BIOLOGY

Sulu College of Technology, Inc.
Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School

Moore Avenue, Alat Street, Jolo, Sulu. Philippines
E-mail: sct_edu@yahoo.com
Senior High School Department
Information sheet 1.1
I. Topic: Cell Theory & Cell Structure and Functions
Module Overview
This module will help you understand and explore the events that
led to the concept of the cell theory and postulates of the cell theory.
You will know the different scientist that give contribution to the
invention of the microscope and discovery of the cell. You will also
learn more about the cells structure and its functions.
Learning Competencies
At the end of the SESSION, you CAN…

 explain the postulates of the cell theory;
 describe the structure and function of major and subcellular
organelles.
Instructional Materials
Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Learning System Inc.4/F SEDCCO

1 Bldg. 120 Thailand corner Legazpi Streets, Legaspi Village, 1229
Makati City, Philippines
(pg. 1 – 31) &
http://80.86.90.246/tb/b/71/the_wacky_history_of_cell_theory_la
uren_royalwoods_h264_11272.mp4?play&https://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8https://byjus.com/biology/cells/
Pre-Assessment
Before going any further, you should answer first this pre-assessment
section to activate your prior knowledge about cell theory and cells.
Instruction: Answer the following questions. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.
1
1. It is the basic unit of life.
a. Organisms b. Cell c. Tissue d. Muscles
2. An organisms that can be seen by the unaided eye.
a. Microscopic b. Macroscopic c. Telescopic d. Horoscopic
3. He invented the first compound microscope.
a. Z. Janssen b. Robert Hooke c. Leeuwenhoek d. M. Jakob
4. This is the organelle that serves as the control center of the cell.
a. Centrioles b. Cytoplasm c. Nucleus d. Ribosomes
5. This is the additional cell covering in the plant cells, it is located outside of
the cell membrane.
a. Cell Wall b. Chloroplast c. Vacuole d. Mitochondrion
INTRODUCTION
Good day. You are now at the first

part of this learning module. Your
first task is to answer the questions
below.
Motivation
 Your task is to answer the following questions
1. When you hear the word CELL, what comes to your mind?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________________________________
2. Do you have an experience using microscope? Give at least 3 parts of the
microscope.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
__________________________________
Learning Activities
Hi, I have provided a reading materials for you. This

will give you further discussions about the postulates
of the cell theory and the structure and function of
major and subcellular organelles. Take time to read
and understand for you to be prepared for your next
task. Enjoy reading
2
I. Reading Materials/ Concept Notes
In biology, cell theory is the historic scientific theory, now universally
accepted, that living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic
structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-
existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all organisms and also the
basic unit of reproduction.
Before the microscope was invented, the Romans had already invented and
experimented with glass during the first century. Around 1595, the first compound
microscope was invented by Zacharias Janssen (1580-1638). It is believed that
Zacharias probably had help from his father, Hans, because he was still young at
that time. They made these microscopes by placing several lenses together, and
discovered that objects were further enlarged upon viewing.
In 1665, Robert Hooke (1635-1703) examined a thin slice of cork under the
microscope that he built. He was able to see and observe small compartment of
the cork. He initially named the small compartment cellula because they reminded
him of the “little rooms” in the monastery. These eventually become known as
cells. A few years later, Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) crated a
microscope with a much higher magnification than the microscope that Hooke
used. Leeuwenhoek used this microscope to observe specimen such as bacteria,
blood cells and protists.
The Cell Theory

A century passed before several improvement on the microscope were made.
These latest microscopes were used by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor
Schwann. Schleiden was a professor of botany at the University of Jena,
Germany. Schwann was a professor of physiology at the University of Louvain,
Belgium.
Schleiden published his research in 1838, which was based on several years
of studying different types of plants under the microscope. Schwann published
his research a year later, based on his study of several slides of animal cells. Their
researches became the bases of the first two postulates of the cell theory:
1. All organisms are made up of cells

2. The basic unit of life is the cell
The first two postulate support the idea that cell is the foundation of life. All
organisms have one or more cells. No organism can exist without a cell that will
support its body processes that it needs to survive.
The last postulate was eventually proven by Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow in
1858. Virchow, upon studying how cells played a role in body diseases at that
time, noticed that the existence of diseases in the organs and tissues come from
3
affected cells. From this, he stated Omnis cellulla e cellula, which means that cells
arise from pre-existing cells. It was believed, however, that this discovery was
initially made by Robert Remark, a Jewish scientist, in 1855, when he tried to
prove the idea of cell division by hardening the cell membrane.
Cell Structure and Functions
What is a Cell?
A cell is the structural and fundamental unit of life. The study of cells from
its basic structure to the functions of every cell organelle is called Cell Biology.
All organisms are

made up of cells.
They may be made up
of a single cell
(unicellular) or many
cells (multicellular.
Mycoplasmas are the
smallest known cells.
Cells are the building
blocks of all living
beings. They provide
structure to the body
and convert the
nutrients taken from
the food into energy.
Plant Cells
4
Cell organelles and functions
 Cell membrane- is composed of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with

proteins and carbohydrates. It is semipermeable, which means that not
everything can enter or pass through it.
 Cell wall- additional covering of the cell, located outside of the cell
membrane and primary made of cellulose. Maintains the shape of the plant,
protects the cell, and helps regulate the cell’s uptake of water.
 Nucleolus- is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also it is involved in
controlling cellular activities and cellular reproduction
 Nuclear membrane- protect the nucleus by forming a boundary between
the nucleus and other cell organelles
 Chromosomes- play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual.
Each human cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes
 Endoplasmic reticulum- is involved in the transportation of substances
throughout the cell. It plays a primary role in the metabolism of
carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids, and proteins.
 Golgi Bodies- are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the
transportation of materials within the cell
 Ribosomes- are the protein synthesisers of the cell
 Mitochondria- the powerhouse of the cell. It is called so because ATp- the
cells energy currency
 Lysosomes- protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell
and helps in cell renewal. Therefore, it is known as the cells suicide bags.
 Chloroplast- the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the
pigment chlorophyll.
 Vacuoles- stores food, water, and other waste materials in the cell.
Self-Assessment
1. What lesson can you learn from the cell being the basic unit of life?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2. What are the advantage of sharing knowledge and working together?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
3. Why are there differences between plant and animal cells in term of
organelle structure?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
5
Integration
Closure/Synthesis
Complete the statement below:
Today I learned that _____________________ like _____________________
______________________________________________________________
I also learned that cell is ___________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
Post-Assessment
answer.
a. Organisms b. Muscles c. Tissue d. Cell
a. Macroscopic b. Microscopic c. Telescopic d. Horoscopic
a. Matthias Jakob b. Robert Hooke c. Leeuwenhoek d. Zacharias Janssen
a. Nucleus b. Cytoplasm c. Centrioles d. Ribosomes
the cell membrane.
a. Mitochondrion b. Chloroplast c. Vacuole d. Cell Wall
6
I. Topic: Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic cells, Cell type and Cell Modifications
Module Overview
This module will help you understand more about the cell diversity,
that there are numerous structural cell variations suited to their specific
functions. These variations can be used in describing characteristics that
define a group of organisms.

 distinguish prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells according to their
distinguishing features;
 classify different cell types (plant/animal tissues) and specify the
function(s) of each;
 describe cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out
specialized functions (e.g., microvilli, root hair).
Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Learning System Inc.4/F SEDCCO 1

Bldg. 120 Thailand corner Legazpi Streets, Legaspi Village, 1229 Makati
City, Philippines (pg. 51-60 ) &
http://m.youtube.com/watch?v=Pxujitlv8wc&(https://188.138.57.100/
tb/7/8b/specialized_cells_significance_and_examples_h264_26682.mp
4?play& https://byjus.com/biology/prokaryotic-and-eukaryotic-cells/
Pre-Assessment
section to activate your prior knowledge about prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cells
7
Instruction: Identify if the given statement in Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic.
Write P if Prokaryotic and E if Eukaryotic on the space provided.
______1. A cells without true nucleus
______2. The size is within 10-100µm.
______3. Cells divide through either mitosis or meiosis.
______4. The cell division happens through binary fission.
______5. Can also perform endocytosis and exocytosis.
INTRODUCTION
Good day. You are now at the first part

of this learning module. Your first task
is to answer the questions below.
Motivation
With the given picture, what differences can

you observe? Give at least 3 differences
between the two.
 ____________________________________
___________________________
 ____________________________________
___________________________
 ____________________________________
Learning Activities
____________________________
Hi, I have provided a reading materials for you.

This will give you further discussions about the
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Take time to
read and understand for you to be prepared for
your next task. Enjoy reading
8
The term “prokaryote” is derive from the Greek word ”pro”, (meaning:
before) and “karyon” (meaning: Kernel). It translates to “before nuclei”.
Prokaryotes are one of the most ancient groups of living organisms on earth, with
fossil records dating back to almost 3.5 billion years ago. They are comparatively
smaller and much simpler than eukaryotic cells.
The tem “eukaryotes” is derived from the greek word “eu” (meaning: good)
and “karyon” (meaning: kernel), therefore, translating to “good or true nuclei”.
They are more complex and mush larger than the prokaryotes. They include
almost all the major kingdoms except kingdom monera.
Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Type of Cell Always Unicellular Unicellular and multi-
cellular
Cell Size Ranges in size from 0.2 µm - Size ranges in size from
2.0 µm in diameter 10 µm - 100 µm in
diameter
Cell Wall Usually present; chemically When present, chemically
complex in nature simple an nature
Nucleus Absent Present
Ribosomes Present. Smaller in size and Present. Comparatively
spherical in shape larger in size and linear in
shape
DNA Circular Linear
Arrangement
Mitochondria Absent Present
Cytoplasm Present, but cell organelles Present, cell organelles
absent present
Endoplasmic Absent Present
Reticulum
Plasmids Present Very rarely found in
eukaryotes
Ribosome Small ribosomes Large ribosomes
Lysosome Lysosomes and centrosomes Lysosomes and
are absent centrosomes are present
Cell division Through binary fission Through mitosis
Flagella The flagella are smaller in The flagella are larger in
size size
Reproduction Asexual Both asexual and sexual
Example Bacteria and Archea Plant and animal cell
9
Different cell types of plant and animal tissues and their specific function
The cells of plants are capable of photosynthesis. Most photosynthetic
processes in plants use the pigment chlorophyll. Carotenoid, a class of accessory
pigment responsible for the yellow, orange and red colors in plants, also helps in
photosynthesis. The chlorophyll is found in the chloroplast, whereas the
carotenoids are found in the chromoplast. Chloroplasts and chromoplasts are
known as plastids, which are organelles responsible for pigment synthesis and
storage. Plant cell has additional covering called the cell wall, which is mainly
composed of cellulose. Cellulose is a polysaccharide.
The following are names of some cells found in animals; osteocyte,
chondrocytes, neuron and epithelial cells. Some of the functions of epithelial
cells are protection, secretion and absorption.
 Osteocytes- a bone cell, a cell that make up your bones. Your bones serve
as your framework, and they help to support, move, and protect your body.
 Chondrocytes- cell that makes up your cartilage. Your cartilage gives
flexible support to your body.
 Neuron- a nerve cell that is found in the nervous system. It transmits
impulses throughout your body. This helps you sense things around you.
 Epithelial- can be classified based on their shape. An epithelial cell is called
squamous cell if it is flattened in appearance. It is a cuboidal cell if appears
as a square or a cube. It is a columnar cell if its shape is like a rectangle.
Some cell modifications that lead to adaptation to carry out specialized
functions
 Microvilli (singular: microvillus)- microscopic cellular membrane
protrusions that increase the surface area for diffusion and minimize any
increase in volume and are involved in a wide variety of functions, including
absorption, secretion, cellular adhesion, and mechanotransduction.
 Root hairs- collect water and mineral nutrients that are present in the soil
and take this solution up through the roots to the rest of the plant.
 Flagella- a whip-like structure that allows a cell to move. They are found in
all three domains of the living world: bacteria, archaea, and eukaryota, also
known as protists, plants, animals, and fungi.
 Cilia- are found in the lungs, respiratory tract and middle ear. These cilia
have a rhythmic waving or beating motion. They work, for instance, to keep
the airways clear of mucus and dirt, allowing us to breathe easily and
without irritation. They also help propel sperm.
10
Self-Assessment
1. What part the eukaryotic cell different from prokaryotic cell? Is there any
part that they are alike? ________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
2. What makes the plant unique from the animals? And what makes animal
unique from plants? _________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
3. What is a modified cell? _______________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Integration
Closure/Synthesis
Today I learned that __________________ like _________________________
________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
I also learned that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are ____________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
Post-Assessment
Instruction: Identify if the given statement in Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic.
Write P if Prokaryotic and E if Eukaryotic on the space provided.
______1. Cells divide through either mitosis or meiosis.
______2. Can also perform endocytosis and exocytosis.
______3. A cells without true nucleus
______4. The size is within 10-100µm.
______5. The cell division happens through binary fission.
11
I. Topic: Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Module Overview
This module will help you understand that cell division allows an
increase in cell number or the multiplication of a cell. Thus, cell division is
also cell multiplication. This module also help you understand the stages
of mitosis and explain the significance or application of mitosis.

 characterize the phases of the cell cycle and their control points;
 describe the stages of mitosis given 2n=6;
 explain the significance or applications of mitosis.

City, Philippines (pg. 63 – 73) &
http://80.86.90.246/tb/b/71/the_wacky_history_of_cell_theory_lauren
_royal
woods_h264_11272.mp4?play&https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U
RUJD5NEXC8https://byjus.com/biology/cells/
Pre-Assessment
section to activate your prior knowledge about cell cycle and Mitosis.
12
Instruction: Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement if false. Write
the letter on the space provided before the number.
____1. Mitosis ensures that the number of chromosomes of the parent cell is
identical to its two daughter cells.
____2. Mitosis does not replace the damaged cells in wounds.
____3. Mitosis ensures the growth of the offspring
____4. Mitosis will never cause problems even if it happens too often.
____5. Cell division allows an increase in cell number or the multiplication of a
cell.
INTRODUCTION
Good day. You are now at the first part of

this learning module. Your first task is to
answer the questions below.
Motivation
In the mitosis proper, there are four stages, arrange the following
stages according to its proper place by writing number 1 to 4.
______ Telophase _______ Anaphase

______ Prophase _______ Metaphase
Learning Activities
This will give you further discussions about
mitosis, it will help you understand more about
the topic. Take time to read and understand for
you to be prepared for your next task. Enjoy
reading
13
Cell cycle and their control point

It is essential that the daughter cells produced be exact duplicates of the
parent cell. Mistakes in the duplication or distribution of the chromosomes lead
to mutation that may be passed forward to every new cell produced from an
abnormal cell. To prevent a compromised cell from continuing to divide, there
are internal control mechanisms that operate at three main cell cycle checkpoints.
A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the
progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle can be halted until conditions
are favourable. These checkpoints occur near the end of G1, at the G2/M transition,
and during metaphase.
The G1 Checkpoint
Determines whether all conditions are
favourable for cell division to proceed, the
cell size and protein reserves are assessed.
It is also called the restriction point, is a
point at which the cell irreversibly commits
to the cell division process. A cell that does
not meet all the requirements will not be
allowed to progress into the S phase. The
cell can halt the cycle and attempt to
remedy the problematic condition, or the
cell can advance into G0 and wait further
signals when conditions improve.
The G2 Checkpoint
Bars entry into the mitotic phase if certain conditions are not met. Its
important role is to ensure that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and
that the replicated DNA is not damaged. If the checkpoint mechanisms detect
problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either
complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA.
The M Checkpoint
Occurs near the end of the metaphase stage of karyokinesis. It is also known
as the spindle checkpoint, because it determines whether all the sister chromatids
are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules. Because the separation of the
sister chromatids during anaphase is an irreversible step, the cycle will not
proceed until the kinetochores of each pair of sister chromatids are firmly
anchored to at least two spindle fibers arising from the opposite poles of the cell.
14
Mitosis
Mitosis is the most common type of nuclear division and leads to the
formation of two genetically identical daughter nuclei. It is a part of the cell cycle
and occurs after the G2 phase of the cell cycle and is followed by cell division.
Stages of Mitosis
Functions of mitosis
1. Mitosis helps in growth: the organisms or human beings grow by the process
of mitosis occurring in different parts of the body
2. It helps in replacement of cells and tissue repair: When the body needs to
replace the damaged part s of the body or repair the worn-out body tissues. The
body does this by sending a signal to the cell concerned to start cell division and
mitosis.
3. The process of mitosis functions in asexual reproduction: mitosis is the basis
of asexual reproduction by unicellular organisms and also the basis of cloning in
biotechnology.
4. It serves an important function in the immune response: the cloning of B-
lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes during the immune response occurs through the
process of mitosis.
Self-Assessment
1. Explain why cell division is important. ______________________________
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
15
2. Explain how cell division is involved in the growth, development, and repair
of an organism. ________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
3. Explain how DNA compact/organizes before a eukaryotic cell division.
______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
4. What are the three main parts of the cell? ____________________________
______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
5. Describe what happens to the cell during Interphase. Your answer should
include DNA? _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
6. Describe how the genetic material in two daughter cells is similar to the
genetic material in a parent cell. ___________________________________
______________________________________________________________
____________________________________________
Integration
Closure/Synthesis
Today I learned that _____________________ like ______________________
______________________________________________
I also learned that mitosis is _________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
Post-Assessment
_______1. Mitosis ensures that the number of chromosomes of the parent cell is
identical to its two daughter cells.
_______2. Mitosis does not replace the damaged cells in wounds.
_______3. Mitosis ensures the growth of the offspring
_______4. Mitosis will never cause problems even if it happens too often.
_______5. Cell division allows an increase in cell number or the multiplication
of a cell.
16
I. Topic: Meiosis
Module Overview
This module will help you understand why meiosis has an important
contribution in reproduction. Thus during meiosis where genetic variation
take place, because of the process called genetic recombination. This
module also help you understand the stages of meiosis and explain the
significance or application of mitosis.

 discuss crossing over and recombination in meiosis;
 describe the stages of meiosis given 2n=6;
 explain the significance or applications of meiosis;
 identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the
cell during the cell cycle.

City, Philippines (pg. 76-86)
www.thoughtco.com/genetic-recombination-373450
https://opentextbc.ca/conceptsofbiology1canadianedition/chapter/7-3-
errors-in-meiosis
Pre-Assessment
section to activate your prior knowledge about cell cycle and Meiosis.
17
_______1. The normal chromosome number of the each human cells are 46,
except of sperm and egg cells.
_______2. The sex cells has 24 chromosomes.
_______3. Before meiosis starts, there is still the interphase stage just like in
mitosis.
_______4. The spermatogenesis produces four egg cells.
_______5. The haploid sperm and egg produced in meiosis will meet during
fertilization.
INTRODUCTION
Good day. You are now at the first part of this

learning module. Your first task is to answer
the questions below.
Motivation
1. Which among your physical characteristics looks similar to those of

your mother and father? Why do you think you have these similarities?
_______________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
Learning Activities
Hi, I have provided a reading materials for you. This
will give you further discussions about meiosis, it will
help you understand more about the topic. Take time
to read and understand for you to be prepared for your
next task. Enjoy reading
18
Genetic recombination refers to the process of recombining genes to produce
new genes to produce new gene combinations that differ from those of either
parent. Genetic recombination produces genetic variation in organisms that
produce sexually.
Genetic recombination that involves crossing over occurs during prophase I

of meiosis in sex cell production. The duplication pairs of chromosomes (sister
chromatids) donated from each parent line up closely together forming what is
called a tetrad. A tetrad is composed of four chromatids. As the two sister
chromatids are aligned in close proximity to one another, one chromatid from the
maternal chromosome can cross positions with a chromatid from the paternal
chromosome. These crossed chromatids are called a chiasma. Crossing over
occurs when the chiasma breaks and the broken chromosome segments get
switched onto homologous chromosomes. The broken chromosome segment
from the maternal chromosome segment from the maternal chromosome gets
joined to its homologous paternal chromosome, and vice-versa. At the end of
meiosis, each resulting haploid cell will contain one of four chromosomes. Two
of the four cells will contain one recombinant chromosome.
The purpose of meiosis is to create which have genetic diversity. This

diversity occurs through crossing over in prophase one and through independent
19
assortment later in the process. In mammals, having different number of
chromosomes in the male and female gametes results in sterility, flowering plants
do a little bit better, and in fact this may on rare occasions result in speciation as
a result of polyploids. Bottom line, not maintaining chromosome number is
antithetical to the creation of new life.
Gametogenesis- the process of producing gametes, or sex cells. there are

two types, depending on the sex cells involved. Spermatogenesis is the process
of producing sperm cells in male, whereas oogenesis is the process of producing
egg cells in female. Spermatogenesis and oogenesis both involved meiosis.
Spermatogenesis
(plural:
spermatogonia)
Forms in the
primary
spermatocyte,
enters meiosis I to
produce two
secondary
spermatocytes. The
secondary
spermatocytes enter
meiosis II to
produce four
haploid spermatids.
Spermatids undergo
spermiogenesis,
wherein spermatids
mature into motile
spermatozoa, which
are the sperm cells.
Thus, each cycle of
spermatogenesis
produces four sperm
cells from one
spermatogonium.
Oogenesis (plural: oogonia)

It starts with the oogonium, which become the primary oocyte which will
enter meiosis I. the result is one secondary oocyte and one polar body. The
secondary oocyte will enter meiosis II to produce one egg cell and another polar
body. The first polar body divides to form two polar bodies. Polar bodies cannot
20
be fertilized by a sperm. Thus, each cycle of oogenesis produces one egg cell and
three polar bodies, all for one oogonium.
Example of disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the
cell during the cell cycle
Disease Gene/Defect Inheritance Clinical Features
Duchenne Dystrophin X-linked Gradual degeneration of
Muscular (DMD)- recessive skeletal muscle, impaired heat
Dystrophy deletion and respiratory musculature
Gaucher’s B- Autosomal Lysosomal storage disease
Disease Glucosidase recessive characterized by splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly, and bone
marrow infiltration.
Neurological symptoms are not
common.]
Turner 45, X Usually due Although usually lethal in
Syndrome females to a paternal utero, the defect poses little risk
error in sex to survival in infants that do
chromosome come to term. Short stature,
transmission webbed necks, broad chest with
widely spaced nipples, and
sterility. Infants show evidence
of lymphedema in fetal life.
Intelligence
Self –Assessment
1. What are the stages of meiosis? Explain each stages.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
2. Explain the difference in the number of chromosomes produced during the
first and second parts of meiosis. Use the term “diploid” and “haploid” in
your answer.
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3. What is the product of meiosis in both male and females?
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
________________
21
Integration
Closure/Synthesis
Today I learned that _____________________ like _____________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
I also learned that meiosis is ________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Post-Assessment
_______1. The normal chromosome number of the each human cells are 48,
except of sperm and egg cells.
_______2. The sex cells has 23 chromosomes.
_______3. The haploid sperm and egg produced in meiosis will meet during
fertilization.
_______4. The spermatogenesis produces four egg cells.
_______5. Before meiosis starts, there is still the interphase stage just like in
mitosis.
22
Information Sheet 1.5
I. Topic: Transport Mechanisms
Module Overview
The focus of this module will be on the cell membrane and its important
roles. Keep in mind that the primary responsibility of the cell membrane is
to facilitate the entry and exit of different substances in the cell.

 describe the structural components of the cell membrane;
 relate the structural components of the cell membrane to its function;
 explain transport mechanisms in cells (diffusion, osmosis, facilitated
transport, active transport);
 differentiate exocytosis and endocytosis.

https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundaless-
biology/chapter/components-and-structure/
https://www.ck12.org/bookck-12-biology/section/3.3/
https://www.ck12.org/biology/Exocytosis-and-
Endocytosis/lesson/Exocyrosis-and-Endocytosis-BIO/
Pre-Assessment
Before going any further, you should answer first this pre-assessment section
to activate your prior knowledge about transport mechanisms.
23
____1. The most acceptable cell membrane model today is the fluid mosaic
model.
____2. The fluid mosaic model does not allows the membrane to perform
multiple functions.
____3. A phospholipid is amphipathic, which means it has no hydrophilic and
hydrophobic ends.
____4. A phospholipid can move on its axis through rotation
____5. Cholesterol is found above the phospholipids.
INTRODUCTION

Motivation
After washing your clothes for a long time, what can you observe with
your hand? What do you think is the reason why your fingers becomes
like that? __________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Learning Activities
Transport Mechanisms, it will help you
understand more about the topic. Take time to
24
The plasma
membrane (also
known as the cell
membrane or
cytoplasmic
membrane) is a
biological membrane
that separates the
interior of a cell from
its outside
environment.
The primary function
of the plasma membrane is to protect the cell from its surroundings. Composed of
a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins, the plasma membrane is
selectively permeable to ions and organic molecules and regulates the movement
of substances in and out of cells. Plasma membranes must be very flexible in order
to allow certain cells, such as red blood cells and white blood cells, to change
shape as they pass through narrow capillaries. The plasma membrane also plays
a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in attaching
to the extracellular matrix and other cells to help group cells together to form
tissues. The membrane also maintains the cell potential. In short, if the cell is
represented by a castle, the plasma membrane is the wall that provides structure
for the buildings inside the wall, regulates which people leave and enter the castle
and conveys messages to and from neighbouring castles. Just as a hole in the wall
can be a disaster for the castle, a rupture in the plasma membrane cause the cell
to lyse and die.
Parts of plasma membrane

 Phospholipids bilayer- thin polar membrane of two layer of lipid molecules.
 Cholesterol- found in between the phospholipids. Acts as a fluidity buffer.
 Integral protein- protein found that cross the bilayer
 Peripheral protein- protein found only on the surface of the cell membrane
 Hydrophilic head- made up of a phosphate group, has affinity with
water,can interact with water.
 Glycoprotein- membrane proteins with attached carbohydrate chains
 Hydrophobic tail- made up of fatty acids, avoid interaction with water.
 Glycolipids- lipids with attached carbohydrate chain.
The plasma membrane and cellular transport

The movement of a substance across the selectively permeable plasma
membrane can be either “passive” (occurring without the input of cellular energy)
or “active” (its transport requires the cell to expend energy).
25
Passive Transport
Involves the movement of material along a concentrated gradient (high
concentration to low concentration). Because materials are moving down a
concentration gradient, it does not require the expenditure of energy (ATP
hydrolysis). There are three main type of passive transport:
 Simple diffusion-
movement of small or
lipophilic molecules
(e.g. O2, CO2. Etc.)
 Osmosis- movement of
water molecules
(dependent on solute
concentrations)
 Facilitated diffusion-
movement of large or
charge molecules via
membrane proteins
(e.g. ions, sucrose, etc.)
Active Transport
Involves the movement of materials against a concentration gradient (low
concentration to high concentration). Because materials are moving against the
gradient, it requires the expenditure of energy (e.g. ATP hydrolysis). There are
two main type of active transport:
 Primary (direct) active transport- Involves the direct use of metabolic energy
(e.g. ATP hydrolysis) to mediate transport
 Secondary (indirect) active transport- involves coupling the molecule with
another moving along an electrochemical gradient.
Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis

Endocytosis Exocytosis
Definition Refers to the transportation of Refers to the transportation
macromolecules, large of molecules or particles
particles, and polar substances from the cell to the outside
into the cell from the external of the cell
environment
Process Involved with up taking Involved in removing waste

nutrients into the cell from the cell
Involvement Not involved in cell wall Involved in cell wall

in cell wall formation formation
formation
26
Types Clathrin-mediated Ca2+ triggered non-
endocytosis, caveolae, constitutive (regulated
macropinocytosis, and exocytosis) and nnon-Ca2=
phagocytosis triggered constitutive (non-
regular)
Fate of the Vesicle fuses with the Vesicle connects with the
vesicle membrane bound organelles cell membrane at the end of
at the end of the process the process
Self-Assessment
1. What is the function of cell membrane? ______________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
2. What is the difference of passive and active transport? __________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
3. Give example of endocytosis and exocytosis. ________________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Integration
Closure/Synthesis
Today I learned that ________________________ like ___________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
I also learned that cell membrane is __________________________________

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________
27
Post-Assessment
______1. The most acceptable cell membrane model today is the fluid mosaic
model.
______2. The fluid mosaic model allows the membrane to perform multiple
functions.
______3. Cholesterol is found above the phospholipids.
______4. A phospholipid can move on its axis through rotation
______5. A phospholipid is amphipathic, which means it has no hydrophilic and
hydrophobic ends.
28
I. Topic: Structures and Functions of Biological Molecules
(Carbohydrate & lipids)
Module Overview
The focus of this module will be on the structures and function of

biological molecules (Carbohydrates and lipids). This will help you learn
more about carbohydrates and lipids, their metabolic processes and roles.

 categorize the biological molecule (lipids, carbohydrates, proteins
and nucleic acids) according to their structure and function;
 explain the role of Carbohydrates in specific metabolic processes;
 explain the role of Lipids in specific metabolic processes .

http://62.138.16.194/tb/9/bb/biomolecules_updated_h264_1789.mp4?
play
Pre-Assessment
section to activate your prior knowledge about transport mechanisms.
answer.
1. A biomolecule that believed to be the most abundant of all organic
compounds.
a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Proteins d. Nucleic acids
29
2. Carbohydrates are well-known as great sources of _____________.
a. Light b. Energy c. Food d. Water
3. The following are three types of carbohydrates, except;
a. Monosaccharides b. Disaccharides
c. Polysaccharides d. Trisaccharides
4. A biomolecules containing chains of hydrocarbons.
5. The following are types of lipids, except;
a. Triglycerides b. Steroids c. Cellulose d. Waxes
INTRODUCTION

Motivation
Your task is to answer the following questions
What is your favourite food? What kind of energy do you get from this food?
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________
Learning Activities
biological molecules (Carbohydrates and lipids),
it will help you understand more about the topic.
Take time to read and understand for you to be
prepared for your next task. Enjoy reading

Biomolecules occur naturally in organisms. They are also known as organic
molecules or macromolecules (due to their large size and complex nature),
biomolecules serve as fuel for the metabolism of organisms. Their chemical
composition and quantity are important for cellular activities to proceed. There
are four major types of biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic
acids.
30
Carbohydrates
 The most abundant of all organic compound, based on the assumption that
cellulose, a type of carbohydrate that is produces by numerous
photosynthetic organisms daily through photosynthesis. It is said that more
than 75% of the dry weight of plants is carbohydrate in nature.
 Majority of carbohydrates have a carbon-hydrogen-oxygen ratio of 1:2:1.
The term carbohydrate literally means “hydrated carbon”.
 Simple and complex sugars, well known as great sources of energy.
Type and Function
 Has three main type; monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
 Monosaccharides-
 Called simple sugar because they are the monomers or the single
structural units.
 They can be classified according to the number of carbon atoms it has,
e.q.
o dioses ( two carbon atom),
o trioses (three carbon atom),
o pentose (an organic compound composed of five carbon atoms) which
includes the ribose found in ribonucleic acid (RNA),
o hexose (an organic compound composed of six carbon atoms),
example is fructose.
 They provide immediate energy to the organism that takes them. Because
they are simple sugars, they are smaller than other types of carbohydrates.
Their size allows them to be absorbed immediately through the digestive
tract all the way to the bloodstream.
 Disaccharides
 Composed of two monosaccharides joined together through a process
called condensation reaction.
 Sweet and soluble in water, some of these are often found in the kitchen,
either as food or as one of the ingredients. Here are some examples of
disaccharides;
o Sucrose (table sugar) comes from combining glucose and fructose.
Use as sweeteners to make candies, ice cream, cakes, cookies, breads,
sauces and preserved goods.
o Lactose (milk sugar) a great source of nutrients for infants, is a
combination of glucose and galactose.
o Maltose (malt or beer sugar) comes from two glucose molecules. It is
the least sweet among the two, thus it is not a common sweetener. It is
more common in making beer.
 Polysaccharides
 Composed of at least three monosaccharides. They are not sweet and they
do not form crystals when water molecules are removed. Most are used
for energy storage. In plants, energy storage is in the form of starch. In
31
animals, energy storage is in the form of glycogen. Many health benefits
like;
o They serve as immediate energy reserves in the body. Mushrooms,
cereals, and grains have polysaccharides that help stabilize blood sugar
and provide vitamins and minerals.
o Pectin (a soluble fiber), it goes through the digestive system more
slowly, making the person feel full for longer. Found in apple, oranges,
grapefruits, bananas, cabbages and carrots.
o Cellulose (a structural polysaccharides), found in the cell walls of
plants.
o Chitin (another a structural polysaccharides), found in the cell wall of
fungi and exoskeletons of some animals like shrimps, crab, krill,
scorpion and many insects.
Lipids
Biomolecules
containing
chains of
hydrocarbons.
Hydrocarbons
are organic
compounds
that are made
up of carbon ad
hydrogen, and
are insoluble in
water.
When
metabolized, they release large amount of energy and thus they are useful to
organisms. Also serve as insulation, organisms with more lipids in the body
can keep themselves warmer.
They come in different types;
 Triglycerides- known as fat, contain a glycerol attached to three fatty
acids. Fatty acids is composed of a long chain of carbon atoms connected
to a carboxylic acids (-COOH). Two types of triglycerides;
o Saturated fats- contains only single bonds in the fatty acid chain.
Normally solid at room temperature. Found in animal fats like pork
and beef. Also found in butter, lard, cream, cheese and some processed
foods.
o Unsaturated fats- mostly known as oils, contain one or more double
bond in the fatty acid chain. Normally liquid at room temperature.
Commonly found in plants, examples are olive oil, coconut oil and
corn oil.
32
 Phospholipids- lipids with phosphate group. They are similar to fats, but
with additional properties. Attached on one side of the glycerol backbone
are the hydrophobic or nonpolar “tails”, which are composed of two
chains of fatty acids. Attached on the other side of the glycerol backbone
is the hydrophilic or polar “head”, which is composed of a phosphate
group.
 Steroids- have four fused carbon rings. Helps in regulating metabolism,
immune response, reproduction and other essential biological processes.
 Waxes- are esters (carboxylic acid derivatives) which are combined from
certain alcohols and fatty acids. Extremely hydrophobic, which they do
not react with water. Can be found in plants leaves and stems, to prevent
the plant from losing excess water. The furs and feathers of animals have
wax to repel water. They are also use for protection like Cerumen, the
earwax that prevent the entry of some materials in to the ear canal. Waxes
are also transparent, less viscous, and have high melting points (usually
about 48ºC and above).
Self-Assessment
1. What is carbohydrate? Give the different type of carbohydrates and
differentiate it. ____________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
2. What is lipids? Why lipids important to the organisms?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
Integration
Closure/Synthesis
Today I learned that _____________________ like ______________________
________________________________________________________________
I also learned that cell membrane is __________________________________

________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
33
Post-Assessment
answer.
1. A biomolecule that believed to be the most abundant of all organic
compounds.
2. Carbohydrates are well-known as great sources of _____________.
a. Light b. Food c. Energy d. Water
3. The following are three types of carbohydrates, except;
a. Monosaccharides b. Trisaccharides c. Polysaccharides d. Disaccharides
4. A biomolecules containing chains of hydrocarbons.
a. Carbohydrates b. Nucleic acids c. Proteins d. Lipids
5. The following are types of lipids, except;
a. Cellulose b. Steroids c. Triglycerides d. Waxes
34
I. Topic: Structures and Functions of Biological Molecules
(Proteins and Nucleic Acids)
Module Overview
The focus of this module will be on the structures and function of

proteins and nucleic acids. This will help you learn more about their
metabolic processes and roles.

 explain the role of Proteins in specific metabolic processes;
 explain the role of Nucleic Acids in specific metabolic processes.

Bldg. 120 Thailand corner Legazpi Streets, Legaspi Village, 1229
Makati City, Philippines (pg. 110- 119) &
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-biology/chapter/proteins/
http://www.quore.com/How-are-DNA-and-RNA-structurally-different
https://quizlet.com/268677358/biology-atp-diagram/
Pre-Assessment
answer.
1. They are believed to be the central compound necessary for life, which why
they are also called life’s “building blocks”
35
2. The largest molecules among the three biomolecules, being composed of
several nucleotide subunits.
3. Protein are composed of chains of amino acids, amino acids contains by the
following, except;
a. Amino group b. Acid group c. T group d. R group
4. The __________ are capable of making amino acids for themselves.
a. Plants b. Animas c. Human d. Bacteria
5. The simplest structure of all the proteins.
a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. quaternary
INTRODUCTION
Good day. You are now at the first part

of this learning module. Your first task
is to answer the questions below.
Motivation
Your task is to answer the following questions
What is your favourite food that contains protein? Why do you love this
food?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________
Learning Activities
protein and nucleic acids, it will help you
understand more about the topic. Take time to
36
Proteins
 The most diverse among the
biomolecules. Believed to be
the central compound necessary
for life, which is why they are
also called life’s “building
blocks”. As much as 75% of
the dry weight of organisms can
be attributed to protein content.
 Sometimes, our body parts can
be characterized by the proteins
they contain or produce,
examples are; Actin and
Myosin- muscle cells contain
large amount of this.
 Also support tissues, such as
ligaments and tendons, contain
collagen proteins to maintain
their toughness.
 They also play roles as
antibodies, enzymes,
hormones, and other substances
involved with digestion,
respiration, reproduction and
even normal vision, to name few.
 Compose of chains of
amino acids, amino acids
contain an amino group (-
NH2) and an acid group (-
COOH). The third group is
called an R group, which
helps distinguish the
amino acid from others,
because its specific name
and function in the body
will depend on the sets of
chemicals that are in this
group.
 Plants are capable of
making amino acids for
themselves. They convert nitrates that are available in the soil to amino acid
groups that bond with the product of photosynthesis later on. On the other
hand, animals, including human, cannot make amino acids themselves. So,
37
they must take in proteins as part of their diet. Once consumed, these proteins
are broken down into amino acids that can form other types of proteins.
 The amino acids requirements of humans are classified into three groups. The
essential amino acids are those that cannot be produced by our bodies, which
is why they should be present in our daily diet. The nonessential amino acids
are those that can be produced by our bodies. Finally, the conditional amino
acids are not vital but may become urgent during health crisis or stress.
Nucleic acids
 The largest molecules among the previous organic compounds, being
composed of several nucleotide units. Each nucleotide is composed of a
nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar and at least one phosphate group.
 Its importance lies in their capacity to store vital information about the cell.
Every cell contains a storehouse of information that provides instructions for
life and dictates certain chemical reactions to take place. Containing this vital
information is the primary function of nucleic acids.
 They allow genetic information to be passed on from one generation to the
next.
 First discovered inside the nucleus, which explain the term. Later studies
show, however, that nucleic acids can also be found in the mitochondria and
chloroplasts. They can even be stand-alone substances in cells that do not
have a nucleus, such as the nucleic acids found in bacteria and in viruses.
38
 DNA is one of the type of nucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It is a
long molecule that contains coded instructions for cellular activities such as
growth, reproduction, death and production and acceptance of certain
substances.
 RNA is another important type of nucleic acid, ribonucleic acid (RNA).
 ATP, Adenosine
triphosphate is another
special nucleotide that
is incorporated in the
nucleic acid. It is like a
battery that provides the
highest source of
energy in cells. The last
two phosphate bonds in
the ATP molecule are
unstable and can easily
be broken. When it is
used, the third
phosphate bond is broken. This releases vast amounts of energy, which is
used to fuel various cellular processes including enzyme reactions, cell
communication, and cell division. The ATP nucleotide has an important role
in the synthesis of the other macromolecules, such as carbohydrates and
proteins. It is also used for muscle contraction and never impulse conduction.
39
Self-Assessment
1. What is Protein? ________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
2. What are the structure proteins? What makes them different?

________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
3. What is nucleic acid? What makes them the largest among all biomolecules?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________
Integration
Closure/Synthesis
Today I learned that ____________________ like _______________________
________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________
I also learned that cell membrane is ___________________________________

________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Post-Assessment
answer.
1. They are believed to be the central compound necessary for life, which why
they are also called life’s “building blocks”
2. The largest molecules among the three biomolecules, being composed of
several nucleotide subunits.
3. Protein are composed of chains of amino acids, amino acids contains by the
following, except;
a. Amino group b. Acid group c. R group d. T group
4. The __________ are capable of making amino acids for themselves.
a. Plants b. Animas c. Human d. Bacteria
5. The simplest structure of all the proteins.
a. Quaternary b. Primary c. Secondary d. Tertiary
40
I. Topic: Enzyme
Module Overview
The focus of this module will be the components of an enzyme. This

will help you learn more about the factors that can affect the enzyme
activities.

 describe the components of an enzyme;
 explain oxidation/reduction reaction;
 determine how factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate affect
enzyme activity.

Bldg. 120 Thailand corner Legazpi Streets, Legaspi Village, 1229
Makati City, Philippines (pg. 124-134)
http://62.138.24.210/tb/07a/enzymes_the_protein_that_remind_us_of_p
ac-man_h264_20059.mp4?play
Pre-Assessment
answer.
1. A series of chemical reactions in the body that converts food into energy.
a. Metabolic b. Metabolism c. Catabolism d. Anabolism
41
2. The following are substances that goes in the body, except;
a. Oxygen b. Water c. Feces d. dry food
3. The following are substances the goes out the body, except;
a. Carbon dioxide b. Chemical energy c. Heat d. Urine
4. Which of the following helps us maintain the characteristic of life?
a. Growth b. Reproduction
c. Repair of damaged parts d. All of the above
5. Aside from nutrition, other factors that may influence the metabolic process
in the body are the following, except;
a. Age b. Gender c. Weight d. Color
INTRODUCTION
Good day. You are now at the first

part of this learning module. Your
first task is to answer the questions
below.
Motivation
How do you feel as soon as you finished your meal? Do you fell
nourished or just satisfied? Why?
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
________________________________
Learning Activities
This will give you further discussions about the
Enzymes and metabolic pathways. Take time to
42
Enzymes
 An organic catalysts that organized mechanisms of regulating and
controlling the metabolic pathways.
 A molecules that helps speed up the processes in a chemical reaction
 Allow reactions to occur under mild conditions, partly by eliminating
nonspecific side reactions.
 Also participate in the reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway.
 They do not undergo permanent changes until the end of the reaction, they
are only limited to changing the rate of reaction.
 Highly selective, they catalyze specific reaction only, due to their shapes.
 Composed of a protein called an apoenzymes and a nonprotein called a
cofactor.
 Apoenzyme can be called as a proenzyme when it is inactive, which means
wither it is not attached to any substance or the enzyme is in its original
form.
 Cofactors, on the other hand, assist apoenzymes in their biological
activities. They have different types;
o Metal ion activators- not permanently bound to the apoenzymes
o Coenzymes- organic molecules that usually come from the vitamins that
you take in every day.
o Prosthetic cofactors- can be either metal ions or organic molecules. The
only difference is that they are bind to apoenzymes permanently.
 When the apoenzymes and the cofactors are bound, they form an enzyme
complex called a holoenzymes. The holoenzymes now becomes active and
ready for any catalytic reaction.
 NOT all enzymes are proteins, some enzymes are also made of RNA
molecules.
43
Enzymes-Substrate Complex
The reactants in an enzymatic reaction are called the substrates for that enzyme.
To illustrate this in a diagram, a substrate combine with an enzyme to form an
enzyme-substrate complex:
E (enzyme) + S (substrate) ES (enzyme-substrate complex)
Enzymes only catalyze certain reaction, which means any slight change in the
shape or the condition of the substrate will stop the enzyme from catalyzing a
chemical reaction. The specificity lies on the active site present in the enzyme.
Active sites are cracks or hollows on the surface of the enzymes due to the manner
of the protein folding itself up to its tertiary structure.
Reduction-oxidation (Redox) Reaction

Oxidation is the loss of electrons, whereas reduction is the gain of electrons. In
most organisms, electrons are often accompanied by hydrogen ions. Thus,
oxidation is the loss of hydrogen atoms, and reduction is the gain of hydrogen
atoms.
How factors such as pH, temperature, and substrate affect enzyme activity
 Temperature- raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and

lowering temperature slows down a reaction. However, extreme high
temperature can cause an enzyme to lose its shape (denature) and stop
working
 pH- each enzymes has an optimum pH range. Changing the pH outside of
this range will slow enzyme activity. Extreme pH values can cause enzymes
to denature.
 Substrate concentration- increasing substrate concentration also increases
the rate of reaction to a certain point. Once all of the enzymes have bound,
any substrate increase will have no effect on the rate of reaction, as the
available enzymes will be saturated and working at their maximum rate.
44
Self-Assessment
1. What is enzymes? ______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
2. Explain redox reaction and give example. _____________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Integration
Closure/Synthesis
Today I learned that _________________________ like __________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
I also learned that cell is ____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Post-Assessment
answer.
a. Organisms b. Muscles c. Tissue d. Cell
a. Macroscopic b. Microscopic c. Telescopic d. Horoscopic
a. Matthias Jakob b. Robert Hooke c. Leeuwenhoek d. Z. Janssen
a. Nucleus b. Cytoplasm c. Centrioles d. Ribosomes
the cell membrane.
a. Mitochondrion b. Chloroplast c. Vacuole d. Cell Wall
45

BIOLOGY

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BIOLOGY

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Sulu College of Technology, Inc.

Formerly: Sulu Tong Jin School

At the end of the SESSION, you CAN…

Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Learning System Inc.4/F SEDCCO

Good day. You are now at the first

Hi, I have provided a reading materials for you. This

The Cell Theory

1. All organisms are made up of cells

Cell Structure and Functions

All organisms are

 Cell membrane- is composed of a phospholipid bilayer embedded with

I also learned that cell is ___________________________________________

At the end of the SESSION, you CAN…

Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Learning System Inc.4/F SEDCCO 1

Good day. You are now at the first part

With the given picture, what differences can

Hi, I have provided a reading materials for you.

I also learned that prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are ____________________

At the end of the SESSION, you CAN…

Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Learning System Inc.4/F SEDCCO 1

Good day. You are now at the first part of

______ Telophase _______ Anaphase

Cell cycle and their control point

I also learned that mitosis is _________________________________________

At the end of the SESSION, you CAN…

Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Learning System Inc.4/F SEDCCO 1

Good day. You are now at the first part of this

1. Which among your physical characteristics looks similar to those of

Genetic recombination that involves crossing over occurs during prophase I

The purpose of meiosis is to create which have genetic diversity. This

Gametogenesis- the process of producing gametes, or sex cells. there are

Oogenesis (plural: oogonia)

I also learned that meiosis is ________________________________________

At the end of the SESSION, you CAN…

Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Learning System Inc.4/F SEDCCO 1

Good day. You are now at the first part of

Parts of plasma membrane

The plasma membrane and cellular transport

Endocytosis vs. Exocytosis

Process Involved with up taking Involved in removing waste

Involvement Not involved in cell wall Involved in cell wall

2. What is the difference of passive and active transport? __________________

3. Give example of endocytosis and exocytosis. ________________________

I also learned that cell membrane is __________________________________

The focus of this module will be on the structures and function of

At the end of the SESSION, you CAN…

Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Learning System Inc.4/F SEDCCO 1

Good day. You are now at the first part of

I. Reading Materials/ Concept Notes

I also learned that cell membrane is __________________________________

The focus of this module will be on the structures and function of

At the end of the SESSION, you CAN…

Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Learning System Inc.4/F SEDCCO 1

Good day. You are now at the first part

2. What are the structure proteins? What makes them different?

I also learned that cell membrane is ___________________________________

The focus of this module will be the components of an enzyme. This

At the end of the SESSION, you CAN…

Javier, Mark Archei O. Diwa Learning System Inc.4/F SEDCCO 1

Good day. You are now at the first

E (enzyme) + S (substrate) ES (enzyme-substrate complex)

Reduction-oxidation (Redox) Reaction

 Temperature- raising temperature generally speeds up a reaction, and

Telophase _ Anaphase