SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

GENERAL
BIOLOGY 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Cell Theory, Cell Structure and Functions

Region I
ALAMINOS CITY DIVISION
Alaminos City, Pangasinan
Project Write, Write, Write
Alternative Instructional
Module
Science: General Biology 1 G11/12
Alternative Instructional Module

7
Quarter 1 – Module 1: Cell Theory, Cell Structure and Functions
Functions First Edition, 2020

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Assistant Schools Division Superintendent: Aguedo C. Fernandez, CESO VI

Development Team of the Module

Writer: Angin A. Camba
Editors: Cecilia M. Nisperos, Cynthia B. Tablang
Reviewers: Cecilia M. Nisperos, Cynthia B. Tablang
Illustrator:, Richard B. Isidro
Layout Artist: James Ronald V. Santiago
Management Team: Lorna G. Bugayong, PhD, CESO VI
Schools Division Superintendent
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Ronald B. Radoc, EPS, LRMS

Cecilia M. Nisperos., EPS, Science

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11/12
 GENERAL
BIOLOGY 1
Quarter 1 – Module 1:
Cell Theory, Cell Structure
and Functions

iii
Introductory Message
For the Facilitator:
Welcome to the General Biology 1 G11/12, Alternative Instructional Module,
Quarter 1- Module 1: Cell Theory, Cell Structure and Functions!

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by

educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the
teacher or facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum while overcoming their personal, social, and economic
constraints in schooling.

This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore,
this also aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing
them to manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to
encourage and assist the learners as they do the tasks included in the
module.

iv
For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Biology 1 G11/12, Alternative Instructional Module,

Quarter 1- Module 1: Cell Theory, Cell Structure and Functions!

The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn,
create and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies
that you as a learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the
relevant competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic
success lies in your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and
time. You will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource
while being an active learner.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

What I Need to This will give you an idea of the skills or

Know competencies you are expected to learn
in the module.

What I Know This part includes an activity that aims

to check what you already know about
the lesson to take. If you get all the
answers correct (100%), you may decide
to skip this module.

What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you

link the current lesson with the previous
one.

What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be

introduced to you in various ways such
as a story, a song, a poem, a problem
opener, an activity or a situation.

What is It This section provides a brief discussion

of the lesson. This aims to help you
discover and understand new concepts
and skills.

What’s More This comprises activities for independent

practice to solidify your understanding
and skills of the topic. You may check
the answers to the exercises using the

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 Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have This includes questions or blank
Learned sentence/paragraph to be filled in to
process what you learned from the
lesson.

What I Can Do This section provides an activity which

will help you transfer your new
knowledge or skill into real life
situations or concerns.

Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate

your level of mastery in achieving the
learning competency.
Additional In this portion, another activity will be
Activities
given to you to enrich your knowledge or
skill of the lesson learned. This also
tends retention of learned concepts.

Answer Key This contains answers to all activities in

the module.
At the end of this module you will also find:

References This is a list of all sources used in

developing this module.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering
the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other
activities included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your
answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through
with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do
not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind
that you are not alone. We hope that through this material, you will
experience meaningful learning and gain deep understanding of the
relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 What I Need To Know

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to
help you master cells and biological molecules. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language
used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.

This module is divided into two lessons, namely:

• Lesson 1: Cell Theory

• Lesson 2: Cell Strcuture and Functions

After going through this module, you are expected to:

• Explain the postulates of the cell theory (STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-1)

Day 1. Identify the contributions of the ff. scientist in the cell theory:
a. Robert Hooke
b. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
c. Theodor Schwann
d. Matthias Schleiden
e. Robert Remak
f. Rudolf Virchow

Day 2. Explain the postulates of cell theory and modern cell theory.
a. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
b. Cell is the basic unit of life
c. All cells come from preexisting cells.
d. Energy flow occurs within cells.
e. Hereditary information or DNA is passed on from one cell to
another.
f. All cells have the same basic composition.

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• Describe the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ia-c-2)

Day 3. Describe the structure and function of major organelles:

a. nucleus
b. mitochondria
c. chloroplast
d. cell membrane
e. cytosol
f. ribosome
g. lysosome

Day 4. Describe the structure and function of subcellular organelles:

a. cell wall
b. vacuole
c. cytoskeleton
d. peroxisome
e. golgi bodies
f. endoplasmic reticulum

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 What I Know

Multiple Choice. Direction. Read the following questions carefully and choose
the letter of the correct answer. Write it on a separate sheet of paper.
1.The cell theory is one of the unifying themes of biology. Which of the
following statements would be part of the cell theory?
A. All life is made of cells.
B. Cells come from preexisting cells.
C. Cells are the smallest units of life.
D. All of the choices are correct.

2. You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or
bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and
membrane-bound organelles. You conclude that the cells ________ .
A. are bacteria.
B. are plant cells.
C. are animal cells.
D. could be either plant or bacterial.

3. All cells ______________.

A. have DNA as the genetic material.
B. can interconvert chemical materials.
C. are enclosed in a membrane that maintains internal conditions
different from the surroundings.
D. All of the choices are correct.

4. Cells are small because as cell size increases, its ________.

A. volume and surface area decrease.
B. volume increases faster than the surface area.
C. surface area increases faster than the volume.
D. surface area and volume increase at the same rate.

5. Rods, spheres and spirals are shapes of cells observed in _______.

A. animals
B. bacteria
C. fungi
D. plants

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6. Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane systems in the
cytoplasm are ____ cells.
A. eukaryotic
B. fungi
C. prokaryotic
D. more than one answer is correct

7. Most organelles in a eukaryotic cell are found in the ________.

A. capsule
B. cell wall
C. cytoplasm
D. nucleus

8. A bacterial cell's DNA is found in its _______.

A. capsule
B. nucleoid region
C. nucleus
D. bacteria do not have DNA

9. Which one of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells?

A. Capsule
B. Cell wall
C. Membrane-bound nucleus
D. Ribosomes

10. Bacteria do not have a nucleus. Since the nucleus contains DNA, it
can be concluded that bacteria do not contain DNA.
A. True B. False

11. The nucleus of a cell ______.

A. is contained inside the nucleolus.
B. contains DNA and controls cell activities
C. is surrounded by a single layer of membrane.
D. is the region of the cell where ribosomes are degraded.

12. Organelles found outside a eukaryotic cell and usually involved in

movement of the cell or movement of substances past the cell are called
____.
A. cilia and flagella
B. cell walls & vibrissae
C. nucleus and nucleolus
D. cytoplasm and endoplasm

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13. In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes _____.
A. form membranous compartments called organs.
B. contain hormones essential for metabolic processes.
C. provide additional area where many metabolic processes occur.
D. all of the choices are correct.

14. The Golgi apparatus stores, modifies, and packages proteins and other
products of metabolism.
A. True B. False.

15. When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and
release their contents into the cell. (This statement is true.) As a result of
this, that cell would be expected to _________.
A. undergo self-digestion and die.
B. recycle damaged organelles.
C. undergo cell division.
D. produce replacement lysosomes.

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 Lessons CELL THEORY & CELL
1&2 ORGANELLES

Close your eyes and picture a brick wall. What is the basic building
block of that wall? A single brick, of course. Like a brick wall, your body is
composed of basic building blocks. The building blocks of your body is cells.

What’s New

Activity 1 (Day 1)
Direction: Do you think the cells of an onion look the same as the ones found in
our body? Give two reasons. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

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 What is It

Process Questions:
1. How did you find the activity? Is it easy or difficult?
2. How can you distinguish plant cells from animal cells?

Read the following concepts for you to gain better understanding about cell
theory and cell organelles.

Proponent of Cell Theory

Robert Hooke
❑ He was somewhat a
microbiologist in the 1600's.
❑ He wrote a very famous
book called "Micrographia”
which contained detailed
drawing of small organism
such as a flee.
❑ In 1665, Robert Hooke
1st viewed the cells under the
microscope. He carefully
shaved a thin section of cork from a plant stem and looked at it using
his microscope.
❑ These small boxlike units reminded him of a small rooms of a
monastery where monks lived or cells of old monasteries. He called
these room-like structures in cork Cell. He was the 1st to use the
term cell to refer to the tiny structures found in organism.

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

❑ He was a linen
merchant in the town of
Delft and was obsessed
with lenses and was able
to craft lenses that were
almost spherical.
❑ He created his own
"viewing machine" which
allowed him to view single

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 celled organisms. In 1676, he discovered bacteria while studying a
pepper-water infusion and called these small organisms as animalcules.
❑ He was also the first man to ever be able to see a human sperm which
congregated the idea of where did life come from which also allowed
our future scientists to discover how fertilization accrued or takes
place.

Theodor Schwann
❑ An animal biologist. In 1838, he took a
position at the university in Berlin because he
wanted to make a name of himself.
❑ During his research he kept finding the same
globular structure also known as red blood cells.
The university had believed that the make up of
animals were completely different from the make up
of plants which lagged them behind in their
studies.

Matthias J. Schleiden
❑ A plant biologist. He had also been studying cells but he was studying
them in plants.
❑ In 189, Schwann and Schleiden were enjoying
after-dinner coffee and talking about their studies
on cells. It has been suggested that when Schwann
heard Schleiden describe plant cells with nuclei, he
was struck by the similarity of these plants cells to
cells he had observed in animal tissues. The 2
scientists went immediately to Schwann’s lab to
look at his slides.
❑ He spoke passionately to Schwann about his
research and how the cell made up many of the
different plants and in return Schwann revealed his work on the
nerves of the edible frog. They figured out that they were both made of
the same materials-cells.
Robert Remak
❑ He was a Jewish which made him getting his
degree a struggle.
❑ Remak was the first one to ever witness cell
division he saw the frog egg multiply from 2 cells
to 4 to 8 to 16 and so on.
❑ He discovered that some of the red blood
cells have been splitting into two. Virchow stated
to Remak that this was probably a rare event that
only accrued to red blood cells in developing
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 chicks. Remak then changed his approach he started to use frog eggs
for his experiments.

Rudolf Virchow
❑ In 1855, he realized his friend , Remak, was
right so he took all of the credit by using Remak's
research
❑ He even created his own phrase "all cells from
other cells"

Cell Theory

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.

❑ This entails no exception no matter how simple or complex that
organism is or to what environment it is exposed to or what
evolution it has gone through.
❑ Living things or organisms that are made up of one cell are
called unicellular or single-celled organisms. Bacteria and
protozoans like amoeba are examples of single-celled organisms.
❑ Living things or organisms that are made up of more than one
cells are termed as multi-cellular or multi-celled organisms.
Almost all animal and plant cells are multi-cellular organisms.
The human body is made up of billions of multi-cellular cells.

2. Cell is the basic unit of life

❑ Cell operates similar to a complete machine which has many
compartments that perform different but interrelated and
interconnected functions. The cell is a completely functional
entity that possess characteristics which distinguish it from
inanimate object.
❑ All biological processes that occur within the body for it to
sustain itself cannot occur without the presence of cells.
❑ They form the basic unit of life that not only provide structure
to living cells but are also necessary for all their vital functions
that are needed to sustain life. For example, in human beings,
the cells that make up the skeletal system are called osteocytes.
❑ Together they form the hardened structure called bone that
provides structure, as well as function of the body. Cells are the

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 building blocks of every system in living things – starting from
the cellular level to tissues, organs and organ systems.

3. All cells come from preexisting cells.

❑ Which signifies that cells cannot be spontaneously created but
it will always be a product of reproduction for pre-existing cell.
❑ Every cell is generated from another cell that existed before it.
This postulate of the cell theory refers to the process of cell
division whereby one cell divides to produce more than one
cells. This is the basis of cellular reproduction which can be
either asexual or sexual depending on the living organism that
the process is occurring in.
• Cell division processes can be of different types, like
budding or fission seen in yeast cells, or Mitosis and
meiosis that is observed in both plant and animal cells.
• Generally, during the process of cell division, a single cell
divides into two or more cells, distributing its genetic
content among its progeny. Thus, the newly formed cells
are usually identical to the parent cell.
❑ This postulate was in opposition to the notion that cells arise
spontaneously.

Modern Cell Theory

4. Energy flow occurs within cells.

❑ The energy referred to in this postulate it chemical energy
produced from thousands of biochemical reactions that take
place inside the cell.
❑ From the breakdown of glucose to the production of ATP by the
powerhouse of the cell, the mitochondria, all biochemical
reactions produce a great deal of energy within each cell that
flows from one part of the cell, one organelle to another through
chemical messengers and molecules.

5. Hereditary information or DNA is passed on from one cell to

another.
❑ All cells divide either asexually by mitosis, fission or budding, or
sexually by meiosis. Either process results in the parent cell
passing on its genetic content or DNA to the offspring or
progeny.
❑ Chromosomes that contain the genetic material is passed on
from parent to daughter cell. In unicellular organisms as well,
such as bacteria, the DNA material is divided into its progeny

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 simply by splitting of the cell into two, a process known as
cytokinesis.
❑ This results in the progeny cells being identical genetically to
the parent cells. However in higher organisms such as some
animals and humans, the environment and a process known as
recombination are key players in determining the genetic
makeup of every individual being.

6. All cells have the same basic composition.

❑ All cells, whether unicellular or multicellular, prokaryotic or
eukaryotic, simple or complex, irrespective of size have the same
basic composition.
❑ Almost every cell is surrounded by a cell wall and filled with a
fluid-like substance known as cytoplasm or cytosol, in which
many different structures called organelles are present that
each has their own defined function.
❑ All cells contain a nucleus or a region that holds the genetic
content (DNA) of the organism, and all have biochemical
processes and catalysts that enable it to sustain itself.

Cell Structure of Domain Eukarya

Eukaryotic Cells
❑ Domain Eukarya includes plants, fungi, protist and animals have
different cell structures that are used to perform their various
activities throughout their existence.
❑ Contain:
o Membrane-bound nucleus that houses DNA
o Functional Organelles
o Plasma membrane

CELL ORGANELLES

❑ Little structures of a cell

❑ Perform specific functions

❑ Isolates reactions from others

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18
19
A. Cell Wall
❑ Protects the plasma membrane of a
plant cell.
❑ Its pores enable materials to pass
freely into and out of the cell.
❑ The strength of the wall enables the
cell to absorb H2O into the vacuole
and swell without bursting.
❑ Prokaryotes, fungi, and some
protists also have cell walls.

B. Plasma Membrane
❑ Outer membrane of cell that controls movement in and out of the
cell.
❑ Lipid bilayer w/ embedded
proteins
❑ also known as the PLASMA
MEMBRANE or CYTOPLASMIC
MEMBRANE, and historically
referred to as
the PLASMALEMMA.

C. Nucleus
❑ Separated from cytoplasm
by nuclear membrane
❑ Contains genetic material
– DNA
❑ Directs cell activities:
protein synthesis, cell
reproduction, and
ribosome synthesis.
❑ Red blood cells lose their
nucleus as they mature.
Absence of a nucleus is
an adaptation of the red
blood cell for its role. It allows the red blood cell to contain more
hemoglobin (and, therefore, carry more oxygen molecules). It also
allows the cell to have its distinctive bi-concave shape which aids

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 diffusion - this shape would not be possible if the cell had a
nucleus in the way.
❑ Anatomy of Nucleus
o Nuclear Envelope is a double-membrane structure that
constitutes the outermost portion of the nucleus. Both the
inner and outer membranes of the nuclear envelope are
phospholipid bilayers.
o Nuclear pores scattered over the surface of the nuclear
envelope. Nuclear pores are filled with protein structures
called a pore complex that act as molecular channels,
lines each pore and plays an important role in the cell by
regulating the entry and exit of most proteins and RNAs,
macromolecules between the nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.
o Dark nucleolus composed of rRNA (ribosomal RNA) which
produces subunits of ribosomes.

D. Ribosomes
❑ Are the site of protein synthesis in the
cell
❑ Composed of rRNA
❑ Consists of a large subunit and a small
subunit
❑ Subunits made in nucleolus
❑ May be located:
o On the ER (thereby making it
“rough”), or
o Free in the cytoplasm, either singly or in groups, called
polyribosomes.

E. Endoplasmic Reticulum
❑ The connecting link between the
nucleus and cytoplasm of the plant
cell.
❑ 2 Types
o Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
✓ Studded with ribosomes on
cytoplasmic side
✓ Protein anabolism
✓ Synthesizes proteins
o Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
✓ No ribosomes
✓ Synthesis of lipids

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 ✓ Site of various synthetic processes, detoxification, and
storage
✓ Forms transport vesicles

F. Golgi Apparatus
❑ also referred to as Golgi
Bodies or Golgi Complex
❑ Stacks of flattened vesicles
❑ Forms secretory vesicles
❑ Packages protein for export
from cell
❑ Functions in the collection,
packaging, and distribution of
molecules synthesized at one
place in the cell and utilized at another location in the cell.

G. Lysosome
❑ Membrane-bound vesicles (not in
plants)
❑ Produced by the Golgi apparatus
❑ Contain powerful digestive enzymes
and are highly acidic
o Digestion of large molecules
o Recycling of cellular resources
o Apoptosis (programmed cell
death, like tadpole losing tail)

H. Peroxisome
❑ Similar to lysosomes
o Membrane-bounded
vesicles
o Enclose enzymes
❑ However
o Enzymes synthesized by
free ribosomes in
cytoplasm (instead of ER)
o Active in lipid metabolism
o Catalyze reactions that produce hydrogen peroxide H2O2
❑ Toxic
o Broken down to water & O2 by catalase

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I. Vacuole
❑ Membranous sacs that are larger
than vesicles
o Store materials that occur in
excess
o Others very specialized
(contractile vacuole)
❑ Plants cells typically have a central
vacuole
o Up to 90% volume of some cells
❑ Functions in:
o Storage of water, nutrients, pigments, and waste products
o Development of turgor pressure

J. Chloroplast
❑ Bounded by double
membrane
❑ Inner membrane enfolded
o Forms disc-like thylakoids,
which are stacked to form
grana
o Suspended in semi-fluid
stroma
❑ Green due to chlorophyll
o Green photosynthetic pigment
o Found ONLY in inner membranes of chloroplast

K. Mitochondria
❑ Contain ribosomes and their
own DNA
❑ Surrounded by a double
membrane
o Inner membrane surrounds
the matrix and is convoluted
(folds) to form cristae.
o Matrix – Inner semifluid
containing respiratory enzymes
✓ Break down carbohydrates
❑ Involved in cellular respiration
❑ Produce most of ATP utilized by the cell
❑ Mitochondria is considered as autonomous cell organelle due
to the following counts :

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 o Mitochondria have their own DNA which can replicate
independently. The mitochondrial DNA produces its own mRNA,
tRNA and rRNA.
o The organelles posses their own ribosomes, called
mitoribosomes.
o Mitochondria synthesize some of their own structural
proteins. However, most of the mitochondrial proteins are
synthesized under instructions from cell nucleus.
o The organelles synthesize some of the enzymes required for their
functioning. e.g. succinate dehydrogenase.
o They show hypertrophy .i.e. internal growth.
❑ However, both their structure and functioning are controlled by
the nucleus of the cell and availability of materials from the
cytoplasm. Hence, they are termed as the 'semi-autonomous' cell
organelles.

L. Cytoskeleton
❑ helps the cell maintain its shape and gives support to the cell.
❑ A variety of cellular organelles are held in place by the
cytoskeleton.
❑ The cytoskeleton is not a static structure, but is able to
disassemble and reassemble its parts in order to enable internal
and overall cell mobility. Types of intracellular movement
supported by the cytoskeleton include transportation of vesicles
into and out of a cell, chromosome manipulation during mitosis
and meiosis, and organelle migration.
❑ The cytoskeleton makes cell migration possible as cell motility is
needed for tissue construction and repair, cytokinesis (division of
the cytoplasm) in the formation of daughter cells, and in immune
cell responses to germs.
❑ The cytoskeleton assists in the transportation of communication
signals between cells.

24
 ❑ It forms cellular appendage-like protrusions, such as cilia and
flagella, in some cells.

M. Centrioles
❑ Short, hollow cylinders
o Composed of 27
microtubules
o Microtubules arranged into
9 overlapping triplets
❑ One pair per animal cell
o Located in centrosome of
animal cells
o Oriented at right angles to each other
o Separate during mitosis to determine plane of division
❑ May give rise to basal bodies of cilia and flagella

Time to check your understanding. Ready?

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 What’s More

Activity 2 (Day 1)
Direction: Identify the scientists and give their contributions to the Cell Theory.
Present your answer as shown below. Write your answer on a separate sheet
of paper.
SCIENTIST YEAR CONTRIBUTION

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

II. Answer the following questions based on your knowledge of the Cell
Theory.

1. What role did the invention of the microscope play in the development
of the cell theory?

2. What type of cells did Hooke study?

3. Who was the first to observe living cells?

4. What words did Hooke use to describe cells?

5. What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory?

26
Activity 3 (Day 3)
Direction Match the function cards and memory items by gluing them into the
correct locations in the chart below.

27
Function Cards
Captures energy from the sunlight and Receives proteins & materials from the ER,
uses it to produce food in a plant cells packages them, & distributes them

Controls what comes into and out of a cell; Produces the energy a cell needs
found in plant and animal cells to carry out its functions

Gel-like fluid where the organelles are found Assesembles amino acids to create proteins

Control center of the cell; contains DNA Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

Has passageways that carry proteins and other

Found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes
materials from one part of the cell to another

Tiny strands inside the nucleus that contain the

Ridged outer layer of a plant cell
instructions for directing the cell's functions

Uses chemicals to break down food

and worn out cell parts

Memory Items

Make me something Members only I'm a

sweet to eat can come and go. "GOL den" packer.

I am the I'm a
I'm a brick wall.
little nucleus. transport ER .

I am a "mighty" I clean things up! I'll store anything,

power house. (Hint: Lysol) (Hint: Vacuum Bags)

I'm the I'm a "tin" of Sail through

control center. information. my plasma.

I make “some”
nice proteins.

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Activity 4 (Day 4)
Direction: Read each cell riddle below. Identify which organelle the riddle
describe, and write the name of that structure in the blank.

29
 What I Have Learned

Activity 5 (Day 4)
Direction: Fill-in the missing word/words to complete the statement. Write the
answer in your test booklet.
1. Small structure in a cell that performs a specific function. _____________
2. Dark spot in the nucleus where RNA for ribosomes is made.
______________
3. Sac of digestive enzymes. _________________
4. ____________________ is covered by ribosomes and transports substances
to the Golgi apparatus.
5. The _________________ is found outside the cell membrane in plants and
bacteria and provides support and protection.
6. These sausage shaped organelles burn glucose and store the energy as
ATP.
7. The __________________________ is surrounded by a double membrane,
contain the cells DNA, and acts as the control center.
8. The ___________________ contains the gel-like material and organelles
located between the nucleus and cell membrane.
9. ______________________ proposed that all plant tissues are composed of
cells.
10. Using a microscope that ______________________ devised, he viewed the
cell walls of the cork for the 1st time. He coined the term “cell”.

What I Can Do

Activity 6 (Day 4)
Directions: Make an essay on how a cell similar to a house and relate the
concept of compartmentalization.

30
 Excellent Very Satisfacto Needs Point
(4 pts.) Satisfactor ry Improvem s
y (2 pts.) ent Earn
(3 pts.) (1 pt.)
ed
1. Demonstr Demonstr Demonstr Demonstr
Knowledge/Unders ates ates ates some ates
tanding thorough considera understan limited
Information and understan ble ding of understan
Ideas ding of understan topic or ding of
topic or ding of theme. topic or
theme. topic or theme.
theme.
2. Supporting Communi Communi Communicat Communi
opinions cates cates es ideas with cates
ideas with ideas with some clarity, ideas with
a high considera few limited
degree of ble clarity,supported clarity,
clarity, effectively opinions unsupport
insightfull supported ed opinion
y opinions
supported
opinions.
3. Organization Essay is Essay Central Ideas were
logically somewhat point and unorganiz
organized digresses flow of ed and
and well- from the essay is vague; no
structured central lost; lacks particular
displaying idea; ideas organizati flow was
a do not on and followed.
beginning, logically continuity
a body, follow .
and a each
conclusion other.
. Critical
thinking
skills are
evident.

31
 Assessment

Multiple Choice: Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the
chosen letter in your test booklet.

1. Cells are small because as cell size increases, its _____.

A. volume and surface area decrease.
B. surface area increases faster than the volume.
C. volume increases faster than the surface area.
D. surface area and volume increase at the same rate.

2. Rods, spheres and spirals are shapes of cells observed in ______.

A. animals
B. bacteria
C. fungi
D. plants

3. Cells without a membrane-bound nucleus and membrane systems in the

cytoplasm are ____ cells.
A. fungi
B. eukaryotic
C. prokaryotic
D. more than one answer is correct

4. The Golgi apparatus stores, modifies, and packages proteins and other
products of metabolism.
A. True B. False.

5. When a cell is deprived of oxygen, its lysosomes tend to burst and release
their contents into the cell. (This statement is true.) As a result of this, that
cell would be expected to ______.
A. undergo cell division.
B. recycle damaged organelles.
C. undergo self-digestion and die.
D. produce replacement lysosomes.

32
6. Most organelles in a eukaryotic cell are found in the _____.
A. capsule
B. cell wall
C. cytoplasm
D. nucleus

7. A bacterial cell's DNA is found in its _______.

A. capsule
B. nucleus
C. nucleoid region
D. bacteria do not have DNA

8. Which one of the following is not found in prokaryotic cells?

A. Capsule
B. Cell wall
C. Membrane-bound nucleus
D. Ribosomes

9.Bacteria do not have a nucleus. Since the nucleus contains DNA, it can be
concluded that bacteria do not contain DNA.
A. True B. False

10. The cell theory is one of the unifying themes of biology. Which of the
following statements would be part of the cell theory?
A. All life is made of cells.
B. Cells are the smallest units of life.
C. Cells come from preexisting cells.
D. All of the choices are correct.

11. You are told that the cells on a microscope slide are plant, animal, or
bacterial. You look at them through a microscope and see cell walls and
membrane-bound organelles. You conclude that the cells ______.
A. are bacteria.
B. are plant cells.
C. are animal cells.
D. could be either plant or bacterial.

12. All cells _____.

A. have DNA as the genetic material.
B. can interconvert chemical materials.
C. are enclosed in a membrane that maintains internal conditions
different from the surroundings.

33
 D. All of the choices are correct.

13. The nucleus of a cell _______.

A. is contained inside the nucleolus.
B. contains DNA and controls cell activities
C. is surrounded by a single layer of membrane.
D. is the region of the cell where ribosomes are degraded.

14. Organelles found outside a eukaryotic cell and usually involved in

movement of the cell or movement of substances past the cell are called
____.
A. cilia and flagella
B. cell walls & vibrissae
C. nucleus and nucleolus
D. cytoplasm and endoplasm

15. In eukaryotic cells, internal membranes ____.

A. form membranous compartments called organs.
B. contain hormones essential for metabolic processes.
C. provide additional area where many metabolic processes occur.
D. all of the choices are correct.

Additional Activities

Activity 7 (Day 2)
Direction. Match the picture of the scientist with the name and their
contribution to cell theory. Write your answer on a separate paper.
CONTRIBUTION TO
SCIENTIST NAME
CELL THEORY

I
He added the 3rd part to the
cell theory stating that cells
ROBERT REMAK a
1 only come from other living
cells.

ANTONIE VAN
II 2 He observes the 1st living cells in
LEEUWENHOEK
b pond water using lenses he
created for his microscope.

34
 ROBERT HOOKE
3 He was the first one to ever
III witness cell division he saw the
c frog egg multiply from 2 cells to
4 to 8 to 16 and so on
MATTHIAS J.
4 SCHLEIDEN
He proposed that all plant
d tissues are composed of cells.
RUDOLF
5
IV VIRCHOW
Using a microscope that he
devised, he viewed the cell walls
THEODOR e of the cork for the 1st time. He
6
SCHWANN coined the term “cell”.

V
He concluded that not just plant
f tissue, but animal tissues, as
well, are composed of one or
more cells.

VI

Activity 8 (Day 3)
Direction: Read the questions carefully. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. Why do red blood cells lose their nucleus as they mature?

2. How does the fact that RBCs have no nucleus affect its lifespan?

35
 3. Why are mitochondria absent in RBCs (red blood cells)?

4. Why are the mitochondria known as semi‐autonomous organelles?

Congratulations you have successfully explained the postulates of cell theory

and described the structure and function of major and subcellular organelles.

You can now move on to the next module on distinguishing prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells to their distinguishing features and classifying different cell
types and specifying their functions.

36
 37
What I Know What’s New What’s More
1. D The main difference between an animal cell Activity 4:
2. A and a plant cell is that, plant cells have a 1. Cytosol
3. D 2. Nucleolus
cell wall, which the animal cell lacks. The
4. B 3. Cell membrane
5. D cell wall which is made up of cellulose gives 4. Mitochondria
6. A the plant cell rigidity resulting in a fixed, 5. Vacuole
7. B rectangular shape. Animal cells lack the 6. Chloroplast
8. B rigidity hence, they tend to have a round 7. Lysosomes
9. B and irregular shape. 8. Ribosomes
10. B 9. Chromosome
11. B 10. Nucleus
12. A 11. Endoplasmic reticulum
13. D 12. Cell wall
14. A 13. Golgi bodies
15. A
What’s More What’s More
Activity 2 Activity 3
Answer Key
 38
What I Have Learned Assessment Additional Activities
Activity 8:
1. Organelle 1. B 1. Red blood cells lose their nucleus as they
2. Nucleolus 2. D mature. Absence of a nucleus is an adaptation of the red
3. Lysosome 3. A blood cell for its role. It allows the red blood cell to contain
4. Endoplasmic 4. A more hemoglobin (and, therefore, carry more oxygen
reticulum 5. A
molecules). It also allows the cell to have its distinctive bi-
5. Cell wall 6. B
concave shape which aids diffusion - this shape would not
6. Mitochondria 7. B
7. Nucleus be possible if the cell had a nucleus in the way.
8. B
8. Cytoplasm 9. B 2. The lack of a nucleus means that the red blood
9. Matthias Schleden 10. D cell is incapable of gene expression (no nucleus=no
10.Robert Hooke 11. A DNA=no genes) and so is unable to produce normal
12. D proteins or enzymes involved in energy generation
13. B or cell repair. this means that when red blood cells
14. A
Additional Activities are damaged they cannot repair themselves and
15. D
Activity 7: thus have a decreased lifespan.
3. The function of RBC is to carry oxygen. The
mitochondria are absent so it will not be able to use
any of the carried oxygen, thus increasing the
carrying capacity. RBCs need very little energy for
what they do. that’s why the RBC energy (ATP)
requirements can already be satisfied by
glycolysis, and by fermentation of the resulting
pyruvate.
4. Mitochondria is considered as autonomous cell
organelle due to the following counts : Mitochondria
have their own DNA which can replicate
independently;; the organelles posses their own
ribosomes; mitochondria synthesize some of their
own structural proteins; the organelles synthesize
some of the enzymes required for their functioning;
they show hypertrophy. However, both their
structure and functioning are controlled by the
nucleus of the cell and availability of materials from
the cytoplasm. Hence, they are termed as the 'semi-
autonomous' cell organelles
References:

MELCS 2020
Belardo, Giselle Millete M. 2016. General Biology 1. Makati City: Vibal
Group, Inc.
Madriaga, E, Oronce, O,.et.al. BiologicalScience of Life. Rex Book Store.
Postlethwait, J, Hopson, J. The World of Biology. Cengage Learning Asia
Pte. Ltd.
Rea, M.A. et al.2017. General Biology 1. Rex Bookstore. Quezon City.
https://quizlet.com/145059813/chapter-4-flash-cards/
https://www.powershow.com/view/3aeccc-
MjA1Z/Cell_Structure_and_Function_powerpoint_ppt_presentation?varnishc
ache=1
https://sciencespot.net/Media/CellsOrganellesWkst.pdf
https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/135882113740578078/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zk3vlhz1b6k
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/microbiology-2/deck/10486003
https://microbenotes.com/cell-wall-plant-fungal-bacterial-structure-and-
functions/
https://factslegend.org/25-amazing-cell-membrane-facts/
https://www.biologydiscussion.com/notes/peroxisomes-notes-on-the-
origin-and-structure-of-peroxisomes/742
https://www.biologycorner.com/APbiology/cellular/notes_cells2.html
https://apbiologyctd.wordpress.com/cytoskeleton/
https://www.bioexplorer.net/parts-of-cell-theory.html/

39
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – City Schools Division of Alaminos

San Jose Drive, Poblacion, Alaminos City, Pangasinan

Telefax: (075) 205-0644/205-0643

Email-Address: alaminos.city@deped.gov.ph

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