General Biology 2

Quarter 4 Module 2
Plant and Animal Organ Systems and their Functions:
Reproduction, Development and Nutrition
 General Biology 2
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 4, Module 2: Plant and Animal Organ Systems and their Functions:
Reproduction, Development and Nutrition
First Edition, 2022

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 General Biology 2
Quarter 4 – Module 2:
Plant and Animal Organ
Systems and their Functions:
Reproduction, Development
and Nutrition
Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions,
directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand
each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by-
step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.

Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each

SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-
check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust
that you will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they
can best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with care. Do not put unnecessary marks on any
part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and
tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering
the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.

Thank you.

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 What I Need to Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you understand about the Plant and Animal Organ Systems and their Functions.
The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the
order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you
are now using.

The practice of classification is almost everywhere such that, humans tend

to classify almost everything. For instance, one can describe the clothes to wear,
types of utensils used in the kitchen, and even the type of footwear. Classification
becomes an essential part of everyday life, and the habit can be quite useful. In the
past humans have classified living organisms based on their general form and
economic use. The type of classification may not be as systematic as compared to
the ones we used today. However, it does not deny the fact that they were useful.

You have learned in the previous module about the basic taxonomic
concepts and principles, description, nomenclature, identification, and
classification. In this module, you will deal with concepts and activities that will
help you demonstrate an understanding of the Plant and Animal Organ Systems
and their Functions. Most multicellular organisms like plants and animals have
one or more organs. The stomach, liver, lungs, and heart are examples of organs
found in animals. Stems and leaves are two types of organs found in plants. In
higher organisms, organs are grouped into organ systems.

In this module, you are expected to:

1. Differentiate asexual from sexual reproduction;
2. Explain different modes of sexual and asexual reproduction;
3. Discuss the different stages of animal development;
4. Describe human reproductive organ systems;
5. Define nutrition;
6. Cite the nutritional requirements of plants and animals;
7. Enumerate and describe the main stages of digestion; and
8. Identify the organs involved in digestion.

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 What I Know

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

1. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about asexual reproduction?

a. One parent is involved.
b. There is a fertilization or gamete formation.
c. The creatures rapidly proliferate and flourish.
d. Genetically, the offspring are similar.

2. Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction which is often seen in the

following organisms, except .
a. Bacteria b. Amoeba c. Euglena d. Mammals

3. How many parents are needed for sexual reproduction to take place?
a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four

4. The following are specialized absorptive structures for nutrient absorption

in plants except .
a. Chloroplast b. root hairs c. root nodules d. mycorrhizae

5. Which of the following is an example of essential macronutrients in plants?

a. Carbon b. Cobalt c. Manganese d. Sodium

6. What part of the male reproductive part of a flower holds the anther?
a. Filament b. Petals c. Stamen d. Style

7. In the female reproductive system, where would the fertilized egg develop?
a. Ovary b. Testes c. Uterus d. Vagina

8. In which part of the plant does sexual reproduction occur?

a. Flowers b. Leaves c. Stem d. Roots

9. Which of the following is not a function of the stomach?

a. It mixes and stores ingested food.
b. It secretes gastric juice that helps dissolve and degrade the food,
particularly proteins.
c. It regulates the passage of food into the small intestine.
d. The region in the back of the throat that serves as the entrance to the
esophagus

10. What are the primary sources of energy for the cells in the body?
a. Vitamins b. Fats c. Proteins d. Carbohydrates

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 11. Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?
a. It participates in cellulose digestion by microbes that exist in the cecum
of herbivores.
b. It stores and concentrates fecal material.
c. Its cells absorb salts and water that remain in chyme after it leaves the
small intestine.
d. All of the above.

12. Which of the following is correct?

a. Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth and resumes in the small
intestine.
b. Protein digestion occurs only in the small intestine.
c. Fat digestion occurs in the stomach and small intestine.
d. Both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion or
active transport.

13. Which of the following accessory organ in the digestive system secretes bile
for emulsifying fats?
a. Gall bladder b. Liver c. Spleen d. Pancreas

14. Which of the following methods of asexual reproduction involves the

development of female gametes without fertilization?
a. Budding c. Fragmentation
b. Parthenogenesis d. Vegetative Propagation

15. Which of the following is not an agent of pollination?

a. Wind b. Animal c. None of these d. All of these

What’s In

All plants and animals around the planet reproduce in some manner or
another to bring in new generations and gradually initiate changes in the species.
Some forms of copulation appear to be identical to human mating processes, such
as most, but not all, mammalian reproduction, while others appear to be alien.

Fertilization is a process that occurs in both plants and animals. There are,
of course, differences in the details and procedures. On the other hand, some of the
similarities are remarkable. For example, the moss plant has both swimming sperm
cells and eggs. The sperm swims to the egg in the moss plant and fertilizes it.
Vertebrate animals use sperm and eggs for reproduction as well.

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 What’s New

ACTIVITY 1. PICK AND ASSIGN

Directions: Listed below are words that are related to plant and animal organs.
Determine which words are associated with the plant, animal, or both. Write the
words on the labeled table below.
Fertilization Stem Stomach Respiration

Testes Intestines Esophagus Pollination

Leaves Gametes Roots Zygote

PLANT ANIMAL BOTH

Guide Questions:
1. What are the words related to Plants? Animals? Both?

2. How will you differentiate the organs related to plants and animals?

What is It

Lesson 1. Reproduction and Development

All plants and animals across the world reproduce in some way or another,
as a way of bringing in new generations and slowly ushering in changes in the
species. Some forms of copulation seem like humanity's mating processes — most,
but not all, mammalian breeding, for instance — while others seem alien by
comparison. For example, some species can reproduce asexually and, others like
the egg-laying duck-billed platypus, buck the reproductive norms of their scientific
classifications. Still, much of the reproduction across all species begins with the
fertilization of an egg, and many of the species in the Kingdom Animalia raise their
young to some extent.
There are two types of reproduction: Sexual and Asexual Reproduction and
both plants and animals reproduce through these types.

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ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Asexual reproduction is the process of reproduction in which a single parent

forms a new offspring. The new organisms created are genetically and physically
identical, i.e., they are clones of their parents.

Both plant and animal species exhibit asexual reproduction. There will be no
gamete fusion, and the number of chromosomes will not alter because of this
procedure. Except in rare circumstances where a rare mutation might occur, it will
inherit the same genes as the parent.

The following are the key characteristics of asexual reproduction:

 One parent is involved.
 There is no fertilization or gamete formation.
 This reproduction procedure takes only a few minutes.
 The creatures rapidly proliferate and flourish.
 Genetically, the offspring are similar.

Types of Asexual Reproduction

 Binary Fission

The word "fission" implies "to divide." The parent cell splits into two
cells during binary fission. Diverse creatures have different cell division
patterns, with some being directed and others being non-directional. Binary
fission is seen in bacteria, amoeba, and euglena.

It is one of the most straightforward and simple techniques of asexual

reproduction. The parent cell splits into two daughter cells, each with its
own nucleus that is genetically identical to the parent nucleus. The
cytoplasm also splits, resulting in two daughter cells of equal size. The
process continues, and the offspring cells multiply and divide.

Source: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Binary_Fission_2.svg

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 Fragmentation
Organisms like spirogyra and planaria use fragmentation as another
mechanism of asexual reproduction. The parent body will break down into
numerous pieces, each of which grows into a new creature.

Source: https://www.jagranjosh.com/imported/images/E/Articles/ARP7.jpg

 Budding

Budding is the process

of making an individual from
the buds that form on the
parent body. Hydra is a
budding organism that
reproduces itself. The parent
organism provides nutrients
and protection to the bud,
which then detaches once fully
grown.
Source: https://eschooltoday.com/learn/wp-
content/uploads/2021/02/asexual-reproduction-
multi-cellular-budding.jpg

 Parthenogenesis
Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction that involves the
development of female gametes without fertilization. Animals without sex
chromosomes include bees, wasps, and ants reproduce by parthenogenesis.
A few plants, reptiles, and fish may reproduce in this manner as well.

 Vegetative Propagation
Plants reproduce asexually via their vegetative parts, such as leaves
roots, stems, and buds. New plants are grown from the old parts of another
plant like roots, shoots, and leaves, without involving any reproductive
organ. This process is known as vegetative propagation. Tubers (potato),
runners/stolons (strawberry), bulbs (onion), sucker (banana), stem cuttings
(rose), rhizome (ginger), leaf (welcome plant) and other vegetative propagated
plants are examples.

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Source: https://i0.wp.com/gkscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/vegetaive-propagation-in- plants.png?
resize=655%2C515&ssl=1

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

Sexual Reproduction in Plants

Both plants and animals have sexual reproduction. In most plants, it

notably occurs in flowering plants. The sperm are found in the pollen grains of
flowers. The eggs are contained in the pistil, a vase-shaped female reproductive
organ at the flower's base. The pollen grains form a pathway to the eggs when they
land on top of the pistil. Each zygote matures into a seed that can sprout into a
new plant when planted in soil.
Let's look at a typical flower to see what parts it has and what role they play
in plant reproduction.

Source: https://cdn.britannica.com/41/62941-050-C9680411/pollen-pollination-flowering-plants-anther-
transfer-Reproduction.jpg

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 Flowers' Male Organs:
a. Stamen - Whorl inner to the petals; the male reproductive structure of
the flower; bears the male sporangia (also known as microsporangia)
b. Anther – Part of the stamen that contains the microsporangia that
develops into pollen grains
c. Filament - Part of the stamen that serves as the stalk of the anther

Flowers' Female Organs:

a. Carpel - Innermost whorl of the flower; the female reproductive structure
of the flower.
b. bears the female sporangia (also known as the megasporangia)
c. Stigma – Part of the carpel where the pollen grain derived from the
microsporangium attaches during pollination. It is the sticky surface on
the top of the carpel that traps pollen.
d. Style - Part of the pistil that serves as the stalk of the stigma; leads to
the ovary.
e. Ovary – Found at the base of the carpel; contains one or more ovules;
eventually becomes the fruit.

Now that you know what a flower's reproductive parts are, we can move
on to discussing how the attractive flower aids reproduction.

Pollen grains are transferred from an anther to a stigma during pollination.

Pollen can be carried by animals or carried by the wind. The nucleus of a pollen
grain fuses with the nucleus of an ovule to produce a zygote during fertilization
inside the ovary.
The steps involved in pollinating and fertilizing a flowering plant are depicted
below.
Step one: After pollen lands on the stigma, it grows a pollen tube that runs
from the stigma to the ovary through the style.
Step two: The pollen grain's nucleus travels down the pollen tube and
fertilizes the ovule's nucleus.
Step three: The fertilized ovule develops into a seed in the third step. The
plant embryo, which contains genetic material from both parents, is
contained in the seed. The fruit develops from the ovary.

PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Plants' life may be as brief as a few weeks or months, but they undergo
significant changes as they mature, much like people. Plants go through a series of
stages.

I. Gametophyte - Development through gametogenesis

A. Male gametophyte - The microsporangium in the anther contains
numerous microsporocytes. Each microsporocyte will undergo meiosis to
produce four haploid microspores each microspore develops into a pollen
grain (containing two sperm nuclei and one tube nucleus)

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 B. Female gametophyte - The megasporangium in the ovule contains
megasporocytes. One megasporocyte will undergo meiosis to produce
four haploid megaspores three megaspores degenerate remaining
megaspore divides mitotically three times, an embryo sac with eight
haploid nuclei membranes partition to make the embryo sac multicellular

Source: General Biology 2 Teachers Guide p. 155

II. Pollination
A. Transfer of pollen grain from the anther to the stigma
B. May be animal-aided or wind-aided

III. Double fertilization

A. Inside a pollen grain there is a tube cell and generative cell generative cell
divides to produce two sperm cells while the tube cell becomes pollen tube pollen
tube elongates along the style and penetrates the ovule in the ovary via the
micropyle (an opening) pollen tube discharges the sperm cells into the embryo sac
inside the ovule one sperm unites with the egg to form the zygote while the other
sperm fuses with the polar nuclei to become the endosperm, which serves as food
of the early embryo.

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 IV. Embryo development (embryogenesis)
A. Zygote divides mitotically to produce the proembryo and suspensor, which
anchors the proembryo and transfers nutrients from the parent plant to it
cotyledons appear on the proembryo (monocots have only one cotyledon
whereas dicots have two) proembryo elongates into an embryo.
V. Maturation of ovary and ovule
A. Ovary matures into fruit while the ovule becomes the seed. The seed may
become dormant for some time.
VI. Seed germination
A. Transformation of seed to seedling
B. Seed undergoes imbibition to break dormancy nutrients stored in the
endosperm or cotyledons are digested and transferred to the growing regions
of the embryo to primary meristems (protoderm, ground meristem,
procambium) develop to radicle emerges to plumule breaks through the soil
surface
VII. Seedling growth to mature plant
A. Primary meristems differentiate to become the different plant tissues

Sexual Reproduction in Animals

In animals, sexual reproduction takes place in a variety of ways. Most

animals, especially higher forms, reproduce sexually (a process in which new
individuals are formed from sex cells or gametes produced by the parents in their
sexual organs). Most of these creatures have two sexes (separate sexes).

In animals, sexual reproduction takes place in three stages:

1. Gametogenesis is the process of producing gametes.
2. Bringing gametes together by spawning or mating
3. Fertilization: fusion of gametes (external or internal fertilization)

Hermaphrodites include most vertebrates, earthworms, and some fish. In

response to social or environmental challenges, a few vertebrates, many fish, and
some lizards go through the process of sequential hermaphroditism or sex reversal
(can change their sex). During the fall, animals such as cnidarians develop gonads,
which are temporary reproductive organs (mating season). The rest of the
kingdom's animals have permanent reproductive organs like testicles (which
produce sperm) and ovaries (produce eggs). Animal reproductive systems have
accessory ducts and organs that help bring gametes together during the
reproductive process. The joining of male and female gametes during fertilization is
required for sexual reproduction. Because the offspring inherit a mix of genes from
both parents, they are distinct from one another and from their parents. Sexual
reproduction has three advantages: (1) it produces genetic variation in offspring; (2)
it allows species to adapt to new environments, giving them a survival advantage;
and (3) disease is less likely to affect the entire population. The major downsides of
sexual reproduction are that it takes time and energy to find a mate.

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Human Reproduction

Structures of Male Reproductive System

Source: https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zdmq6sg/large

1. Sperm cells are the male gametes.

2. The testes are constantly producing them.
3. The sex gland, prostate, sperm duct, urethra, penis, and testis
are all parts of the male reproductive system.

Sperm cells migrate down the sperm duct, into the urethra, and out of the
end of the penis during sexual intercourse.

Source: https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zwx7tfr/large

The oviduct, ovary, uterus, cervix, vagina, bladder, and urethra are all parts
of the female reproductive system.

Female gametes are produced in the ovaries of female mammals and are
known as egg cells.

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 Source: https://bam.files.bbci.co.uk/bam/live/content/zk7wmp3/large

Each human gamete has 23 chromosomes, which is half the number of

chromosomes found in the rest of the body. When the male and female gametes
merge, the result is a zygote with all 46 chromosomes, half from the father and half
from the mother.
The zygote divides into two new cells, which then divide again and again.
Many of the new cells created become specialized to execute certain functions and
construct all of the new individual's body tissues.

Animal Development
Your body is made up of approximately 30 trillion cells, but you started out
as a single zygote, or fertilized egg. How did you grow into the huge, well-organized
multicellular being you are now? Development!

Source:https://bastiani.biology.utah.edu/courses/3230/db%20lecture/lectures/IntroClon/G02010.JPG

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 A developing animal embryo's cells divide, expand, and move in particular
patterns to build a more complex body (plant cells perform differential expansion
instead of migration). That body requires well-defined axes to function properly
(such as head vs. tail). It also necessitates a certain collection of many-celled
organs and other structures, all of which must be positioned correctly along the
axis and connected properly. How are all these intricate processes carried out and
coordinated? They happen in four stages in the early animal development.
a. A single sperm cell combines with a single egg cell to generate a zygote
during fertilization.
b. Cleavage: fast, many rounds of mitotic cell division with no growth in total
embryo size. Following cleavage, the growing embryo is known as a blastula.
c. The remarkable rearrangement (moving) of cells in the blastula to generate
the embryonic tissue layers is known as Gastrulation. These tissue layers
will eventually generate the adult animal's tissues and organs.
d. Organogenesis is the process of cell division and differentiation that leads to
the creation of organs and tissues.

Human Early Development

Fertilization and Implantation

Source:https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Human_Fertilization.png

Fertilization begins with the fusion of sperm and egg cell to form a fertilized
egg called a zygote. A series of cell division will take place as the zygote travels
down the fallopian tube going to the uterus. The journey will take about 6 to 7 days
after fertilization. The zygote is like a ball of cells attached itself to the uterine
lining (endometrium) of the uterus in the process called implantation. When the
zygote is already attached, it is known as embryo. The embryo/fetus will stay in the
uterus for 9 months to develop until it is ready for birth.

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Embryonic and Fetal Development

Source: https://image.shutterstock.com/image-vector/diagram-showing-human-embryonic-foetal-260nw-
604738178.jpg

Three weeks after fertilization, the chorion, a spongy tissue made up of

endometrial and embryonic membranes, will cover nearly one-fourth of the inside
surface of the uterus. The placenta and the embryo receive nutrients and oxygen
from the mother and send wastes out through this tissue. You can see how the
embryo progressed during the first trimester of the nine months of human
development, which runs from fertilization to the end of the third month, by
glancing at the diagram. It's the most crucial time in the embryo's growth. The
development phase in the second trimester spans from the beginning of the fourth
month to the end of the sixth month. The developing human is now known as a
fetus, as all main organs have formed. The fetus' development in the third trimester
lasts from the seventh month till birth. If the fetus is born early or surgically
removed from the uterus by the middle of the third trimester, it will be able to
survive on its own.

Lesson 2. Nutrition
Plant Nutrition
Plants feed themselves in two ways. Photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight
allows autotrophic plants to produce their own food from inorganic raw materials
such as carbon dioxide and water. This category includes green plants. However,
certain plants are heterotrophic, meaning they are parasitic and lack chlorophyll.
These plants, known as holo-parasitic plants, are unable to synthesize organic
carbon and must rely on the host plant for all their nourishment.

A. Nutritional requirements of plants

Organic and inorganic substances can be found in plant nutrition.
Organic compounds, such as carbon dioxide from the environment, are
chemical compounds that contain carbon. Most of the dry mass in most
plants is made up of carbon derived from atmospheric CO2. An inorganic
compound has no carbon and is not created by or part of a living entity.
Minerals are inorganic compounds that make up the majority of the soil

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 solution; nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) are required by plants for structure
and control.

B. Routes for absorption of water and minerals across the roots

A. symplast route – through plasmodesmata
B. apoplast route – along cell walls
Note that the water and
minerals from the soil need to
reach the conducting tissues of
plants, specifically the xylem.
The two routes mentioned show
how this can happen.

Source: https://cpn-us-
w2.wpmucdn.com/sites.gatech.edu/dist/6
/1810/files/2018/03/1200px-
Apoplast_and_symplast_pathways.jpg

Specialized Absorptive Structures:

A. root hairs – slender extensions of specialized epidermal cells that
greatly increase the surface area available for absorption.
B. root nodules – localized swellings in roots of certain plants where
bacterial cells exist symbiotically with the plant. The bacteria help the
plant fix nitrogen and in turn, the bacteria are able to utilize some
organic compounds provided by the plant.
C. mycorrhizae (singular, mycorrhiza) – a symbiotic interaction
between a young root and a fungus. The fungus obtains sugars and
nitrogen- containing compounds from root cells while the plant is able to
get some scarce minerals that the fungus is better able to absorb from
the soil.

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Animal Nutrition
The majority of animals get their nourishment from eating other animals. Amino
acids, lipid molecules, nucleotides, and simple sugars are the biological
components required for animal activity at the cellular level. Protein, fat, and
complex carbs make up the majority of the food ingested. Animals must break
down these macromolecules into simpler molecules in order to continue biological
processes including creating new molecules, cells, and tissues. Digestion and
absorption are both involved in the conversion of the food taken to the nutrients
necessary. Food particles are broken down into smaller components during
digestion and then absorbed by the body.

A. Nutritional requirements of animals

1. Carbohydrates are a primary source of energy for the cells in the body.
Grains, cereals, breads, fruits, and vegetables are common sources.
2. Proteins — can be used as an energy source, although the body prefers
carbohydrates. These are mostly used as building components for cell
structures, as well as enzymes, hormones, muscle parts, and bones.
Dairy products, chicken, fish, meat, and grains are all good sources of
protein.
3. Fats - are utilized to make cell membranes, steroid hormones, and other
substances. Other cellular structures: also employed to insulate nervous
tissue and provide energy. Fats also contain fat-soluble vitamins that are
beneficial to one's health. Oils, margarine, butter, fried foods, meat, and
processed snack items all include fats. They have roughly 9 calories per
gram of energy, which is more than carbs and proteins.

Essential Nutrients
These chemicals include those that animals can only obtain from diet. They
consume because they are unable to generate them within the body. These include:
1. Essential amino acids are required for protein synthesis.
2. Eight of the twenty amino acids could not be produced by enzymes.
These are lysine, tryptophan, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine,
leucine, isoleucine, and valine.
3. Essential fatty acids are necessary for the formation of specific
membrane lipids. Linoleic acid in humans is an example.
4. Vitamins are chemical compounds that are required in small
amounts for normal metabolism; examples include fat-soluble
Vitamins A, D, E, and K, as well as water-soluble Vitamins B, C, D, E,
and K. Vitamins B, B2, B3, B12, and C are water-soluble vitamins.
5. Minerals and trace elements are inorganic nutrition that the body
need.
6. These are found in trace amounts in the body and are found in
enzymes, bodily tissues, and iodine, cobalt, zinc, and molybdenum,
Selenium, manganese for example, are found in bodily fluids.

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The Human Digestive System

The Oral Cavity, Pharynx, and Esophagus

I. Oral Cavity – it is where food is initially chewed into shreds by the teeth,
and mixed with saliva by the tongue. Saliva is secreted into the mouth by
three pairs of salivary glands located above the upper jaw and below the
lower jaw.
II. Pharynx –the region in the back of the throat that serves as the entrance
to the esophagus that connects to the stomach and trachea (windpipe) that
serves as airway to the lungs. To block breathing as food leaves the
pharynx, a flap-like valve (the epiglottis) and the vocal cords close off the
trachea.
III. Esophagus – connects the pharynx with the stomach. No digestion takes
place within the esophagus but the contractions within its muscular wall
propel the food past a sphincter, into the stomach. The rhythmic waves of
contraction of the smooth muscle wall of the esophagus are called
peristaltic contractions or peristalsis. The esophagus is about 25 cm (10
in.) long.

a. The Stomach
I. The stomach is a muscular, stretchable sac located just below the
diaphragm. It has three important functions. First, it mixes and
stores ingested food. Second, it secretes gastric juice that helps
dissolve and degrade the food, particularly proteins. Third, it
regulates the passage of food into the small intestine.
II. The gastric juice is a combination of HCl and acid-stable
proteases.
III. The churning action of the stomach together with the potent
acidity of the gastric juice convert food into a thick, liquid mixture
called chyme

b. Small Intestine
I. The small intestine is approximately 6 meters long and is composed
of three regions: the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.
II. It is where most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules from
food occurs. The complete digestion of carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins occurs in the duodenum, about the first 25 cm. of the
small intestine.
III. The rest of the small intestine is devoted to absorbing water and
the products of digestion into the bloodstream.
IV. Absorption of the end products of digestion takes place in the
ileum, the surface area of which is increased by villi and microvilli.

c. The Accessory Digestive Organs

I. liver – secretes bile for emulsifying fats.
II. gallbladder – stores bile produced by the liver.

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 III. pancreas – secretes enzymes that break down all major food
molecules; secretes buffers against HCl from the stomach; secretes
the hormone insulin for control of glucose metabolism.

d. The Large Intestine or Colon

I. The large intestine is much shorter than the small intestine, about
1 meter.
II. It concentrates and stores undigested matter by absorbing mineral
ions and water. A small amount of fluid, sodium, and vitamin K are
absorbed through its walls.
III. Unlike the small intestine, it does not coil up and does not have villi
and has only one thirtieth of the absorptive surface area of the
small intestine.
IV. Many bacteria live and thrive within the large intestine where they
help process undigested material into the final excretory product,
feces.

e. The Rectum and Anus

I. The rectum is a short extension of the large intestine and is the
final segment of the digestive tract. It is where the compacted
undigested food from the colon are pushed via peristaltic
contractions.
II. The distention of the rectum triggers expulsion of feces.
III. The anus is the terminal opening of the digestive system through
which feces are expelled.

Mechanisms of Digestion and Absorption:

a. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth but could not continue in the
stomach due to the acidic pH that destroys the amylase. It resumes in the
small intestine where the resulting monosaccharides are absorbed.
b. Proteins are digested in the stomach and small intestine. Resulting amino
acids are absorbed in the small intestine where they leave the intestinal cell
and enter the blood through a facilitated diffusion carrier in the plasma
membranes on the opposite side.
c. Fat digestion occurs entirely in the small intestine. Although fatty acids and
monoglycerides enter epithelial cells from the intestinal lumen, it is
triglycerides that are released on the other side of the cell and carried by
blood capillaries to be transported throughout the body.
d. Most water-soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion or active transport. Fat-
soluble vitamins follow the pathway for fat absorption.

How are nutrients delivered into cells?

A. Substances pass through the brush border cells that line the free surface of
each villus by active transport, osmosis, and diffusion across the lipid bilayer of
plasma membranes.
B. The nutrients then proceed into the internal environment and pass to the blood
which is collected into the hepatic portal vein leading to the liver.

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C. After flowing through the liver, the blood carrying the nutrients passes into the
hepatic vein which carries the blood back to the heart to be distributed to the
different body tissues.

What’s More

Activity 2: Identify the method and type of reproduction on how these organisms
reproduce.
Type of Reproduction
Organisms Method of Reproduction
(Sexual or Asexual)
1. Dogs 1a. 1b
2. Potato 2a. 2b.
3. Bacteria 3a. 3b.
4. Starfish 4a. 4b.
5. Onion 5a. 5b.

Activity 3: Complete the Venn Diagram by filling in the similarities and differences
of Plants and Animals in terms of Reproduction, Development and Nutrition.

PLANT ANIMAL

What I Have Learned

ACTIVITY 4. Identify what is being asked and choose your answer inside the box.
Write your answers in your paper.

RECTUM ASEXUAL GALLBLADDER

SEXUAL FRAGMENTATION TESTIS
FERTILIZATION PROTEINS PETALS
POLLINATION BUDDING STAMEN
UTERUS PANCREAS STOMACH

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 1. The male reproductive structure of a flower.
2. Also known as the womb where the embryo develops with thick
muscular walls, blood vessels, and endometrial lining.
3. A mode of reproduction that involves the union of sex cells.
4. It is the union of egg cell and sperm cell.
5. The placement of the pollen grain from the anther to the stigma of
a carpel of a flower.
6. These are digested in the stomach and small intestine.
7. A mode of reproduction that does not involve the union of sex
cells.
8. A short extension of the large intestine and is the final segment of
the digestive tract.
9. A male reproductive organ where sperm is produced.
10. It stores bile produced by the liver
11. The outermost whorl of a flower collectively known as corolla.
12. It secretes enzymes that break down all major food molecules.
13. An outgrowth arises forming a bud from the body of a parent.
14. A muscular, stretchable sac located just below the diaphragm.
15. The body breaks into two or more parts and each fragment can
become a complete individual.

What I Can Do
ACTIVITY 5 . EXERCISE ON PLANT REPRODUCTION

Materials
1. Gumamela flower
2. Scalpel blade or sharp pencil
3. Optional: other available flowers

Procedure
1. Obtain a flower of gumamela (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis).
2. Locate the outermost floral whorl. You can find it at the base of the flower and
resembles a green crown. These are the sepals, collectively called the calyx. Inner
to the sepals but extending beyond them are the prominent petals, collectively
known as the corolla.
3. At the center of the flower is a prominent tube. This is called the staminal tube.
Surrounding the tube are minute stalks with yellow bulbous tips. These are the
stamens. The bulbous tips are the anthers containing the microsporangia while
the stalks are the filaments.
4. At the very tip of the staminal tube are five bulbous structures, each borne on a
stalk that fuses with the other stalks as they go down the staminal tube. The
structures at the tips are the stigmas of the carpels while the stalks are the
style.

20
5. Remove the petals carefully so as not to damage the base. Using a scalpel blade
or the sharp end of a pencil, make an incision from the tip of the staminal
tube down to the base. Carefully open the staminal tube to reveal the rest of the
fused styles. Follow the styles until they terminate at the base. This base is the
ovary.
6. Draw the flower and label the following parts: petals, sepals, stamens, anther,
filament, carpels, stigma, style, and ovary.

ACTIVITY 6. ON ANIMAL NUTRITION

Directions: Apply the concepts you learned on nutrition in keeping a healthier life.
It’s important for your immune system to stay healthy especially during the COVID-
19 Pandemic. Your task is to prepare a 3-day menu maintaining a healthy diet.
DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3

Assessment

Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.

1. The following are specialized absorptive structures for nutrient absorption in

plants except .
a. Chloroplast b. root hairs c. root nodules d. mycorrhizae

2. What part of the male reproductive part of a flower holds the anther?
a. Filament b. Petals c. Stamen d. Style

3. In the female reproductive system, where does the fertilized egg develop?
a. Ovary b. Testes c. Uterus d. Vagina

4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about asexual reproduction?

a. One parent is involved.
b. There is a fertilization or gamete formation.
c. The creatures rapidly proliferate and flourish.
d. Genetically, the offspring are similar.

5. Which of the following is an example of essential macronutrients in plants?

a. Carbon b. Cobalt c. Manganese d. Sodium

6. Binary fission is a type of asexual reproduction which is often seen in the

following organisms, except .
a. Bacteria b. Amoeba c. Euglena d. Mammals

7. How many parents are needed for sexual reproduction to take place?
a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four

21
8. Which of the following methods of asexual reproduction involves the
development of female gametes without fertilization?
a. Budding c. Fragmentation
b. Parthenogenesis d. Vegetative Propagation

9. Which of the following is correct?

a. Carbohydrate digestion starts in the mouth and resumes in the small
intestine.
b. Protein digestion occurs only in the small intestine.
c. Fat digestion occurs in the stomach and small intestine.
d. Both water-soluble and fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed by diffusion or
active transport.

10. Which of the following accessory organ in the digestive system secretes bile for
emulsifying fats?
a. Gall bladder b. Liver c. Spleen d. Pancreas

11. Where does sexual reproduction in plant occur?

a. Flowers b. Leaves c. Stem d. Roots

12. Which of the following is not an agent of pollination?

a. Wind b. Animal c. None of these d. All of these

13. What are the primary sources of energy for the cells in the body?
a. Vitamins b. Fats c. Proteins d. Carbohydrates

14. Which of the following is a function of the large intestine?

a. It participates in cellulose digestion by microbes that exist in the cecum of
herbivores.
b. It stores and concentrates fecal material.
c. Its cells absorb salts and water that remain in chyme after it leaves the small
intestine.
d. All of the above.

15. Which of the following is not a function of the stomach?

a. It mixes and stores ingested food.
b. It secretes gastric juice that helps dissolve and degrade the food, particularly
proteins.
c. It regulates the passage of food into the small intestine.
d. the region in the back of the throat that serves as the entrance to the
esophagus

Additional Activities
I. Directions: Give three examples of nutrient deficiencies in plants and
examples of nutrient deficiencies in animals and/or humans and the
corresponding symptoms. Then, give ways on how to treat these nutrient
deficiencies.
II. Make a poster showing The Prevention of Teenage Pregnancy.

22
References:
Book:

Suyom, L. M., & Manosa, S. D. (2018). Breaking Through General Biology 2 .

Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.

Ebook:
General Biology 2 Teaching Guide

Links:

Animal Development (n.d.) Retrieved from

https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/growth-and-reproduction/animal-
development-i/

Asexual Reproduction (2020). Retrieved from

https://byjus.com/biology/asexual-
reproduction/#:~:text=Asexual%20reproduction%20is%20a%20mode,both%
20multicellular%20and%20unicellular%20organisms.

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction (n.d.) Retrieved from

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zykp34j/revision/5

Plant Nutrition (nd) Retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-wmopen-biology2/chapter/plant-
nutrition/

Reproduction of Plants and Animals (2018). Retrieved from

https://sciencing.com/how-do-living-things-reproduce-13426361.html

Sexual Reproduction (n.d.). Retrieved from

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/sexual-
reproduction/#:~:text=Sexual%20reproduction%20occurs%20in%20both,the
%20pistil%2C%20contains%20the%20eggs.

Stages of Plant Life Cycle (n.d.) retrieved from

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/stages-of-a- plants-
life- cycle/#:~:text=Plants%20have%20two%20distinct%20stages,which
%20devel ops%20into%20the%20sporophyte.

Nutrition: What Plants and Animals Need to Survive (n.d.) retrieved from
https://organismalbio.biosci.gatech.edu/nutrition-transport-and-
homeostasis/nutrition-needs-and- adaptations/#:~:text=Most%20animals
%20obtain%20their%20nutrients,%2 C%20fat%2C%20and%20complex
%20carbohydrates.

23
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region VII- City of Naga Division

Office Address: Ecology Center, West Poblacion, City of Naga Cebu

Telefax: (032) 3454776
E-mail Address: city.naga@deped.gov.ph