SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL
BIOLOGY 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Cell Cycle: Mitosis and Meiosis

Region I
ALAMINOS CITY DIVISION
Alaminos City, Pangasinan
Project Write, Write, Write
Alternative Instructional
Module
Science: General Biology 1 G11/12
Alternative Instructional Module
Quarter 1 – Module 4: Cell Cycle: Mitosis and Meiosis
First Edition, 2020

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Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Aguedo C. Fernandez, CESO VI

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Editors: Cecilia M. Nisperos, Cynthia B. Tablang

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 11/12
GENERAL
BIOLOGY 1
Quarter 1 – Module 4:
Cell Cycle: Mitosis and Meiosis

ii
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:
Welcome to the General Biology 1 11/12 Alternative Instructional Module,
Quarter 1- Module 4: Cell Cycle: Mitosis and Meiosis!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

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For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 11/12 Alternative Instructional Module,

Quarter 1- Module 4: Cell Cycle: Mitosis and Meiosis!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies
that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the
relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic
success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn
in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims

to check what you already know about
the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correct (100%), you may decide
to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion

of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts
and skills.

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 What’s More This comprises activities for independent
practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check
the answers to the exercises using the
Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which

will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also
tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering
the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.

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If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful
learning and gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You
can do it!

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 What I Need To Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master cells and biological molecules. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.

This module contains:

 Lesson 1: Cell Cycle: Mitosis and Meiosis

After going through this module, you are expected to:

 Describe the stages of mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6
STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-7

Day 1. Describe the different stages of mitosis

Day 2. Describe the different stages of meiosis

 Explain the significance or applications of mitosis/meiosis

STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-9

Day 3. Explain the significance and applications of mitosis

Day 4. Explain the significance and applications of meiosis

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 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Direction. Read the following questions carefully and choose
the letter of the correct answer. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1. During which stage of mitosis do the centromeres split?
A. Prophase C. Interphase
B. Anaphase D. Synthesis

2. During which stage of mitosis does cytokinesis usually occur in animals?

A. Prophase C. Anaphase
B. Telophase D. Interphase

3. During which stage of meiosis do the sister chromatids begin to divide

and move toward the poles?
A. Prophase I C. Telophase I
B. Anaphase II D. Anaphase I

4. During which stage of meiosis do tetrads line up at the equator?

A. Metaphase I C. Telophase I
B. Metaphase II D. Anaphase II

5. In both mitosis and meiosis, sister chromatids separate during anaphase,

but there are _____ haploid daughter nuclei produced by meiosis compared
to ______ diploid nuclei by mitosis.
A. 6,3 C. 4,2
B. 2,4 D. 3,6

6. During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope begin to

disappear?
A. Telophase I C. Anaphase II
B. Prophase I D. Metaphase II

7. When _______________ occurs between nonsister chromatids genetic

exchange between chromosomes provides new combination of genes that are
different from either parent.
A. cytokinesis C. crossing-over
B. cell division D. centromeres splitting

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8. The term "homologous chromosomes" ______.
A. refers to replications of the same chromosome
B. is another name for sister chromatids
C. must be haploid
D. means a pair of chromosomes of the same kind, such as sex
chromosomes.

9. A centromere is ____>
A. another name for kinetochore
B. the structure to which microtubules attach
C. a constriction on a chromosome bound to a disk
D. all of the above

10. Which of the following stages begins when pairs of sister chromatids
align in the center of the cell?
A. Anaphase C. Metaphase
B. Prophase D. Telophase

11. A nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids in ______.
A. anaphase C. interphase
B. prophase D. telophase

12. The centrioles move toward the poles in _____________ .

A. interphase C. metaphase
B. prophase D. telophase

13. Each chromosome replicates to produce two sister chromatids in

_____________ .
A. anaphase C. interphase
B. prophase D. telophase

14. Which of the following terms is not related to meiosis?

A. Gametes C. DNA replication
B. Polar bodies D. All are related.

15. What structure is formed in the fusion of Golgi vesicles at the

metaphase plate of dividing plant cell?
A. Cell plate C. Cleavage furrow
B. Actin ring D. Mitotic spindle

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 Lesson CELL CYCLE: MITOSIS &
1 MEIOSIS

Cell cycle, the ordered sequence of events that occur in a cell in

preparation for cell division. Cell Division involves the distribution of
identical genetic material or DNA to two daughter cells. What is most
remarkable is the fidelity with which the DNA is passed along, without
dilution or error, from one generation to the next. Cell Division functions in
reproduction, growth, and repair.

What’s In

Activity 1
Direction: Identify the following. Write your answer on a separate sheet of
paper.
1. The phase where the cell undergoes normal growth processes
while also preparing for cell division.
2. It is an ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell
division that produces two new daughter cells.
3. Cardiac muscle and nerve cells permanently stays at ____
phase.
4. This phase is a multistep process during which the
duplicated chromosomes are condensed, aligned, separated,
and moved to opposite poles of the cell, and then are divided
into new identical daughter cells.
5. At this phase, the cell replenishes its energy stores and
synthesizes proteins necessary for the chromosome’s
manipulation.
6. It is the final preparations for the mitotic phase for it to be
completed before the cell is able to enter the first stage of
mitosis.
7. It refers to the division of a parental cell into which entails
cytoplasmic division as well.
8. This checkpoint determines whether all the sister chromatids
are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules.

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 9. This checkpoint ensures that all of the chromosomes have
been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged.
10. These are internal control mechanisms that operate to
prevent a compromised cell from continuing to divide.

What’s New

Activity
Direction: How many cells are hidden in this puzzle? First find all the words in the
box below and write them on a separate sheet of paper. Then see how many times
you can find the word “CELL” in the letters surrounding those words. Look forwards,
backwards, upside down, and even diagonal.

ANAPHASE G L E L L E C M L L E C E L C
CENTRIOLE L Y C E N T R I O L E H A L Y
CHLOROPLAST
CHROMATIN L S M I C R O T U B U L E E T
CYTOPLASM E O N U C L E O L U S O B C O
GOLGI
C S U C E L L C E L R R L H P
INTERPHASE
LYSOSOME H O C E L L T H C G M O L T L
MEMBRANE R M
H L G L E A O A O P P E M A
METAPHASE
MICROTUBULE O E E I O C S N T L R L C E S
MITOCHONDRIA M M U T E L E D A I O A O M M
MITOSIS
A B S L A L G R L P P S S B I
NUCLEOLUS
NUCLEUS T A L C L P H I H A H T M R T
ORGANELLES I N T E R P H A S E A A O A O
OSMOSIS
N E S L C E S A R D S H S N S
PROPHASE
RIBOSOME C E L L C E L L S L E C I E I
TELOPHASE H S R I B O S O M E L Y S C S

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 What is It

Process Questions:
1. How did you find the activity? Is it easy or difficult?
2. What do the listed words have in common?
3. How are these words connected to mitosis and meiosis?

Read the following concepts for you to gain better understanding about
mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis

Why do cells divide?

1. Repair or Replacement
 Intestinal cells have to be replaced as they wear out.
2. Reproduction
 Yeast cells need to reproduce to keep their population growing.
3. Growth and Development
 Tadpole must make new cells as it grows bigger and more complex.
4. Maintenance of Surface Area to Volume Ratio

Mitosis 
 It is a type of cell division in which one cell (the mother) divides to
produce two new cells (the daughters) that are genetically identical to
itself. In the context of the cell cycle, mitosis is the part of the division
process in which the DNA of the cell's nucleus is split into two equal
sets of chromosomes.
 The “goal” of mitosis is to make sure that each daughter cell gets a
perfect, full set of chromosomes. Cells with too few or too many
chromosomes usually don’t function well: they may not survive, or
they may even cause cancer.
 Mitosis consists of four basic phases: prophase, metaphase,
anaphase, and telophase. Some textbooks list five, breaking
prophase into an early phase (called prophase) and a late phase
(called prometaphase).

Why not include CYTOKINESIS?

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  Mitosis is karyokinesis then followed by cytokinesis (or
simultaneously occurring during telophase).
 Karyokinesis is the process of dividing the nucleus. It is actually the
whole process of mitosis.
 Cytokinesis is the process of dividing the cytoplasm. It completes
the process of cell division resulting to two daughter cells.

Phases of Mitosis

 Let’s start by looking at a cell right

before it begins mitosis. This cell is
in interphase and has :
o already copied its DNA:
o chromosomes in the nucleus
which each consist of two
connected copies,
called sister chromatids;
o Also made a copy of its centrosome so there are two
centrosomes.

I. Prophase. In early
prophase,
 The cell starts to
break down some
structures and
build others up,
setting the stage for
division of the
chromosomes.

 The chromosomes start to condense (making them easier to

pull apart later on).
 The mitotic spindle begins to form. The spindle is a structure
made of microtubules, strong fibers that are part of the cell’s
“skeleton.” Its job is to organize the chromosomes and move
them around during mitosis. The spindle grows between the
centrosomes as they move apart.
 The nucleolus a part of the nucleus where ribosomes are made,
disappears. This is a sign that the nucleus is getting ready to
break down.
 Nuclear membrane disassociates into small vesicles.
Membranous organelles fragment and disperse towards the
periphery of the cell.

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 II. Prometaphase. In late prophase (sometimes also called
prometaphase),
 The mitotic spindle begins to capture and organize the
chromosomes.
 The chromosomes finish
condensing, so they are very
compact.
 The nuclear envelope breaks
down, releasing the
chromosomes.
 The mitotic spindle grows more,
and some of the microtubules
start to “capture”
chromosomes.

III. Metaphase. In metaphase,

 The spindle has captured all
the chromosomes and lined
them up at the middle of the
cell, ready to divide.
 all the chromosomes align at
the metaphase plate
 Before proceeding to
anaphase, the cell will check
to make sure that all the chromosomes are at the metaphase
plate with their kinetochores correctly attached to
microtubules.

IV. Anaphase. In anaphase,

 The sister
chromatids
separate from each
other and are pulled
towards opposite
ends of the cell.
 The protein “glue”
that holds the sister
chromatids together
is broken down, allowing them to separate. Each is now its own
chromosome. The chromosomes of each pair are pulled towards
opposite ends of the cell.
 Microtubules not attached to chromosomes elongate and push
apart, separating the poles and making the cell longer.

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V. Telophase. In telophase,
 The cell is nearly done
dividing, and it starts to re-
establish its normal
structures as cytokinesis
(division of the cell contents)
takes place.
 The mitotic spindle is broken
down into its building blocks.
 Two new nuclei form, one for
each set of chromosomes.
Nuclear membranes and nucleoli reappear.
 The chromosomes begin to decondense and return to their
“stringy” form.

VI. Cytokinesis. Cytokinesis is the division of the cytoplasm to form two

new cells, overlaps with the final stages of mitosis. It may start in
either anaphase or telophase, depending on the cell, and finishes
shortly after telophase.
 Although the stages of mitosis are similar for most eukaryotes,
cytokinesis is quite different for eukaryotes that have cell wall.

 In animal cells, cytokinesis is

contractile, pinching the cell in two
like a coin purse with a drawstring.
The “drawstring” is a band of
filaments made of a protein called
actin, and the pinch crease is known
as the cleavage furrow.

 Plant cells can’t be divided like this

because they have a cell wall and
are too stiff. Instead, a structure
called the cell plate forms down the
middle of the cell, splitting it into
two daughter cells separated by a
new wall.

 When cytokinesis finishes, we end

up with two new cells, each with a
complete set of chromosomes identical to those of the mother
cell. The daughter cells can now begin their own cellular “lives,”

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 and – depending on what they decide to be when they grow up –
may undergo mitosis themselves, repeating the cycle.

Meiosis

 Sexual reproduction requires fertilization, the union of two cells from

two individual organisms. If those two cells each contain one set of
chromosomes, then the resulting cell contains two sets of
chromosomes.
 Haploid cells contain one set of chromosomes. Cells containing two
sets of chromosomes are called diploid.
 The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell is called its ploidy level.
 To continue the reproductive cycle, the diploid cell must reduce its
number of chromosome sets before fertilization can occur again.
 To achieve reduction in chromosome number, meiosis consists of one
round of chromosome duplication and two rounds of nuclear division.
 There are two rounds of division, the major process and the stages are
designated with a “I” or a “II”.

 Meiosis I, is the first round of

meiotic division and consists of
prophase I, prometaphase I, and
so on.

 Meiosis II, in which the second

round of meiotic division takes
place, includes prophase II,
prometaphase II, and so on.

Meiosis I

 The G1 phase, which is also called the first gap phase, is the first
phase of the interphase and is focused on cell growth.
 The S phase is the second phase of interphase, during which the DNA
of the chromosomes is replicated.
 Finally the G2 phase, also called the second gap phase, is the third
and final phase of interphase, in this place, the cell undergoes the
final preparations for meiosis.

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Phases of Meiosis I

I. Prophase I
 Nuclear membrane breaks down
 Centrosome and centriole begin to move
 Spindle fiber start to assemble
 The duplicated chromosomes condense an
homologous chromosomes begin to pair up

II. Metaphase I
 Spindle fiber align the homologous chromosomes
in the metaphase plate
 Each side of the equator has chromosomes from
both parents
 To summarize the genetic consequences of meiosis
I, the maternal and paternal genes are recombined
by crossover events that occur between non-sister
chromatids of each homologous pair during
prophase I.


III. Anaphase I
 Paired homologous chromosomes separate from
each other and moves toward the opposite side of
the cell
 Sister chromatids remain attached

IV. Telophase I
 Spindle fibers disassemble
 Cytokinesis

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When did the centrosomes duplicate?
 In some organisms, the centrosomes duplicate between meiosis I and
II, even though DNA is not copied during this period. For instance, the
centrosomes duplicate between meiosis I and II during
spermatogenesis, sperm production, in humans. The diagram below,
which shows two centrosomes at the start of meiosis II, assumes that
the centrosomes were duplicated between meiosis I and II.
 In other organisms, however, the centrosomes do not duplicate at all
between meiosis I and II. Instead, the two centrioles that make up a
single centrosome separate, and each acts as a separate spindle pole
during meiosis II. This pattern of centriole separation is seen in insect
spermatogenesis

Phases of Meiosis II

I. Prophase II
 The centrosomes and centrioles move to opposite
sides of the cell and spindle fibers start to assemble
 Chromosomes condense and the nuclear envelope
breaks down

II. Metaphase II
 The chromosomes line up individually along the
metaphase plate

III. Anaphase II

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  The sister chromatids separate and are pulled towards opposite poles
of the cell.

IV. Telophase II
 Nuclear membranes form around each set of
chromosomes, and the chromosomes decondense.
Cytokinesis splits the chromosome sets into new
cells, forming the final products of meiosis: four
haploid cells in which each chromosome has just
one chromatid. In humans, the products of
meiosis are sperm or egg cells.

How meiosis "mixes and matches" genes?

 The gametes produced in meiosis are all haploid, but they're not
genetically identical. For example, take a look the meiosis II diagram
above, which shows the products of meiosis for a cell with 2n =
42n=42, n, equals, 4 chromosomes. Each gamete has a unique
"sample" of the genetic material present in the starting cell.
 As it turns out, there are many more potential gametes types than
just the four shown in the diagram, even for a cell with only four
chromosomes. The three main reasons we can get many genetically
different gametes are:

o Crossing over (prophase I). The points where homologues cross

over and exchange genetic material are chosen more or less at
random, and they will be different in each cell that goes through
meiosis. If meiosis happens many times, as in humans,
crossovers will happen at many different points.

o Random orientation of homologue pairs (metaphase I). The

random orientation of homologue pairs in metaphase I allows
for the production of gametes with many different assortments
of homologous chromosomes.

o Random fertilization.

 In a human cell, the random orientation of homologue pairs alone

allows for over 8 million different types of possible gametes. When we
layer crossing over on top of this, the number of genetically different

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 gametes that you—or any other person—can make is effectively
infinite.

Spermatogenesis

Stages of Spermatogenesis
1. With the onset of puberty, when a boy is 11 to 14 years old, dormant,
unspecialized germ cells, called Type A (pale) spermatogonia
(spermatogonium – singular), are activated by secretions of
testosterone
2. Each spermatogonium divides through mitosis to produce two
daughter cells, each containing the full complete of 46 chromosomes.
3. One of the daughter cells is a spermatogonium, which continues to
produce daughter cells. The other daughter cell is a primary
spermatocyte, a large cell that moves toward the lumen of the
seminiferous tubule.
4. The primary spermatocyte undergoes meiosis to produce two smaller
secondary spermatocytes, each with 23 chromosomes: 22 body
chromosomes and 1 X or 1 Y sex chromosome
5. Both secondary spermatocytes undergo the second meiotic division to
form four final primitive germinal cells, the spermatids, which still
have only 23 chromosomes.
6. The spermatids develop into mature sperm without undergoing any
further cell division. Each sperm has 23 chromosomes. The entire
process of spermatogenesis takes about 64 days.

Oogenesis

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Stages of Oogenesis
1. The oogonium, the diploid precursor cell of the ovum, is enclosed in a
follicle within the ovary.
2. The oogonium develops into a primary oocyte, which contains 46
chromosomes. The primary oocyte undergoes meiosis, which produces
two daughter cells of unequal size.
3. The large of the daughter cells is the haploid secondary oocyte. It is
perhaps a thousand times as large as the other cell and contains most
of the primary oocyte’s cytoplasm, which provides nourishment for the
developing ovum.
4. The smaller of the two daughter cells is the first polar body. It may
divide again, but eventually it degenerates.
5. The large secondary oocyte leaves the ovarian follicle during ovulation
and enters the uterine tube. If the secondary oocyte is fertilized, it
begins to go through a second meiotic division, and a second polar
body is “pinched off”. It, too is destined to die. It fertilization does not
occur, menstruation follows shortly, and the cycle begins again.
6. During the second meiotic division, the secondary oocyte is completely
reduced to haploid number of 23 chromosomes and is called ootid.
When the haploid sperm and ovum nuclei are finally ready to merge,
the ootid is considered to have reached its final stage of nuclear
maturity as a mature ovum.
7. The haploid nuclei of the ovum and sperm unite, in a process called
fertilization, to form diploid zygote.

Significance of mitosis for sexual reproduction:

 Mitosis is important for sexual reproduction indirectly. It allows the
sexually reproducing organism to grow and develop from a single cell into
a sexually mature individual. This allows organisms to continue to
reproduce through the generations.

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Significance of Meiosis and Chromosome Number:
 Chromosomes are the cell's way of neatly arranging long strands of DNA.
Non-sex cells have two sets of chromosomes, one set from each parent.
Meiosis makes sex cells with only one set of chromosomes. For example,
human cells have 46 chromosomes, with the exception of sperm and
eggs, which contain only 23 chromosomes each. When a sperm cell
fertilizes an egg, the 23 chromosomes from each sex cell combine to make
a zygote, a new cell with 46 chromosomes. The zygote is the first cell in a
new individual.
Time to check your understanding. Ready?

What’s More

Activity 2
Direction: Match the term in column B to the description in column A. Write
your answer on a separate sheet of paper.
A B
1. The sister chromatids are moving apart. A. Prophase
2. The nucleolus begins to fade from view. B. Interphase
3. A new nuclear membrane is forming C. Telophase
around the chromosomes. D. Metaphase
4. Cytokinesis is completed (as next cycle E. Anaphase
begins
5. The chromosomes become invisible.
6. The chromosomes are located at the
equator of the cell.
7. The nuclear membrane begins to fade from
view.
8. The division (cleavage) furrows appears.
9. The chromosomes are moving towards the
poles of the cell.
10. Chromatids line up along the equator.
11. The spindle is formed.
12. Chromosomes are not visible.
13. The cell plate is completed.
14. Chromosomes are replicated.
15. The reverse of prophase.
16. The organization phase.

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Activity 3
Direction The diagrams below show various phases of the mitotic division.
Note that the cells are not arranged in order in which mitosis occur. Number
the following diagrams in the proper order. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

22
Activity 4
Direction: I. Draw the chromosomes in the cell as it undergoes Meiosis. When
you draw pictures, make sure you color code and size code them.

II. Draw the chromosomes in the cell as it undergoes Meiosis.

23
 What I Have Learned

Activity 5
Direction: Fill-in the missing word/words to complete the statement. Write the
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Mitosis occurs in our _______________ cells.

2. Mitosis produces two daughter cells whereas meiosis produces
_______________ daughter cells.
3. Meiosis occurs only in _______________ cells.
4. Modern humans have 46 chromosomes. Their sperms and eggs will have
_______________ chromosomes each.
5. During the pairing of chromosomes in meiosis, the______________
chromosomes come to lie side by side.
6. The ________________(s) are surrounded by radiating rays and termed as
aster.
7. ____________ is the division of the nucleus.
8. During ____________, sister chromatids line up at the equator, or center,
of the cell.
9. ____________ is the division of the cytoplasm.
10. The five phases of mitosis, in order, are ____________, ____________,
___________, ___________, _____________.

What I Can Do

24
Activity 6
Direction: Read the article below and write a position statement in not less
than 200 words on whether you think athletes like Santhi should be allowed
to compete. Use evidence based reasoning in your position.

An Indian track and field sportswoman who was on top of the world on
winning the 800 silver at the Asian Games in 2006, and dedicated her win
to her home state. However, she came under suspicion for not being
biologically female. In a traumatized humiliating series of events, her
privates were examined, she was declared a man, although she has spent
her entire life as a woman, and she was stripped off her all her laurels- her
11 international and 50 domestic medals. She was diagnosed with
hyperandrogenism Androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) , an intersex
condition that results in the partial or complete inability of the cell to
respond to androgens. The unresponsiveness of the cell to the presence of
androgenic hormones can impair or prevent the masculinization of male
genitalia in the developing fetus, as well as impairing or preventing the
development of male secondary sexual characteristics at puberty, but does
not significantly impair female genital or sexual development

The daughter of a laborer in Tamil Nadu, she had humble beginnings but
ambitious dreams. Not many people get within tasting distance of their
deepest desires, but Santhi was too close to achieving everything she had
hoped for. And suddenly, everything was snatched away from her grasp due
to a biological characteristic she had no control over. And in turn, she was
thrown back not just to the starting line, but to a point way beyond that.
(https://www.shethepeople.tv/blog/santhi-soundarajan-indias-caitlyn-jenner-minus-the-
open-armed-welcome/)

Excellent Very Satisfactory Needs Point

(4 pts.) Satisfactory (2 pts.) Improvemen s
(3 pts.) t Earne
(1 pt.)
d
1. Demonstrat Demonstrat Demonstrat Demonstrat
Knowledge/Understan es thorough es es some es limited
ding Information and understandi considerable understandi understandi
Ideas ng of topic understandi ng of topic ng of topic
or theme. ng of topic or theme. or theme.
or theme.
2. Supporting Communica Communica Communicates Communica
opinions tes ideas tes ideas ideas with tes ideas
with a high with some clarity, with limited
degree of considerable few supported clarity,
clarity, clarity, opinions unsupporte
insightfully effectively d opinion
supported supported
opinions. opinions
3. Organization Essay is Essay Central Ideas were
logically somewhat point and unorganized
organized digresses flow of and vague;

25
 and well- from the essay is no
structured central idea; lost; lacks particular
displaying a ideas do not organization flow was
beginning, a logically and followed.
body, and a follow each continuity.
conclusion. other.
Critical
thinking
skills are
evident.

Assessment

Multiple Choice: Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter on a separate sheet of paper.
1. One of these events, does not take place during meiosis ____.
A. separation of sister chromatids
B. chiasmata formation and crossing over
C. segregation of homologous chromosomes
D. one successive division without any DNA replication

2. The reason for daughter cells to differ from parent cells and also each
other in meiosis is ______.
A. segregation and crossing over
B. segregation and independent assortment
C. independent assortment and crossing over
D. segregation, crossing over and independent assortment

3. Synapsis takes place between _______.

A. mrna and ribosomes
B. spindle fiber and centromere
C. a female and a male gamete
D. two homologous chromosomes

4. Mitosis is similar to _______.

A. Meiosis I C. Both a and b
B. Meiosis II D. None of these
5. Mitotic anaphase differs from metaphase in possessing _______>
A. same number of chromosomes and same number of chromatids
B. half number of chromosomes and half number of chromatids
C. half number of chromosomes and same number of chromatids
D. same number of chromosomes and half number of chromatids.

26
6. How many mitotic divisions are needed for a single cell to make 128 cells?
A. 7
B. 14
C. 28
D. 32

7. Meiosis II performs _____.

A. Separation of chromatids
B. Separation of sex chromosomes
C. Synthesis of DNA and centromere
D. Separation of homologous chromosomes

8. Which phase of meiosis is shown in the picture?

A. anaphase 1
B. prophase 2
C. metaphase 2
D. metaphase 1

9. What are the pairs of chromosomes in the picture known as?

A. Sister chromatids
B. Sex chromosomes
C. Homologous chromatids
D. Homologous chromosomes

10. The picture at the right shows _______ cell?

A. diploid
B. haploid

11. A nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids in _____.
A. anaphase C. interphase
B. prophase D. telophase

12. The centrioles move toward the poles in _____________ .

A. interphase C. metaphase
B. prophase D. telophase

13. Each chromosome replicates to produce two sister chromatids in

_____________ .
A. anaphase C. interphase
B. prophase D. telophase

14. Which of the following terms is NOT related to meiosis?

27
 A. Gametes C. DNA replication
B. Polar bodies D. All are related.

15. What structure is formed in the fusion of Golgi vesicles at the

metaphase plate of dividing plant cell?
A. Cell plate C. Cleavage furrow
B. Actin ring D. Mitotic spindle

Additional Activities

Activity 7
Direction. Determine whether the following feature apply to mitosis and
meiosis, or both by writing MI for mitosis, ME for meiosis, and Both if the
feature is present in mitosis and meiosis. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

FEATURES
1. Monitors diploid number of chromosomes
1
2. Involves crossing over
3. Chromosomes shorten and become visible
4. Produces 4 cells when completed
5. Involves only 1 division
6. Reduces chromosome number
7. Produces genetically identical cells
8. Forms mature gametes
9. Produces variety of cells
10. Occurs in animal cells
11. Occurs in plant cells
12. Involves chromosome movement
13. Goes through 2 division
14. Produces haploid number
15. Forms skin cells
16. Produces 2 cells when completed
17. Cell membrane pinches in

28
Activity 8
Direction: Name the following meiotic phases. Write your answer on a
separate sheet of paper.

29
Congratulations you have successfully described the stages of
mitosis/meiosis given 2n=6 and explained the significance or applications of
mitosis/meiosis.

You can now move on to the next module on cell membrane.

Answer Key

Assessment
1. A
2. D
3. D
4. B What I Have Learned
5. D 1. body
6. D 2. 4
7. A 3. Sex
8. C 4. 23
9. D 5. Homologous
Additional Activities 10. D 6. Centromere Additional Activities
11. D 7. Mitosis
Activity 8: 12. D 8. Metaphase Activity 7:
a. Prophase 1 13. C 9. Cytokinesis
b. Pro-metaphase 1 14. A 10. Prophase, pro-
c. Metaphase 1 15. A metaphase,
d. Anaphase 1 metaphase,
e. Telophase 1 anaphase,
f. Prophase 2 telophase
g. Metaphase 2
h. Anaphase 2
i. Telophase 2
j. Cytokinesis

What’s More
Activity 2:
1. Prophase
2. Prophase
3. Telophase
4. Telophase
5. Interphase
6. Metaphase What I Know
7. Prophase 1. a
8. Telophase 2. b
9. Prophase 3. b
10. Metaphase 4. a
11. Metaphase 5. c
12. Interphase 6. b
13. Telophase 7. c
14. Interphase 8. d
15. Telophase 9. d
30 10. c
16. Telophase
11. d
Activity 4: Activity 3: 12. b
13. c
14. d
 What’s In
1. Interphase
2. Cell Cycle
3. G0
4. Mitotic Phase
5. G2
6. G2
7. Cytokinesis
8. S Checkpoint
9. G2
10. Checkpoint

References:

MELCS 2020
Belardo, Giselle Millete M. 2016. General Biology 1. Makati City: Vibal
Group, Inc. What’s New

Madriaga, E, Oronce, O,.et.al. BiologicalScience of Life. Rex Book Store.

Postlethwait, J, Hopson, J. The World of Biology. Cengage Learning Asia
Pte. Ltd.
Rea, M.A. et al.2017. General Biology 1. Rex Bookstore. Quezon City.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spermatogonium
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-
biology/meiosis/a/sexual-life-cycles
https://goprep.co/fill-in-the-blanks-a-mitosis-occurs-in-our-cells-b-mitosis-
i-1njw0x
https://byjus.com/neet/mcq-on-meiosis/
https://www.mcqbiology.com/2013/03/multiple-choice-questions-on-
mitosis.html#.Xu7jRBPiuUk
https://www.shethepeople.tv/blog/santhi-soundarajan-indias-caitlyn-
jenner-minus-the-open-armed-welcome/

31
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