QUESTION: Why are seed plants successful on

land.
Seed plants, these are many plants of the division
spermatophyte which include seed-bearing plants;
angiosperm or gymnosperm. The evolution of seeds allowed
plants to decrease their dependency upon water for
reproduction.
Seeds give plants a tremendous advantage to spread and

colonize new land. They contain an embryo that can remains
dormant until conditions are favourable when it grows into
diploid sporophyte.
They are transported by the wind, water or by animals to

encourage reproduction and reduce competition with the
parent plant. Seed plants contain diverse adaptations for
successful survival on land which include even smaller
gametophyte, pollen and the seed.
 Thereare a different variety of seed plants as we
know and most of them adapt and evolve as time,
season and the environment also change.
 Seed plants outnumber seedless plants
 We eat them, wear clothes made from them, homes
built out of them, they provide oxygen
  

Looking at the seed:

 The characteristics reproductive body of both
angiosperms (flowering plants) and gymnosperms
(e.g., conifers, cycads, and ginkgos).
 Essentially, a seed consists of a miniature
underdevelopment plant (the embryo), which, alone
stored food for its early development after
germination.
 The seed is surrounded by a coat (the testa)
 Pollination and the “seed habit” are considered the
most overwhelming evolutionary success of the
Plants developed adaptations to survive on land.
 Surface to prevent drying out.
 Pores for gaseous exchange.
 Support to give structure to plant body.
 Plumping system to distribute nutrients and water.
 Accomplish fertilization without an aqueous environment.
 Development of seed with dormant embryo.
 
 
 
 
  

Adaptation to Dry land.

 Storage tissue to sustain growth and a protective coat give seed
their superior evolution advantage
 Several layers of hardened tissue prevent desiccation, freeing
reproduction from the need for a constant supply of water.

 The second adaptation of seed plants to dry land was the

evolution of pollen

 This evolution of pollen allowed sperm to reach eggs by travelling

 Adaptation to wet land:
 Seed plants, such as palms, have broken free from the need
to rely on water for their reproductive needs.
 Palms provide materials including rattans, oils and dates.
Major stages in the life of a plant (life cycle)
 Seed germination
 Development of the plant body
 Development of the reproductive organs
 Seed formation
 
Seed plants: Gymnosperms
 Gymnosperm- a seed plant that produces “naked” seeds (not
enclosed by a protective fruit)