Biology 1 - 11/12

I. INTRODUCTORY CONCEPT

In the previous week, you learned about the series of events that takes place
in a cell as it grows and divides- the cell cycle. You already understood the process
of mitosis and meiosis as part of the cell cycle. This week, you are going discover
disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the cell
cycle. And you are going to enjoy learning about the structural components of the cell
membrane and relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its
function. Happy learning!

II. LEARNING COMPETENCIES

 Identify disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during the
cell cycle (STEM_BIO11/12-Id-f-10).
 Describe the structural components of the cell membrane (STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-11).
 Relate the structure and composition of the cell membrane to its function
(STEM_BIO11/12-Ig-h-12).

III. ACTIVITIES

Lesson 1. Disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell during
the cell cycle

ELICIT:

Remember that the normal separation of

chromosomes in meiosis I or sister
chromatids in meiosis II is termed as
disjunction. Do you know that there is a
term non-disjunction? This is the
abnormal separation of chromosomes in
meiosis I or sister chromatids in meiosis II.
What do you think will happen if non-
disjunction occurred?

Figure 1. Non-Disjunction Picture Illustration: retrieved from

https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sg7xe8C9DmQ/maxresdefault.jpg
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And you already have an understanding on the normal process of mitosis or the division of
nucleus, which is also called karyokinesis. What do you think will happen if Mitosis goes
wrong?
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Figure 2. Health cell Vs Cancer Cell Division: retrieved from http://arunnanomedicine.blogspot.com/2015/10/cell-division-and-cancer.html

Once there is an Addition, Deletion, Translocation, and Non-disjunction of a

piece or a whole chromosome, chromosomal mutation occurs. And it is a chromosomal
abnormality. And once mitosis is not controlled unlimited cell division will occur that will result
to a disorder or disease.

ENGAGE:

Here is a picture of the chromosomes

from a human cell arranged in pairs by size.
It is called a “KARYOTYPE”. The first 22
pairs are called “autosomes” and the last
pair are the “sex chromosomes”. Since the
last pair is XY, the sex of this sample
karyotype is male. If it is female the last pair
should be “XX”.

What do you notice with the “Y”

sex chromosome?

Yes, you are right! It is shorter than

the “X” chromosomes.

Figure 3. Different Karyotypes: retrieved from

https://healthjade.com/karyotype/

ERRORS IN MEIOSIS

Since you already know the appearance of a normal karyotype, you can surely
assess and distinguish a normal karyotype from a karyotype with errors. And you can surely
pinpoint in which chromosomes has the abnormality.

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 Activity 1. Identifying Errors in Meiosis

I am going present several karyotypes. Your task is to identify whether it is a normal

or an abnormal karyotype. You are going to Identify the sex, the number of chromosomes,
and in which pair or number of set of chromosomes has the abnormality.

Example:

Your answer should be like this:

“This a normal karyotype. The last pair is XY
therefore it is a male karyotype. It has 46
individual chromosomes or with 23 sets of two
chromosomes. Each pair shows no missing or
additional chromosomes.”
Figure 4. Sample Karyotype A: retrieved
NOW IT’S YOUR TURN! GOOD LUCK! from https://healthjade.com/karyotype/

1.
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
______

Figure 5. Sample Karyotype B

2.
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________
________________________

Figure 6. Sample Karyotype C

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 3.
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________

Figure 7. Sample Karyotype D

EXPLORE:

The karyotypes you analyzed in activity 1 are some of the common

CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES, except for item number 1 which is a normal
karyotype. In item number 2, it has 47 individual chromosomes, with 22 sets of two
chromosomes and 1 set of three. The 21st set shows additional 1 chromosome making it an
abnormal karyotype. The presence of an extra chromosome is called TRISOMY. Number 3
has only one sex chromosome. It has 45 individual chromosomes, with 22 sets of two
chromosomes and have only 1 sex chromosomes. Lacking one sex chromosomes makes it
an abnormal karyotype. The absence of one of the chromosomes is called MONOSOMY.

ACTIVITY 2. IDENTIFYING CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY

Complete the table below, by exploring the internet or related books. You are going
to characterize what type of specific chromosomal abnormality are the given diseases or
disorders. Identify whether it is Trisomy, Monosomy, Deletion, or Translocations.

Table 1. Abnormalities that chromosome analysis may reveal

Name of Disease/Disorder Type of chromosomal abnormality
Down syndrome 1.
Edward Syndrome 2.
Mosaic T16 3.
Patau Syndrome 4.
Turner’s Syndrome 5.
Klinefelter’s Syndrome 6.
Jacob’s Syndrome 7.
Cri du Chat 8.
Robertsonian translocation 9.

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EXPLAIN:

Written TASK 1.
Based on what you have learned in the previous activities, I believe you can now
answer and elaborate the following questions.
1. What would happen if mitosis went wrong?

2. What would happen if meiosis went wrong?

3. What diseases or disorders will be experienced by an organism if the cell

malfunctions during the cell cycle?

ELABORATE:

Errors in Meiosis
Those chromosomal abnormalities you just discovered in activity 1 are errors in
meiosis. Those are disorder resulting from non-disjunction of homologous chromosomes.
The result of this error is a cell with an imbalance of chromosomes. Such a cell is said to be
“aneuploid”. Aneuploidy, an extra or missing chromosome is a common cause of genetic
disorders (birth defects).

Some examples of abnormalities that chromosome analysis may reveal are:

1. Trisomy - the presence of an extra chromosome, a third instead of a pair.
2. Monosomy - the absence of one of the chromosomes.
3. Deletions -These are missing pieces of chromosomes and/or genetic material.
Some may be small and difficult to be detected.
4. Translocations -with these, pieces of chromosomes break off and reattach to
another chromosome. If it is a one-to-one switch and all the genetic material is
present (but in the wrong place), it is said to be a balanced translocation. If it is not,
then it is called an unbalanced translocation.

Errors In Mitosis.
Do you remember the controls of the cell cycle?
Mechanisms for controlling progress through the cell cycle are Checkpoints (Spindle
Assembly Checkpoint, DNA Damage Checkpoint, and Apoptosis Checkpoint), Length of

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Telomeres (After 50 divisions, the shortened length of telomeres causes mitosis to stop),
and Chemical Signals from within and outside the cell (Certain protein, hormones, and
growth factor).

The daughter cells produced in mitosis should be identical to the mother cell. Normal
cells divide only when attached to a surface, continue dividing until they touch one another
or will further divide with the aid of growth factor.

Before a cell divides, the DNA is checked to make sure it has replicated correctly.
This piece of DNA is an exact copy of the DNA from which it came. When the parent cell
divided to create two cells, the cell's DNA also divided, creating two identical copies of the
original DNA. If DNA does not copy itself correctly a different daughter cell will be
produced, or a gene mutation occurs.

Proteins and Chemical Signals tells a cell when to start and when to stop dividing. If
Chemical Signals fails to stop the cell from dividing cells will continue to grow and
become overcrowded or unlimited cell division will occur.

New cells are only formed for growth or to replace dead ones. Cells communicate
with each other, so division of normal cells is precisely controlled. If cells failed
communicate with each other, there will be an uncontrolled cell division and they will
become overcrowded.

If cells become Independent of GROW signal from other cells, or it ignores

STOP signal, have no limit to cell divisions, to the point it already formed a new of
blood vessels to supply its own nutrients for growth, the adjacent tissues surrounded
by this type of cells will be suppressed by the developing and be deprived of nutrients
and eventually die. The disease that will develop in this scenario is cancer.

Lesson 2. The Cell Membrane: Its Structure and Function

According to cell theory, cells are the main unit of organization in biology. All cells are
contained by a cell membrane that keeps the pieces inside.
When you think about a membrane, imagine it is like a big
plastic bag with some tiny holes. That bag holds all the cell
pieces and fluids inside the cell and keeps any nasty things
outside the cell. The holes are there to let some things move
in and out of the cell.

The plasma membrane is the edge of life, the

boundary that separates the living cell from its surroundings
and controls traffic into and out of the cell it surrounds. Like
all biological membranes, the plasma membrane exhibits
Figure 8. Cell Membrane resembling
selective permeability; that is, it allows some substances to bag.
cross it more easily than others. The ability of the cell to http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_m
discriminate in its chemical exchanges with its environment embrane.html
is fundamental to life, and it is the plasma membrane and its
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component molecules that make this selectivity possible.

ELICIT
Instruction: Select the letter which corresponds to the part being described in each item.

1._____ Integral protein

2._____ Phospholipid molecule
3._____ Cholesterol
4._____ Glycolipid
5._____ Peripheral protein
6._____ Hydrophilic head
7._____ Glycoprotein
8._____ Phospholipid bilayer
9._____ Hydrophobic head
10._____ Protein channel
Figure 9. Cell Membrane. medcell.med.yale.edu

ENGAGE
Instruction: Accomplish the crossword puzzle below. In this activity, you will encounter words
that may help you along the accomplishment of this learning packet.

List down the words you were able to identify:

1. _________________ 3. _________________ 5. _______________
2. _________________ 4. _________________

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EXPLORE
To better understand the relationship between the structure and components of cell
membrane to their respective functions, perform the activity below.

Part A Instruction: Sort each labelled component below according to their macromolecule
group. Place the letter your choice inside the table.

B
A I

D E

Figure 10. Components of the Cell membrane. biologywise.com

Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Lipids each have their own unique contribution to the
overall function of the cell membrane. Certain cellular functions will not be able to proceed in
the absence of these macromolecules. In this activity, you will try to predict and synthesize
the possible role of each macromolecule in the cell membrane based on their appearance
and position in the membrane. (Refer to the image of the membrane above)

Proteins

Lipids

Carbohydrates

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Part B Instruction: Tick the box of your choice in each item.

1. What do you think is/are the role/s of carbohydrates relative to their position in
the cell membrane?
Adhesion Shape Rigidity Transport

Signaling Recognition Tension

2. What do you think is/are the role/s contributed by lipids in the cell membrane?
Adhesion Shape Rigidity Transport

Signaling Recognition Tension

3. What do you think is/are the role/s contributed by protein in the cell membrane?
Adhesion Shape Rigidity Transport

Signaling Recognition Tension

EXPLAIN

Were you able to correctly answer the activities on cell membrane above? I believe yes, so
you will not find it hard answering the questions given below.
1. How will you describe the components of the cell membrane?

2. How will you relate the structural components of the cell membrane to its function?

ELABORATE

Molecular Structure of the Cell Membrane

1. The cell membrane is mainly composed of lipids and proteins. Its framework consists of a
double layer phospholipid. There are two major types of proteins: tightly coiled, rod-shaped
fibrous proteins and the more compact globular shaped integral proteins and peripheral
proteins.

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 Figure 11. Lipids and proteins.

2. Because the cell membrane is mostly lipid, it only allows lipid-soluble substances, such as
oxygen, carbon dioxide and steroids to go through. Water soluble substances such as
glucose, amino acids, ions, and water, need the help of the various proteins for transport.

Some examples of globular-shaped proteins that helps of the various substance to

pass through the cell membrane are shown in the figure below.

3. The figure below shows the two layers of phospholipid molecules. The two layers self-
assemble so that their water soluble (hydrophilic) heads form the surface and interior of the
Figure 12. Globular-shaped proteins.
membrane, and the water insoluble (hydrophobic) tails face each other.

Figure 13. Phospholipid Bilayers

4. The fibrous protein may span the entire membrane and serve as a receptor for the cell.

Figure 14. Fibrous protein

5. One type of globular proteins forms “pores” to allow lipid insoluble water molecules to
pass through.

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 Figure 15. Pore protein

6. The integral proteins serve as channel proteins and selectively transport ions for the cell.

Figure 16. Channel protein

7. Globular proteins, which are peripheral (associated with the surface of the cell), may be
enzymes or glycoprotein (proteins with carbohydrate associations) that identify the cell.

Figure 17. Glycoprotein

8. Cholesterol molecules are embedded in animal cell membranes but not in plant cell
membranes. The help make membranes (along the phospholipids) impermeable to water
soluble substances. Cholesterol also stabilizes the cell membrane. Here is a sample of a
cholesterol molecule:

Figure 18. Cholesterol

Phospholipi

Based on the activities and discussion

d bilayer

Phospholipid
above, it can be concluded that the cell
membrane is composed mostly of three types of
Tail
macromolecules: Protein, Lipids, and traces of
Head Carbohydrates. These macromolecules each
Figure 19. Phospholipid bilayer
contribute a unique function for the cell

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membrane. Protein and Lipid are the most abundant macromolecule in the cell membrane.
Lipids - Lipids mainly contribute to tension, rigidity, and overall shape. Diffusion occurs here.
In the cell membrane, lipid plays the important role of separating the cytoplasm from
the extracellular region. Both regions are aqueous, meaning they contain water.
A phospholipid is composed of a head and a tail. Based on the illustration, which do
you think between the head and tail are „hydrophobic‟ (water-fearing) and „hydrophilic‟
(water-loving)? Explain.
Part Please tick one: Basis for your answer….

Hydrophobic
HEAD
Hydrophilic

Hydrophobic
TAIL
Hydrophilic

Proteins - Proteins on the other hand plays one of the most important role of cell
membrane, which is the transport of materials in and out of the cell. It also aids in the
assembly of nucleic acids.

Facilitated diffusion utilizes channel

proteins to allow entry and exit of materials
to the cell. Here, materials that cannot be
transported simply by diffusion requires the
use of specialized proteins to accommodate
the process. Active transport also utilizes a
channel protein to proceed. This is needed
since active transport occur against the
concentration gradient.

These proteins are spread

throughout the phospholipid bilayer, working
Figure 20. Active and Passive Transport.
together with other macromolecules in biology4alevel.blogspot.com
performing the membranes‟ function.

Carbohydrates - Minute traces of Carbohydrates are found at the exterior of the membrane
attached to either a protein or lipid, mainly functioning in signaling, recognition, and
adhesion.

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EVALUATE:

DIRECTIONS: Read each item carefully and choose the letter of the correct answer.
A. Disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell
1. A cell cycle is a series of events that takes place in a cell as it grows and divides. A
cell spends most of its time in what is called interphase, and during this time it grows,
replicates its chromosomes, and prepares for cell division. Which of the following is
an abnormal process of a cell cycle?
A. Chromosome pairs will separate properly during meiosis stage 1 or stage
B. Chemical signals start and stop the cell cycle and Cells communicate with
each other, so they don‟t become overcrowded.
C. Mutations occur in the DNA when it is replicated.
D. If there are errors detected in the checkpoints of cell cycle, apoptosis occurs.
2. Chromosomal abnormalities are disorder resulting from non-disjunction of
homologous chromosomes. Which of the following statement refers to non-
disjunction?
A. the normal separation of chromosomes in meiosis I or sister chromatids in
meiosis II.
B. the abnormal separation of chromosomes in meiosis I or sister chromatids in
meiosis II.
C. the normal separation of chromosomes in mitosis I or sister chromatids in
mitosis II.
D. the abnormal separation of chromosomes in mitosis I or sister chromatids in
mitosis II.
3. Abnormalities may be revealed through chromosome analysis. Which of the following
is an example of trisomy disorder?
A. Down syndrome C. Patau Syndrome
B. Edward Syndrome D. All of the above
4. Aneuploidy is a condition where in there is an extra or missing chromosome and it is
a common cause of genetic disorders (birth defects). Which of the following is a
condition where in there is an absence of one of the chromosomes?
A. Trisomy B. Monosomy C. Deletions D. Translocations
B. The Cell Membrane: Its Structure and Function
5. Which two biomacromolecule is the most prevalent in the cell membrane?
A. Carbohydrates and Lipids C. Carbohydrates and Proteins
B. Lipids and Proteins D. Nucleic Acids and Lipids
6. Why is it that the head of a phospholipid molecule is always on the surface side of
the bilayer?
A. Because it is neutral C. Because it is hydrophilic
B. Because it is hydrophobic D. All of the above
7. Which macromolecule is mostly involved in facilitated diffusion and active transport of
materials in and out of the cell?
A. Carbohydrates C. Protein
B. Lipids D. Nucleic acid
8. Which property of the cell membrane enables it to selectively allow the movement of
materials in and out of the cell?
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 A. Rigidity B. Fluidity C. Viscosity D. Semi-Permeability
9. All the following defines the role of the cell membrane EXCEPT:
A. Cell membrane provides the rigidity needed by the cell.
B. Cell membrane permits entry of toxic materials into the cell.
C. Cell membrane selectively allows entry and exit of materials to the cell.
D. Cell membrane protects the organelles embedded in the cytoplasm.
10. Why are the tails of phospholipid molecule always sheltered in the middle of the
bilayer?
A. Because they are hydrophilic, meaning they like water.
B. Because they are hydrophobic, meaning they hate water.
C. Because they are hydrophilic, meaning they hate water.
D. Because they are hydrophobic, meaning they like water.

EXTEND:

A. Disorders and Diseases that Result from the Malfunction of the Cell

PERFORMANCE TASK

Difference Between a Healthy Cell Division and Cancerous Cell Division. To

strengthen what you have learned in this module, perform this additional task.

Show the difference between a healthy cell division and cancerous cell division
through a drawing, poster, song, poem, or making a 3D model using recyclable materials.
Good Luck!

B. The Cell Membrane: Its Structure and Function

WRITTEN WORK 2.

COVID-19 has suddenly halted our world from doing usual things due to fears of
contacting it. This dreaded virus attacks the throat and lungs of the victim, and may even
lead to death.
Did you know that the concept of how this virus work is related to how important the
role of cell membrane is? (If you have internet, you can watch the detailed video here:
https://youtu.be/5DGwOJXSxqg
COVID-19 virus attaches itself to the cell using a protein spike, which is recognized
by a receptor protein of the victim‟s cell membrane. It is like a lock-and-key process. Once
the cell membrane recognizes the spike protein, it will then allow entry to the virus, which is
of course a wrong decision. Once the virus is inside the cell, it will then proceed with
reproducing more viruses, causing the disease to exhibit.
Knowing how the virus works, how will you avoid contacting it? How can you reduce
the chance for the virus to reach the cell membrane of your respiratory cells?

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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

IV. RUBRICS FOR SCORING

PERFORMANCE TASK 1.
Difference Between a Healthy Cell Division and Cancerous (EXTEND)

Criteria 9-10 6-8 4-5 1-3

Resourcefulness Student Student utilized Too many new No recycled
composed a some recycled materials vs. material was
song, wrote a materials in recycled used.
materials were
poem, draw, or project.
used.
utilized numerous
recycled
materials in
project.
Concept The concept is Majority of the The concept is The concept is
applied correctly concept applied applied applied
correctly. confusingly. incorrectly.
Presentation Used his/her own Used his/her Somewhat Ideas
ideas and own ideas in Used his/her presented were
creatively and presenting the own ideas in copied from
imaginatively task. presenting the other sources.
presented the task.
task.

EXPLAIN:

WRITTEN TASK 1 and 2.

Outstanding (10 points)
Well written and very organized; Clear and concise statements; Excellent effort and
presentation with detail; Demonstrates a thorough understanding of the topic.
Good (8-9 points)
Writes fairly clear; Good grammar mechanics; Good presentation and organization;
Sufficient effort and detail.
Fair (5-7 points)
Minimal effort. Good grammar mechanics; Fair presentation; Few supporting details.
Poor (2-4 points)
Somewhat unclear; Shows little effort; Poor grammar mechanics; Confusing and
choppy, incomplete sentences; No organization of thoughts.
Very Poor (1 point)

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 Lacking effort. Very poor grammar mechanics; Very unclear; Does not address topic;
Limited attempt.

V. ANSWER KEY
PART 1. Disorders and diseases that result from the malfunction of the cell
during the cell cycle

Elicit
Once there is an Addition, Deletion, Translocation, and Non-disjunction of a
piece or a whole chromosome, chromosomal mutation occurs. And it is a chromosomal
abnormality. And once mitosis is not controlled unlimited cell division will occur that will result
to a disorder or disease.

Engage: Activity 1. Identifying Errors in Meiosis

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EXPLORE
ACTIVITY 2. IDENTIFYING CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITY
Table 1. Abnormalities that chromosome analysis may reveal
Name of Disease/Disorder Type of chromosomal abnormality
Down syndrome 1. Trisomy
Edward Syndrome 2. Trisomy
Mosaic T16 3. Trisomy
Patau Syndrome 4. Trisomy
Turner‟s Syndrome 5. Monosomy
Klinefelter‟s Syndrome 6. Trisomy
Jacob‟s Syndrome 7. Trisomy
Cri du Chat 8. Deletion
Robertsonian translocation 9. Translocation

EXPLAIN: WRITTEN WORKS 1.

(Refer to the Scoring Rubrics)
1. “If mitosis goes wrong, mutations may occur in the DNA when it is replicated, chemical
signals that start and stop the cell cycle are ignored the cells will continue to divide. Cells will
not communicate with each other, will become overcrowded and tumors will form and
eventually might diseases.”
2. “If meiosis is goes wrong it will result to chromosomal abnormalities Those are disorder
resulting from non-disjunction of homologous chromosomes. The result of this error is a cell
with an imbalance of chromosomes that will lead to birth defects or genetic disorder.”

PART 2. The cell membrane: Its Structure and Function

ELICIT
1. G 2. K 3. D 4. E 5. F 6. M 7. C 8. L 9. J 10. B
ENGAGE
1. PHOSPHOLIPID 2. MOLECULES 3. LIPID 4. CARBOHYDRATES 5. PROTEIN

EXPLORE
Protein
B, C, D, E, F
Part A

Lipids
G
Carbohydrates
A, I, H
Part B

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ELABORATE

Since they are facing the aqueous regions

(cytoplasm and extracellular)

Since they are stuck at the middle and away

from the aqueous regions.

EVALUATE
1. C 2. B 3. D 4. B 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. D 9. B 10. B

EXTEND
A. PERFORMANCE TASK 1. Outputs may vary (Refer to the Scoring Rubrics)
B. Written Task 2. Outputs may vary (Refer to the Scoring Rubrics)

VI. REFLECTION

I have learned that ________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

I wish to ask my teacher about _____________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

VII. REFERENCES
Lesson 1. Disorders and Diseases
Images:
CELL CYCLE: Diseases and Disorders: retrieved from
https://pedclerk.bsd.uchicago.edu/page/trisomy-18-edwards-trisomy-13-patau
Teacher clip art: retrieved from https://www.hiclipart.com/free-transparent-
background-png-clipart-supbx
Picture, surgical mask: retrieved from https://www.pngfuel.com/free-png/gxyyt
Non-Disjunction Picture Illustration: retrieved from
https://i.ytimg.com/vi/sg7xe8C9DmQ/maxresdefault.jpg
Picture: Health cell Vs Cancer Cell Division: retrieved from
http://arunnanomedicine.blogspot.com/2015/10/cell-division-and-cancer.html
Different Karyotypes: retrieved from https://healthjade.com/karyotype/

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 Books:
Commission on Higher Education, (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High
School, GENERAL BIOLOGY 1, pg. 36-44.
General Biology 1, Textbook for Senior High School. Vival Group Inc. pg.
112-128
Internet:
https://dnascience.plos.org/2018/07/12/telomere-testing-science-or-snake-oil/
https://www.news-medical.net/health/Chromosomal-Abnormalities.aspx
https://www.merriam-webster.com/

Lesson 2: Cell Membrane

Images:
Anonymous (September 13, 2014). #25 Passive and active transport across
cell membranes. Retrieved:
http://biology4alevel.blogspot.com/2014/09/25-passive-and-active-
transport-across.html?m=1
Biologywise.com (n.d.). Cell Membrane. Retrieved:
https://biologywise.com/cell-membrane-structure-function/amp
Medcell.med.yale.edu (n.d.). Introduction and Cell membrane. Retrieved:
https://medcell.med.yale.edu/lecture/introduction_cell_membrane.php
Study.com (n.d.). Cell Membrane Functions, Role & Structure. Retrieved:
https://study.com/academy/lesson/cell-membrane-functions-role-
structure.html
Books:
Commission on Higher Education, (2016). Teaching Guide for Senior High
School, GENERAL BIOLOGY 1, pg. 36-44.
General Biology 1, Textbook for Senior High School. Vival Group Inc. pg. 78-
84
Carmelita M. Capco, Gilbert C. Yang (2010). You and the Natural World,
Biology. Phoenix Publishing House, Inc. pg. 72-73
Reece, J., et.al., Campbell Biology. California: Pearson Education Inc., 2014.
Internet:
http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/biomembrane1/qui
z.html
http://www.biology4kids.com/files/cell_membrane.html
https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Boo
k%3A_General_Biology_(Boundless)/5%3A_Structure_and_Function_
of_Plasma_Membranes/5.1%3A_Components_and_Structure/5.1B%3
A_Fluid_Mosaic_Model
https://www.thoughtco.com/cell-membrane-373364
http://www.hannasd.org/cms/lib2/PA01001586/Centricity/Domain/662/Cell%2
0Membrane%20Drawing%20Activity.doc
http://medcell.med.yale.edu/lectures/introduction_cell_membrane.php
https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/

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 Writers:
Joseph Antones
Jay G. Asuncion

Reviewers:
Rowena D. Manaog
Zara G. Rejuso
Rafaela B. Salceda

Content Editors:
Rowena D. Manaog, EPS-Science, SDO Legazpi
Jade O. Alberto, EPS-Science, SDO Albay
Emily B. Esmabe, EPS- Science, SDO Camarines Sur

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