Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry
 Study of carbon containing compounds and
their properties

Exceptions are oxides of carbon, carbonates, bicarbonates &

cyanides

ALL organic compounds contain carbon BUT not all compounds

containing carbon are organic
Organic Compounds
-Organic compounds are compounds
that usually come from organisms.

-They always have Carbon plus a

few other elements like hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen.

-Examples: Alcohol, Sugar, Fat,

Protein
Vital Force Theory

 organic compounds are produced

only by living things
  1828, German chemist Friedrick Wöhler, synthesized urea (a component of urine) by
heating an aqueous solution of two inorganic compounds: ammonium chloride and
silver cyanate

 NH4Cl + AgNCO  (NH2)2CO + AgCl

urea

 soon, other chemists were able to synthesize other organic compounds from inorganic
starting materials
  vital force theory was abandoned
 6
Organic vs. Inorganic
 Organic chemistry: Study of hydrocarbons (only carbon and
hydrogen atoms) and their various derivatives.
 Examples: natural gas, petroleum, plastics, rubbers,
paper, carbohydrates (sugar, starch), proteins, enzymes,
fatty acids, food stuff, drugs, textiles, etc.
 Inorganic chemistry: Study of all substances other than
hydrocarbons and their derivatives.
 Examples of inorganic compounds: sulfuric acid, nitric
acid, ores and minerals, air, baking powder, caustic soda,
table salt, metal alloys (brass, bronze), etc.

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 INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 All other elements except Carbon
 Ionic bonding
 High melting & boiling points
 Few burn in oxygen
 Mostly polar in nature
 Many are electrolytes
 Small with few atoms
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
 All are carbon compounds
 Covalently bonded
 Low melting & boiling points
 Burns easily
 Mostly non-polar
 Most are non-electrolytes
 Large molecules with many atoms
 C-atom always makes total 4 Bonds
 The sharing of four valance electrons requires the formation of four
covalent bonds which are represented by four lines as shown here.

C C

Bonded with other 4 atoms Bonded with other 3 atoms

C C

Bonded with other 2 atoms Bonded with other 2 Copyright ©

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Summary of Classification Terms for Organic Compounds

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10 HYDROCARBON AND HC DERIVATIVES
 Hydrocarbon: Compound that contains only carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
 Hydrocarbon derivative: Compound that contains carbon and
hydrogen and one or more additional elements.
 Saturated hydrocarbon: Hydrocarbon with all carbon–carbon
bonds are single bonds.
 Unsaturated hydrocarbon: Hydrocarbon with one or more carbon–
carbon multiple bonds (double bonds, triple bonds, or both).

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 Alkanes: Open chain (straight or branched) binary compounds of carbon and
hydrogen.
 All bonds are single bonds.
 General formula: CnH2n+2 .

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 Expanded Structural Formula: A two-dimensional structural representation
that depicts the bonding of all atoms in a molecule.
 Condensed Structural Formula: Structural arrangements of different
groupings (a central atom connected with other atoms) in a molecule.

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 Skeletal Structural Formula: Structural arrangement of all bonded
carbon atoms without showing the attached hydrogen atoms.

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 Structural (Constitutional) Isomerism

 Compounds having same molecular formula, but different structural

arrangements (different connectivity of atoms) are called Isomers, and the
phenomenon is known as isomerism.
 Space-filing models for the three isomeric C5H12 alkanes:

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 Line-angle (Bond-Angle) structural formula:
 A structural representation in which a line represents a carbon–carbon bond.
 A carbon atom is understood to be present at every point where two lines meet ( at the
intersection).
 At the ends of each lines.
 Example:

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 Based on the skeletal structure of the C-atom in a
hydrocarbon chain, each C-atom can be classified as
follows:
 Primary: If bonded with only one C- atom
 Secondary: If bonded with other 2 C- atoms
 Tertiary: If bonded with other 3 C-atoms
 Quaternary: If bonded with other 4 C- atoms

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 Importance of Organic Chemistry

 Body is made up of organic compounds called BIOMOLECULES

Energy from crude oil & coal

Polymers- plastics, PVC, etc.

Drugs like anesthetics, antibiotics, anti-cancer agents

 Saturated Hydrocarbons

Decomposition of plant
and animal matter in
marshes is a good source
of methane gas.

Doug Martin/Photo Researchers

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 Saturated Hydrocarbons
A rock formation such as this is necessary for the accumulation of petroleum and natural gas.

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 Saturated Hydrocarbons

An oil rig pumping oil from

an underground rock
formation.

© Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs, NYC Copyright ©

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 Saturated Hydrocarbons

→ The complex hydrocarbon mixture

present in petroleum is separated
into simpler mixtures by means of a
fractionating column.

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OIL REFINERY
 Saturated Hydrocarbons

The insolubility of alkanes in water

is used to advantage by many
plants. (paraffins)

© Daryl Solomon/Envision
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 Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

→ CC 12.2
A semi-solid alkane mixture, such as
Vaseline, is useful as a skin protector.
(Paraffin waxes)

Michael Newman/PhotoEdit
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 Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

Propane fuel tank on a home

barbecue unit. (LPG)

Phil Degginger/Color-Pic Copyright ©

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 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

 CO 13.1

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 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

← CC 13.1
Ethene is the hormone that causes
tomatoes to ripen.

Alan Detrick/Photo Researchers Copyright ©

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 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

The molecule Beta-carotene is

responsible for the yellow-orange
color of carrots, apricots, and yams.

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