal is heated above its melting point. T/F
45. ZnS + O₂ →
46. PbS + O₂ →
47. Cu₂S + O₂ →
48. Copper matte contains ____ and ____
49. FeO + SiO₂ →
50. What is ‘pyrometallurgy’ ?
51. The ΔH and ΔS values for ant chemical rxn remain nearly constant on change in temperature. T/F
52. Arrange the metals (given in ellingham diagram of NCERT) in order of their reducing power. (NEET)
→
53. Fe₃O₄ + CO Fe + CO₂. This rxn takes place at temp. -
54. At 500 - 800 K, the reactions that take place are - (4)
55. At 900 - 1500 K, the reactions that takes place are - (3)
56. Ex of slag is -
57. Pig iron contains ___% impurities. (NEET)
58. Cast iron is made by melting ______ with ______ and _____ using hot air blast. (JEE)
59. Cast iron have ___ % carbon content.
60. Cast iron is hard/soft.
61. Cast iron is brittle/resilient.
ANSWERS 1 ANSWERS 2
66 CHEMHACK
62. _______ is the purest form of commercial iron. (JEE)

63. Wrought iron is also called -
64. Wrought iron is preparation process -
65. The reverberatory furnace forming wrought iron is lined with -
66. ______ is added as a flux in its preparation.
67. ____, ____, ____ are oxidised and passed into the slag.
68. The metals is freed from slang by passing through ______
69. Copper oxide react with _____ or ___ to finally obtain the metal. (NEET)
70. Describe the process of extraction of Cu.
71. The 4 reactions that take place in its furnace are - (NEET)
72. The Cu have blistered appearance due to evolution of - (NEET)
73. The reduction of ZnO is done using _____ (JEE 2021)
74. The temp. in case of Zn is higher than that of Cu. T/F
75. ____ metal is collected by rapid chilling.
ELECTROCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY
76. Flux makes the molten mass more conducting. T/F
77. In metallurgy of Al, purified Al₂O₃ is mixed with _____ or _____ which lower M.P and brings conductivity.
(NEET) (JEE 2021)
78. _____ act as cathode and _____ act as anode. (JEE)
79. The process to procure Al through electrolysis is called - (NEET) (JEE 2021)
80. Tell the chemical equation of the Hall-Heroult process.
81. To produce 4 kg of Al, C needed is -
82. Reactions that operate at anode are - (2)
83. Cu is extracted by __________ from low grade ores.
84. Cu is leached out using ____ or ____
85. The solution of Cu²⁺ is treated with _____ or ____ to obtain pure Cu.
86. Electrolysis of molten NaCl produces NaOH and Cl₂. T/F
87. How are Au and Ag extracted ? (NEET) (JEE)
88. ____ act as a reducing agent in the extraction of Au and Ag. (NEET)
REFINING
89. Methods of refining are - (6)
90. Distillation is used for - (2) (JEE 2021)
91. Liquation is used for - (1)
92. In electrolytic refining, impure metal is made to act as cathode/anode.
ANSWERS 2 ANSWERS 3
93. Ex of metal which is refined using electrolytic refining - (2) (JEE 2021)
94. Anode mud contains - (6) (JEE)
95. The zone refining method is based on - (NEET)
96. Zone refining method is used for - (5) (JEE 2021)
97. Mond process is used for - (1) (NEET)
98. Ni reacts with _____ to form _____ at ___-___ K.
99. On cooling Ni(CO)₄, it decomposes. T/F
100. Van Arkel Method is used for - (2) (NEET) (JEE 2021)
101. Zr and Ti is reacted with ___ (JEE)
102. The metal iodide decomposes on a ______ filament, electrically heated above _____ K.
USES OF Al, Cu, Zn, Fe

103. Al is used to extract ___ and ___ from their oxides.
104. The fine dust of Al is used in ____ and ____
105. Brass is alloy of - (2) (JEE)
106. Bronze is alloy of - (2) (JEE)
107. Coinage alloy contains - (2)
108. German silver is alloy of - (3) (JEE 2021)
109. _____ is used in galvanising iron.
110. Brass contains ___% Cu and ___% Zn.
111. German silver contain ___% Cu, ___% Zn and ___% Ni.
112. Zinc dust is used as a reducing agent in the manufacture of _____ and ______
113. ______ is the most important form of iron.
114. Cryolite formula is - (JEE)
115. The maximum temperature that can be achieved in blast furnace is - (NEET 2021)
116. Which method can be used to obtain highly pure metal which is liquid at room temperature ? (NEET 2021)
ANSWERS 3
68 CHEMHACK
ANSWERS
OCCURRENCE OF METALS 23. Sulphide ores
1. Viable sources of metal 24. Pine oils, fatty acids and xanthates
2. Gangue 25. Cresols, aniline
3. Extraction and isolation of metals from ores 26. Enhance non-wettability of the mineral particles
involves 27. NaCN
I. Concentration of the ore 28. ZnS, PbS
II. Isolation of the metal from its conc. ore 29. Washerwoman
III. Purification of the metal 30. Leaching
4. Al 31. SiO₂, iron oxides and TiO₂
5. Al 32. NaOH, 473-523 K and 35-36 bar pressure
6. Cr, Co 33. Na[Al(OH)₄]
7. Fe 34. Al₂O₃.xH₂O + NaHCO₃
8. AlOₓ(OH)₃₋₂ₓ 35. Al₂O₃ + x.H₂O
9. Kaolinite 36. NaCN or KCN
10. Fe₂O₃ 37. [M(CN)₂]⁻ + OH⁻
11. Fe₃O₄ 38. [Zn(CN)₄]²⁻ + M
12. Siderite EXTRACTION OF METAL FROM ORE
13. FeS₂ 39. Isolation of metals from conc. ore involves
14. Copper pyrites I. conversion to oxide
15. Malachite II. reduction of the oxide to metal
16. Cu₂S 40. Calcination and Roasting
17. Sphalerite, ZnS 41. Fe₂O₃ + xH₂O
18. ZnCO₃ 42. ZnO + CO₂
19. Zincite 43. CaO + MgO + CO₂
CONCENTRATION OF ORES 44. F
20. Methods of conc. of ore 45. ZnO + SO₂
I. Hydraulic washing 46. PbO + SO₂
II. Magnetic separation 47. Cu₂O + SO₂
III. Froth flotation method 48. Cu₂S and FeS
IV. Leaching 49. FeSiO₃
21. Upward 50. the branch of science and technology concerned
22. Iron with the use of high temperatures to extract and
purify metals IV. solidified copper obtained
51. T 71. Reactions that take place in the furnace
52. Cu < Fe < Zn < Al < Mg →
2FeS + 3O₂ 2FeO + 2SO₂
53. 500-800 K →
FeO + SiO₂ FeSiO₃
54. At 500 - 800 K →
2Cu₂S + 3O₂ 2Cu₂O + 2SO₂
→
I. Fe₂O₃ + CO 2Fe₃O₄ + CO₂ →
2Cu₂O + Cu₂S 6Cu + SO₂
→
II. Fe₃O₄ + 4CO 3FeO + 4CO₂ 72. SO₂
→
III. Fe₂O₃ + CO 2FeO + CO₂ 73. Coke
→
IV. CaCO₃ CaO + CO₂ 74. T
75. Zn
55. At 900 - 1500 K
→
I. C + CO₂ 2CO ELECTROCHEMICAL PRINCIPLES
→
II. FeO + CO Fe + CO₂ 76. T
→
III. CaO + SiO₂ CaSiO₃ 77. Na₃AlF₆, CaF₂
56. FeSiO₃ 78. Cathode - Steel vessel with lining of C,
57. 4% Anode - Graphite
58. Pig iron with scrap iron and coke 79. Hall-Heroult process
59. 3% →
80. Al₂O₃ + C Al + CO₂
60. Hard 81. 2 kg
61. Brittle →
82. C + O²⁻ CO + 2e⁻
62. Wrought iron →
83. C + 2O²⁻ CO2 + 4e⁻
63. Malleable iron 84. Acid or bacteria
64. It is prepared from cast iron by oxidising impurities 85. Scrap iron or H₂
in a reverberatory furnace 86. F
65. Haematite 87. Extraction Au and Ag
66. Limestone I. Leaching the metal with CN⁻
67. S, Si, P →
4Au(s) + 8CN⁻ (aq) + O₂ (g) 4[Au(CN)₂]⁻(aq)
68. Rollers II. Recovering metal through displacement rxn
69. Cu₂S or C(coke) →
2[Au(CN)₂]⁻ + Zn 2Au + [Zn(CN)₄]²⁻
70. Extraction of Cu 88. Zn
I. Ore heated in reverberatory furnace after REFINING
mixing with SiO₂ 89. Methods of refining
II. Copper matte is produced as FeO slags of as (a) Distillation
FeSiO₃ (b) Liquation
III. Copper matte is charged into silica lined (c) Electrolysis
converter (d) Zone refining
70 CHEMHACK
(e) Vapour phase refining USES OF Al, Cu, Zn, Fe

(f) Chromatographic methods 103. Cr & Mn
90. Zn & Hg 104. Paints and lacquers
91. Sn 105. Cu & Zn
92. Anode 106. Cu & Sn
93. Cu, Zn 107. Cu & Ni
94. Antimony, tellurium, silver, gold and platinum 108. Cu, Zn & Ni
95. Greater solubility of the impurity in the molten 109. Zn
state than in the solid 110. 60% Cu, 40% Zn
96. Ge, Si, B, Ga, In 111. Cu - 25-30%, Zn - 25-30%, Ni - 40-50%
97. Ni 112. Dye-stuffs, paints
98. CO, Ni(CO)₄, 330-350 K 113. Cast iron
99. F, on heating it decomposes 114. Na₃AlF₆
100. Zr and Ti 115. Upto 2200 K
101. I₂ 116. Distillation
102. Tungsten, 1800K
Chapter 7
THE D-BLOCK ELEMENTS
INTRODUCTION
1. d-block elements are also called -

2. Define transition elements - (NEET)
3. Which elements of d block are not transition metals?
4. General electronic configuration of transition elements is - (NEET)
5. Elements in 1ˢᵗ series -
6. Elements in 2ⁿᵈ series -
7. Elements in 3ʳᵈ series -
8. Elements in 4ᵗʰ series -
9. There are greater horizontal similarities in the properties of transition elements in contrast to the main group
elements. T/F

10. Tell the lattice structure of all transition metals.
11. Melting point first decrease then increase along the series. T/F
12. ___ and ___ show anomalous values of melting point.
13. Second and third series have greater enthalpies of atomisation than the corresponding elements of the first
series. T/F
14. The only property of first series which show gradual increase along the series without any exception is -
15. Shielding of one 4f electron by another is more than that of one d electron by another. T/F (JEE)
16. Zr and Hf have very similar radius and physical and chemical properties because of - (NEET 2021) (JEE)
17. The elements which give the greatest number of oxidation states occur in the middle/periphery of the series.
18. Titanium (IV) is more stable than Ti(III) or Ti(II). T/F
19. Lower oxidation states are favoured by the heavier members of d block. T/F
20. Name the transition element that doesn’t exhibit variable oxidation states.
21. Which element of 3d series show largest no of oxidation states ?
22. Cr³⁺ is reducing and Mn³⁺ is oxidising even when both have same configuration. T/F
23. Cu have positive/negative electrode potential.
24. Ex of compound with +7 state of Mn - (2)
25. High oxidation state is stabilized by F due to higher lattice energy in case of - (1)
26. High oxidation state is stabilized by F due to higher bond enthalpy terms in case of - (2)
ANSWERS 1
72 CHEMHACK
27. All Cu halide are known except -

28. Cu²⁺ + I⁻ →
29. The ability of oxygen to stabilise high oxidation states exceeds that of fluorine. T/F
30. Ferrates are formed in alkaline medium but readily decompose into -
31. Ni have low negative enthalpy of hydration. T/F
Diga Q1. This is the table of
32. Ferromagnetism is extreme form of ________
33. Calculate the spin only magnetic moment of Cr²⁺ ion. (NEET)
34. The colourless ions are - (3)
35. Violet color is given by - (3)
36. Green colour is given by - (3)
37. Blue colour is given by - (4)
38. Fe³⁺ colour is -
39. Ti³⁺ colour is -
40. Mn²⁺ colour -
41. Give 3 example of catalytic properties of transition metals -
42. How Fe²⁺ catalyst reaction between I⁻ and S₂O₈²⁻ ion?
43. The interstitial compounds are chemically reactive. T/F (NEET)
44. Interstitial compounds have high/low melting point than pure metals. (NEET)
45. Interstitial compounds become soft. T/F (NEET)
46. Name the 4 properties of interstitial compounds. (NEET)
47. Alloys are formed by atoms with metallic radii that are within about __ % of each other.
48. Brass is alloy of ____ and ____
49. Bronze is alloy of ____ and ____
IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS
POTASSIUM DICHROMATE (K2Cr2O7)

50. All the metals except ____ form MO which are ionic/covalent.
51. Mn₂O₇ is _____ coloured.
52. Mn₂O₇ on hydrolysis give _____ and CrO₃ on hydrolysis give _____ and _____
53. V₂O₅ with acids give - (1)
54. V₂O₅ with alkalis give - (2)
55. CrO is basic/amphoteric and Cr₂O₃ is basic/amphoteric.
56. Chromite ore is -
ANSWERS 2
THE D-BLOCK ELEMENTS 73
57. FeCr₂O₄ + Na₂CO₃ + O₂ →
58. NaCrO₆ (sodium chromate) colour -
59. Na₂CrO₄ + H⁺ → Diga Q2. This is the table of
60. Sodium dichromate colour -
61. Potassium dichromate is more stable than sodium dichromate. T/F
62. Na₂Cr₂O₇ + KCl →
63. K₂Cr₂O₇ colour -
64. The chromates and dichromates are interconvertible in aqueous
solution depending upon pH. T/F
65. [CrO₄]²⁻ + H⁺ →
66. [Cr₂O₇]²⁻ + OH⁻ →
67. The hybridisation of central O atom in dichromate is -
68. ______ is extensively used as an oxidising agent in organic chemistry.
69. [Cr₂O₇]²⁻ in acidic medium gives -
70. K₂Cr₂O₇ + Sn²⁺ →
POTASSIUM PERMANGATE (KMnO4)
71. KMnO₄ is prepared by fusion of _____ with an _____ and an oxidising agent like _____
72. This produces ______ coloured K₂MnO₄ which disproportionates in a neutral or acidic solution to give
_______ Diga Q3. This is the table of
73. MnO₂ + KOH + O₂ →
74. (MnO₄)²⁻ + 4H⁺ →
75. Commercially KMnO₄ is prepared by -
76. Mn²⁺ + S₂O₈²⁻ + H₂O →
77. K₂MnO₄ is _____ coloured and KMnO₄ is _____ coloured.
78. KMnO₄ when heated form - (JEE 2021)
79. KMnO₄ have a weak temperature-dependent _______
80. The manganate is diamagnetic/paramagnetic. (JEE 2021)
81. The permanganate is diamagnetic/paramagnetic. (JEE 2021)
82. Acidified KMnO₄ solution oxidises ______ to CO₂, Fe(II) to ____, nitrites to ______, I⁻ to _____ (NEET)
83. Permanganate titrations in presence of HCl are unsatisfactory since HCl is oxidised to chlorine. T/F
ANSWERS 2
74 CHEMHACK
84. In acid solutions -

I. I⁻ + MnO₄⁻ + H⁺ → Diga Q4. Name the ion
II. Fe²⁺ + MnO₄⁻ + H⁺ →
III. C₂O₄²⁻ + MnO₄⁻ + H⁺ →
IV. S²⁻ + MnO₄⁻ + H⁺ →
V. SO₃²⁻ + MnO₄⁻ + H⁺ →
VI. NO₂⁻ + MnO₄⁻ + H⁺ →
85. In neutral or faintly alkaline medium -
I. MnO₄⁻ + H₂O + I⁻ →
II. MnO₄⁻ + S₂O₃²⁻ + H₂O →
III. MnO₄⁻ + Mn²⁺ + H₂O →
Diga Q6. Name the ion
A
B
C
ANSWERS 3
ANSWERS
INTRODUCTION TRENDS AND PROPERTIES
1. Transition elements 10. Trick - Groupwise lattice is - BH, BH, B, B, H, H,
2. transition element is defined as the one which has C, C, C (BH2B2H2C3)
incompletely filled d orbitals in its ground state or in 11. F, first increase then decrease
any one of its oxidation states. 12. Mn and Tc
3. Zn, Cd, Hg 13. T
4. (n - 1)d¹⁻¹⁰ns¹⁻² 14. Density
5. Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn [Trick - Repeat 15. F
ScTi VCrMn FeCoNi CuZn 10 times, for 16. Lanthanoid contraction
this series it is better than any mnemonic] 17. Middle
6. Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd [Trick - Yar 18. T
Zaruri Nhi Mohbbat Tujhe Rulati Rhe, Par 19. F
Agar Cda Ke Liye...] 20. Sc
7. La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg [Trick - La Hafta 21. Mn
Varna Re Os Irritating Popta (ke saath) 22. T
Aur Marja] 23. Positive
8. Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg [Trick - Rutherford 24. MnO₃F, Mn₂O₇
Dooba Son Bohr (ko bhi le dooda), (Ex 25. CoF₃
girlfriend jab hasti hai toh) - Has Mt Rs Rhi] 26. VF₅ and CrF₆
9. T 27. CuI
10.
QUESTIONS 1
76 CHEMHACK
28. Cu₂I₂ + I₂ 55. Basic, amphoteric

29. T 56. FeCr₂O₄
30. Fe₂O₃ + O₂ 57. Na₂CrO₄ + 2Fe₂O₃ + 8CO₂
31. F 58. yellow
32. Paramagnetism 59. Na₂Cr₂O₇ + 2Na⁺ + H₂O
√
33. μ = (4)(4 + 2) = 4.90 BM 60. Orange
34. Sc³⁺, Ti⁴⁺, Zn²⁺ 61. F
35. V²⁺, Cr³⁺, Mn³⁺ 62. K₂Cr₂O₇ + 2NaCl
36. V³⁺, Fe²⁺, Ni²⁺ 63. Orange
37. V⁴⁺, Cr²⁺, Co³⁺, Cu²⁺ 64. T
38. Yellow 65. [Cr₂O₇]²⁻ + H₂O
39. Purple 66. [CrO₄]²⁻ + H₂O
40. Pink 67. sp²
41. V₂O₅ in contact process, finely divided Fe in Haber’s 68. Dichromates
Process, Ni in Catalytic Hydrogenation 69. Cr³⁺
→
42. I. Fe³⁺ + I⁻ Fe²⁺ + I₂ 70. Sn⁴⁺ + Cr³⁺
→
II. Fe²⁺ + (S₂O₈)²⁻ Fe³⁺ + (SO₄)²⁻ • POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE
43. F 71. MnO₂, alkali metal hydroxide, KNO₃
44. High 72. Dark green, permanganate
45. F 73. K₂MnO₄ + 2H₂O
46. (i) They have high melting points 74. 2MnO₄⁻ + MnO₂ + 2H₂O
(ii) They are very hard, some borides approach 75. I. alkaline oxidative fusion of MnO₂
diamond in hardness II. electrolytic oxidation in alkaline solution
(iii) They retain metallic conductivity 76. MnO₄⁻ + SO₄²⁻ + H+
(iv) They are chemically inert 77. Green, purple
47. 1₅ 78. K₂MnO₄ + MnO₂ + O₂
48. Cu-Zn 79. Paramagnetism
49. Cu-Sn 80. Paramagnetic
• POTASSIUM DICHROMATE 81. Diamagnetic
50. Sc, ionic 82. Oxalates, Fe(III), nitrates, I₂
51. Green 83. T
52. HMnO₄, H₂CrO₄ and H₂Cr₂O₇ 84. I. Mn²⁺ + 5I₂
53. VO²⁺ II. Mn²⁺ + 5Fe³⁺
54. (VO₄)³⁻ and VO²⁺ III. 2Mn²⁺ + 10CO₂
IV. 2Mn²⁺ + 5S Diga Q3. Trends in enthalpies of atomisation of the
V. Mn²⁺ + 5SO₄²⁻ transition elements
VI. Mn²⁺ + 5NO₃⁻ Diga Q4. Chromate ion
85. I. MnO₂ + 2OH⁻ + IO₃⁻ Diga Q5. Dichromate ion
II. MnO₂ + 6SO₄²⁻ + 2OH⁻ A. 179 pm
III. MnO₂ + 4H⁺ B. 126
• DigaQs C. 163 pm
Diga Q1. Trends in the melting points of transition Diga Q6. Tetrahedral permanganate ion (purple)
elements. Diga Q7. Tetrahedral manganate ion (green)
Diga Q2. Trends in atomic radii of transition elements.
QUESTIONS 4
Chapter 8
THE F-BLOCK ELEMENTS
THE LANTHANOIDES
1. Lanthanoid elements are -

2. Electronic configuration of all mono/di/tripositive ions are of the form 4fⁿ.
3. Zr has almost identical radii to - (NEET 2021)
4. ____ element of lanthanoid series is a good analytical agent.
5. Eu²⁺ is a strong oxidising/reducing agent.
6. Yb²⁺ is an oxidant/reductant.
7. Tb⁴⁺ is oxidant/reductant.
8. The behaviour of Sm is very much like ____, exhibiting both +2 and +3 oxidation state.
9. The hardness decreases with increase in atomic number. T/F
10. ___ and ___ trivalent cation do not show colour. (NEET 2021)
11. The paramagnetism rises to maximum in _______
12. The first I.E. of lanthanoids are around ______ and second is about ______
13. The earlier members of series are reactive like _____ but with increasing atomic number, they behave more
like ______
→
14. Ln + acids
→
15. Ln + X₂ (halogen)
→
16. Ln + H₂O
→
17. Ln + C (at 2773 K)
18. Ln + N→
19. Ln + S→
20. Ln + O₂→
21. Carbides of Ln are - (3)
22. Best single use of lanthanoid is -
23. Mischmetall consists of -
24. Mischmetall is used in ___- based alloy to produce bullets, shell an lighter flint.
25. Lanthanoids are employed as catalyst in petroleum cracking. T/F
26. Ln oxides are used as phosphors. T/F
ANSWERS
THE F-BLOCK ELEMENTS 79
THE ACTINOIDS
27. Antinoid elements are -
28. The contraction in actinoids is more than the lanthanoids. T/F (NEET 2021) (JEE)
29. Elements that exhibit only +3 oxidation states are - (NEET)
30. The elements which show maximum no of different oxidation states is/are - (NEET)
31. General oxidation state -
32. They are highly reactive metals. T/F (NEET 2021)
33. Alkalis have no action. T/F
34. HNO₃ attack all metals. T/F
35. I.E. of early actinoids is lower than of the early lanthanoids. T/F
SOME APPLICATIONS OF D AND F BLOCK

36. _____ and _____ are most important construction material.
37. _____ is manufactured for the pigment industry.
38. ____ is used in dry battery cells.
39. _____ is used in the manufacture of SO₃. (NEET) (JEE)
40. ______ are used in the Haber process.
41. ____ enable hydrogenation of fats.
42. Group 11 elements are called ______ metals.
43. Contemporary UK copper coins are ______ coated _____
44. The silver UK coins are ___/___ alloy.
45. _____ and _____ forms the basis of the Ziegler catalyst. (NEET) (JEE)
46. Ziegler catalyst is used in the manufacture ________
47. Oxidation of ethyne to ethanal is catalyzed by ______ in _______ process. (NEET) (JEE)
48. ____ complexes are used in the polymerization of alkynes and benzene.
49. Photographic industry relies on the special light-sensitive properties of _____ (NEET)
50. Pyrolusite ore is -
51. Lanthanoids are good conductor of heat and electricity. T/F (NEET 2021)
ANSWERS
80 CHEMHACK
ANSWERS
THE LANTHANOIDES THE ACTINOIDS
1. Ce, Pr, Nd. Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, 27. Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No,
Lu [Trick - Cer Pr Nau Diye Parmeshwari Sarmai | Lr {Trick - Thode Pahlwan Unse Niptenge |
Europe ke Gad ke Tabele mai dyan ayi hogi | Erre Purane Aam Cm Bikinge | Cafe Esh Farmao |
Tum Yarro Lutvaoge] Madam Nasta Laao}
2. Tripositive 28. T
3. Hf 29. Ac, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, Lr
4. Ce 30. Np, Pu
5. Reducing 31. +3
6. Reductant 32. T
7. Oxidant 33. T
8. Eu 34. F
9. F 35. T
10. La³⁺ and Lu³⁺ SOME APPLICATIONS OF D AND F
11. Neodymium BLOCK
12. I.E.₁ - 600 kJ/mol, I.E.₂ - 1200 kJ/mol 36. Iron and steels
13. Ca, Al 37. TiO
14. H₂ 38. MnO₂
15. LnX₃ 39. V₂O₅
16. Ln(OH)₃ + H₂ 40. Iron catalyst
17. LnC₂ 41. Ni
18. LnN 42. Coinage metals
19. Ln₂S₃ 43. Cu-coated steel
20. Ln₂O₃ 44. Cu/Ni
21. Ln₃C, Ln₂C₃, LnC₂ 45. TiCl₄ and Al(CH₃)₃
22. Production of alloy steels for plates and pipes
46. Polyethylene (polythene)
23. 95 % lanthanoid, 5% iron and traces of S, C, Ca, Al
47. PdCl₂, Wacker
24. Mg
48. Ni
25. T
26. T 49. AgBr
50. MnO₂
51. T
Chapter 10
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
INTRODUCTION
1. Chlorophyll is a coordination compound of ____ metal. (JEE)

2. Haemoglobin is a coordination compound of ____ metal. (JEE)
3. Vitamin B₁₂ is a coordination compound of ____ metal.
4. Colour of [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ 3Cl⁻ -
5. Colour of [Co(NH₃)₅]³⁺ 2Cl⁻ -
6. Colour of [Co(NH₃)₄]³⁺ Cl⁻ -
7. Ni(CO₄) shape is -
8. [PtCl₄]²⁻ shape is -
9. Carnallite formula -
10. Mohr’s salt formula -
11. Potash alum formula -
12. Ex of didentate ligands - (2)
13. Ex. of polydentate ligand - (1)
14. Ambidentate ligand ex - (2)
15. Homoleptic complex means -
16. Heteroleptic complex means -
17. During naming, words used for H₂O, NH₃, CO and NO are -
18. Tetraammineaquachloridocobalt(III) chloride formula will be -
19. Write IUPAC name of K₃[Cr(C₂O₄)₃] -
ISOMERISM & BONDING
20. Types of structural isomers in coordination compounds are - (4)

21. Types of stereoisomers in coordination compounds are - (2)
22. Square planar complex of type MABXL shows ___ no. of isomers. ___ no. of cis and ___ no. of trans
isomers.
23. The no. of geometrical isomers of Ma₂b₂ - (NEET)
24. The no. of geometrical isomers shown by Ma₃b₃ and their names are - (NEET)
25. Which isomer of [PtCl₂(en)₂]²⁺ shows optical activity ? (JEE)
26. In complex [Co(NH₃)₅(NO₂)]Cl₂, ____ colour is obtained when nitrite ligand is bound through oxygen(–ONO)
and _____ colour is obtained when the nitrite ligand is bound through nitrogen (–NO₂).
27. In square planar geometry, the hybridisation involved is -
28. Hybrid orbitals do not actually exist. T/F
ANSWERS
82 CHEMHACK
29. Write the spectrochemical series. (NEET)

30. Strong field ligands are -
31. Weak field ligands are -
32. Δₜ = x Δₒ. What is the value of x ?
33. HIgh spin complexes are rarely observed in tetrahedral coordination complexes. T/F
34. Colour in [Ti(H₂O)₆]³⁺ is ______ due to _______
35. Mineral beryl formula -
36. Dissociation constant is also called _________
37. Calculate overall complex dissociation equilibrium constant if β₄ is 2.1 × 10¹³.
IMPORTANCE AND APPLICATION
38. Hardness of water can be estimated by simple titration with _______

39. Ex. of a extraction of metal in which complex formation take place -
40. Purification of metal through complex formation ex -
41. Rhodium complex, [(Ph₃P)₃RhCl], also called ________, is used for -
42. In B & W photography, the developed film is fixed by washing with ___ solution which dissolves the
undecomposed AgBr to form a complex ion ________ (NEET)
43. Excess Cu and Fe are removed by chelating ligands ________ and _________
44. EDTA is used in the treatment of ___ poisoning.
45. ________ effectively inhibit the growth of tumors. Ex - (1) (NEET)
46. EDTA is ____dentate ligand, with four ___ and two ____. (NEET 2021)
ANSWERS
COORDINATION COMPOUNDS 83
ANSWERS
22. 3, 2 cis and 1 trans
INTRODUCTION
23. 2
1. Mg
24. 2, Facial and meridional isomer
2. Fe
25. cis - isomer
3. Co
26. Red, yellow
4. Yellow
27. dsp²
5. Purple
28. T
6. Trans version - Green, Cis version - Violet
29. I⁻ < Br⁻ < SCN⁻ < Cl⁻ < S²⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ <
7. Tetrahedral
C₂O₄²⁻ < H₂O < NCS⁻ < edta⁴⁻ < NH₃ < en < CN⁻
8. Square planer
< CO
9. KCl.MgCl₂.6H₂O
[Trick - Cobalt (CO) Sun (CN⁻) en (en) Nahsamajh
10. FeSO₄.(NH₄)₂SO₄.6H₂O
(NH₃) Ensano (edta⁴⁻) Ne (NCS⁻) Had (H₂O) Car
11. KAl(SO₄)₂.12H₂O
(C₂O₄²⁻) rakhi hai. Oh (OH⁻) Fir (F⁻) Se (S²⁻) Cal
12. H₂NCH₂CH₂NH₂ (ethane-1,2-diamine) or C₂O₄²⁻
(Cl⁻) Sukun (SCN⁻) Bhari (Br⁻) neend Ayi (I⁻)]
(oxalate)
30. NCS⁻ < edta⁴⁻ < NH₃ < en < CN⁻ < CO
13. EDTA⁴⁻ (Ethylenediaminetetraacetate)
31. I⁻ < Br⁻ < SCN⁻ < Cl⁻ < S²⁻ < F⁻ < OH⁻ <
14. NO₂⁻ and SCN⁻
C₂O₄²⁻ < H₂O
15. Complex in which metal is bound to only one kind
32. 4/9
of donor group
33. F
16. Complex in which metal is bound to more than one
34. Violet, d-d transition
kind of donor group
35. Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈
17. H₂O - aqua, NH₃ - ammine, CO - carbonyl, NO -
36. Instability constant
nitrosyl
37. 1/β₄ = 4.7 x 10⁻¹⁴
18. [Co(NH₃)₄(H₂O)(Cl)]Cl₂
19. Potassium trioxalatochromate(III) IMPORTANCE & APPLICATION
38. Na₂EDTA
ISOMERISM & BONDING 39. Gold and Silver extraction
20. Type of structural isomers 40. Ni
(i) Linkage isomerism 41. Wilkinson catalyst, hydrogenation of alkenes
(ii) Coordination isomerism 42. Hypo, [Ag(S₂O₃)₂]³⁻
(iii) Ionisation isomerism 43. D-penicillamine and desferrioxime B
(iv) Solvate isomerism 44. Lead
21. Types of stereoisomers 45. Some coordination compounds of platinum,
(i) Geometrical isomerism cis-platin
(ii) Optical isomerism 46. Hexadentate, O, N
“No matter how hard it is, no matter how hard it
gets, in the end, you are going to make it.”
- Parth Goyal
PARTH GOYAL
About the Author -
This book is written by Parth Goyal, who is currently a MBBS Student, and himself cleared
NEET with AIR 223 & JEE with 99.45%ile. This book is based on the same idea as the
highly successful book of Parth Goyal named "BIOHACK". Parth Goyal has guided
thousands of students to achieve their dream colleges, and this book is the result of all
the love and affection that he get through his students.

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2nd Edition

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Any person/ organization found doing photocopy/ PDF circulation, We

2) Mnemonics : Funny mnemonics and short tricks added wherever needed

3) DigaQs : These questions will make your diagram practice super-duper!

Chemhack contains all important molecular structures.

4) Essence of Chemhack (Active Recall) : Instead of reading NCERT theory

revision process fun and faster!

5) PYQs highlighted by mentioning (NEET) and (JEE) beside them

questions just by clicking on the coloured "ANSWERS" & "QUESTIONS" button.

7) Short questions so that revision can be fast - small reduction in no of words

Chapters Page no.

1. Classification of Elements and 1

2. Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure 3

4. The s-Block Elements 13-25

5. The p-Block Elements 26-63

7. The d-Block Elements 71

8. The f-Block Elements 78

1. In general, the highest/lowest electronegative element occupies the central position.

23. Extent of p-p overlapping is more than s-s overlapping. T/F

25. Angle is sp³ hybridisation - (NEET)

1. In terms of I.E., H resembles more to alkali metals/halogens.

22. The hydrides are classified into - (3)

34. Bond angle in water is -

70. It has a planar/non-planar structure.

HEAVY WATER & DIHYDROGEN AS A FUEL

92. D₂O is used as - (2) (NEET) (JEE)

IV. employed as a bleaching agent DIGAQ

4.1 GROUP 1 ELEMENTS

26. K on reaction with air form peroxide/superoxide. (JEE)

43. Li with Pb make “_______” bearings for _______ (JEE 2021)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUNDS OF ALKALI METALS

52. M₂O₂ + 2H₂O →

ANOMALOUS PROPERTIES OF LITHIUM

69. Strongest reducing agent among all alkali metals is -

SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF SODIUM

78. _______ is generally prepared by Solvay Process.

4.2 GROUP 2 ELEMENTS

30. ___ is used in the manufacture of alloys.

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUNDS

40. Except ____, all group 2 metal oxide rock-salt structures.

68. The oxides and hydroxides of Be are basic/amphoteric.

SOME IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF CALCIUM

91. CaCl₂ + Na₂CO₃→

57. White, stable 77. Sodalime

QUESTIONS 2 QUESTIONS 3 QUESTIONS 4

5.1 GROUP 13 ELEMENTS

28. In Tl, +3 oxidation state is highly oxidising. T/F (NEET)

IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS OF BORON

58. B₂H₆ + 3O₂ →

5.2 GROUP 14 ELEMENTS

30. SnO and PbO are neutral/basic/amphoteric.

92. Name the crystalline forms of silica - (3)

QUESTIONS 2 QUESTIONS 3 QUESTIONS 4

5.3 GROUP 15 ELEMENTS

97. P₄ + HNO₃ → this oxoacid of phosphorus.

98. Brown coloured complex formed in brown ring test is -

QUESTIONS 2 QUESTIONS 3 QUESTIONS 4

QUESTIONS 3 QUESTIONS 4 QUESTIONS 5

5.4 GROUP 16 ELEMENTS

1. Group 16 is called pnictogens/chalcogens.

92. Arrange H₃PO₄, HNO₃, and H₂SO₄ in order of oxidising power.

QUESTIONS 2 QUESTIONS 3 QUESTIONS 4

5.5 GROUP 17 ELEMENTS

43. Li with Pb make “_” bearings for _ (JEE 2021)