REPRODUCTION IN

ANIMALS
• There are two basic types of reproduction: sexual
and asexual.
• Asexual reproduction involves only one parent
that produces two or more genetically similar
organisms. It occurs mainly in organisms with a
simple structure.
• Sexual reproduction involves two parents. A
male sex cell joins with a female sex cell
(fertilization) and they form a new cell called a
zygote. The zygote grows into a new organism.
 ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Binary fission. An unicellular
organism divides into two cells of
the same size. It is used by most
prokaryotes. The result is a living
cell produced by division into two
equal or near-equal parts.
Budding is the formation of a new
organism by the protrusion of part
of another organism. This may be
found in animal organisms such as
the hydra.
Fragmentation is a form of asexual reproduction where an
organism is split into fragments. Each of these fragments
develop into mature, fully grown individuals that are a
clone of the original organism. It is seen in some annelid
worms and starfish).
Polyembryony is the only form of asexual reproduction in
vertebrates. An embryo is divided in several identical
embryos that have independent development (identical
twins)
 SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
• Two parents of different sex are involved.
• The offspring are different from their
parents and from each other
 REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
(GONADS)
• Gonads produce gametes
(cells that fuse with another
gamete during fertilization)
• The gonads in males are the
testes (sing. testis) and the
gonads in females are the
ovaries.
• Testes produce sperm cells
(small and motile)
• Ovaries produce ova (sing.
ovum) (large and non-motile)
 TYPES OF FERTILIZATION

• External fertilization occurs in some

animals living in water, like fish or
amphibians. The female releases a large
amount of ova and the male releases the
sperm cells. Sperm cells join ova by chance.
 TYPES OF FERTILIZATION
• Internal fertilization. The male introduce sperm
cells in the female’s body. It occurs in terrestrial
animals, sharks and rays.
• The embryo can develop in different ways:
– Oviparity. Oviparous lay eggs, with little or no other
embryonic development within the mother.
– Ovoviviparity. Ovoviviparous animals develop within
eggs that remain within the mother's body up until they
hatch or are about to hatch.
– Vivipary. A viviparous animal is an animal where the
embryo develops inside the body of the mother, as
opposed to outside in an egg. The mother then gives
live birth.
 DEVELOPMENT AND
METAMORPHOSIS

• We call development the process by which

an animal grows to reach their adult size.
• Metamorphosis is a biological process by
which an animal physically develops after
birth or hatching, involving a big change in
the animal's form or structure through cell
growth and differentiation.
 INCOMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS

• Some insects like grasshoppers,

crickets, cockroaches or dragonflies
have a similar appearance to their
parents when they are born.
• The development of larva often
proceeds in repeated stages of
growth and ecdysis (moulting).
These stages are called instars
 COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS

• Other insects, like beetles,

butterflies and flies, are
very different from their
parents at birth.
• These insects pass through
a larval stage, then enter
an inactive state called
pupa, or chrysalis, and
finally emerge as adults.
FROG METAMORPHOSIS
 REPRODUCTION IN MAMMALS

• Mammals reproduce through internal

fertilization and are viviparous.
• Male mammals have a penis that introduces sperm
into the female’s body, where fertilization occurs.
• Most female mammals are only fertile during
certain periods (in heat) when they couple.
• The embryo develops in the uterus (womb). It
exchanges substances with the mother’s blood
through the placenta, which is attached to the
fetus' abdomen via an umbilical cord.
• The offspring are fed the mother’s milk produced
by mammary glands.
MALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
 GESTATION

• Gestation, called pregnancy in humans, is

the period of time during which the fetus
develops, dividing via mitosis inside the
female.
• The gestation period varies greatly from
species to species; it is 38 weeks in humans,
56–60 in giraffes and 16 days in hamsters.
 BIRTH
• Once the fetus is sufficiently developed, chemical
signals start the process of birth, which begins
with contractions of the uterus and the dilation of
the cervix.
• The fetus then descends to the cervix, where it is
pushed out into the vagina, and eventually out of
the female.
• The newborn should typically begin respiration on
its own shortly after birth.
• Not long after, the placenta is passed as well.