• Law of Triads: Johann Dobereiner (1829) To ease out difficulty in studying •Electronic Configuration is the distribution of electrons into

n studying •Electronic Configuration is the distribution of electrons into subshells

• Law of Octaves: John Alexander Newlands (1865) individually the chemistry of all the of an atom.
• Lothar Meyer plotted a graph between atomic elements and their compounds.
volume and atomic weight. Elements with
•In periods: Number of elements in each period is twice the number of
atomic orbitals available in the energy level that is being filled.

Atomic
similar properties occupied the similar positions _______
Metalloids & Transition metals

on the graph.
Atomic weight

•Group wise: Elements in same group have similar valence shell electronic
• Periodic Law: Dimitri Mendeleev and Lothar Meyer.
It states that the properties of the elements are periodic configurations, hence same number of electrons in outer orbit and
Genesis of
function of their atomic weights. periodic
classification similar properties. These are classified into four blocks i.e., s-block,
·Modern Periodic Law: Henry Moseley (1913)
It states that the physical and chemical properties
Periodic table
classification
p-block, d- block and f-block.
based on electronic
of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic configuration
numbers. ; Horizontal rows - Periods, Vertical columns -
Groups are numbered from 1 to 18.

s-Block Elements d-Block Elements

Derived from the atomic numberof
element using numerical roots for
0 and numbers 1-9 and “ium” is
added at the end.
Properties
• Group 3-12
_
IUPAC
Nomenclature of Classification of Elements and • Group 1 (alkali metals) and Group 2
(alkaline earth metals) • Outer configuration is (n-1 ) d1 - 10 ns 0-2
Periodicity in Properties
elements with
atomic • Outermost configuration is ns 1 or ns 2 • Forms coloured ions.
• Reactive with low IE. • Exhibit variable valence, paramagneti sm.
• Metallic character and reactivity • Also called as Transition elements.
Down the increases down the group
Group
Period
(Left to Right)
• Some are used as catalysts.

Periodic trends in Periodic table

(a) Atomic Radius properties of classification
elements based on types
Distance from the centre of the Increases p-Block Elements f-Block Elements
Decreases of elements
nucleus to the outermost shell
containing electrons. • Group 13 to 18. • Also called as InnerTransition Elements.
Isoelectronic species
(b) Electron Gain Enthalpy : • Also called as representatives • Contains Lanthanoids and Actinoids.
Becomes Becomes
Energy released when a neutral Atoms and ions with same number of electrons or main group elements • Outer configuration is (n- 2) f1 - 14 (n- 1) d0 -1 ns0 -2
less more
isolated gaseous atom accepts an eg: 0 2,- F-, Na+,Mg2+ have same number of electrons • All are metals.
electron to form anion. negative negative • Outermost configuration varies
l
Size 
( +) ve charge
(-) ve charge • Actinoids are radioactive.
(c) Ionization Energy: from ns2 np1 to ns2 np6
The minimum amount of energy • At the end of period are low
required to remove the electron Decreases Increases Q) The increasing order of the ionic radii of the given Q)In the long form of the periodic table, the valence shell
from the outermost orbit of an isoelec tronic species is: reac tive noble gases. electronic configuration of 5s 2 5p4 corresponds to the
element present in
isolated atom in gaseous state. - -
(a) S 2 , Cl , Ca 2+ ,K+ (b) Ca 2+ , K+, Cl-, S 2- •Halogens and Chalcogens have
(a) Group 16 and period 6
(d) Cl , Ca 2+, K+, S 2-
- -
high negative electron gain
2- 2+
(d) Electro-negativity : (c) K , S , Ca , Cl
+

(b) Group 17 and period 5

Tendency of an atom to attract the Decreases Increases enthalpies. (a) Group 16 and period 5
shared pair of electrons towards
itself. Q) Which of the following statements is not correct? •Metallic character increases (b) Group 17 and period 6

(e) Electron Affinity Decreases Increases down the group

(a) Ionisation energy increases on going down a group in the periodic table.
(f) Valency: Increase (b) Among alkaline earth metals, reducing character increases down the group.
Number of univalent atoms from 1 to 4
which combine with an No Change and then (c) Fluorine is the most electronegative element.
decrease from

PHYSICS
atom of given element 4 to 0. (d) Metallic character increases on going down a group in the periodic table.

(g) Metallic Character Increases Decreases

(h) Non-Metallic Character Decreases Increases
WALLAH