CARBON'S BONDING

PATTERN
 Organic Compounds
v In the past, organic compounds refer to the compounds v A variety of organic products obtained
obtained from living organisms like plants or animals and from living things.
could never be synthesized by man.
v “Inorganic” was used to describe compounds found
primarily in the earth as mineral deposits, but could also be
prepared by man.
v In 1828, Fried Wöhler (1800–1882) synthesized urea (an
Carbohydrates/ Proteins/ Fats/ Vitamins/
organic compound), by boiling ammonium cyanate Antibiotics
(inorganic compound) with water.
v A variety of useful products derived
from crude oil and coal

v This disproved the theory that held that organic

compounds could be made only by living things.
v Many organic compounds are now manufactured from
inorganic materials.
Alkanes / Alkenes / Alkynes / Aromatic
hydrocarbons
 Organic Compounds
v Organic chemistry involves the study of the structure, properties, composition,
reactions, and preparation of organic compounds. It is the study of carbon
compounds from natural sources or synthesized in the laboratories.
v Organic compounds are carbon containing compounds (except CO, CO2,
carbonates, carbides, and cyanides). They consist primarily of carbon and
hydrogen, which may contain any number of other elements, including nitrogen,
oxygen, the halogens as well as phosphorus, silicon and sulfur.
v Carbon is an important element because it is the basic building block required
to form proteins, carbohydrates and fats, and it plays a crucial role in
regulating the physiology of the body.
Differences between organic and inorganic compounds

Organic compounds Inorganic compounds

Covalent bonding
Low melting points
Mainly insoluble in water
Mainly soluble in organic
solvents (e.g., gasoline)
Almost all burn
Slower reactions
Ionic bonding
High melting points
Mainly soluble in water
Mainly insoluble in organic
solvents
Very few burn
Very fast reactions
 The Unique Nature of Carbon
1. Carbon is tetravalent. 3. Carbon has the ability to form multiple
It has four electrons in its outermost shell with bonds
ground state configuration 1s2 2s2 2p2 and has four
unpaired electrons when excited.
It has the ability to form four strong covalent
bonds .

2. Carbon has the ability to catenate.

Catenation is the ability of atoms to form stable
bonds with itself, hence joining up into chains or
rings.
Carbon atoms link together to form chains of
varying length, branched chains and rings of
different sizes
 Carbon's Bonding Pattern
Carbon has 4 valence electrons and each carbon atom forms 4 bonds which
can be single, double, or triple bonds by utilizing various hybridizations.
1. sp3 hybridization: C atom has four single bonds, CH4
2. sp2 hybridization: C atom has two single bonds and 1 double bond. CH2=CH2
3. sp hybridization: C atom has 1 single bond and 1 triple bond, CH≡CH

Organic compounds have specific geometry around the carbon to carbon bond.
v If there are four atoms or groups around a carbon atom, it has a tetrahedral geometry
with a bond angle of 109.5º.
Hybridization of Carbon in Covalent Bond Formation
 Ways of Representing Organic Compounds
1. Molecular Formula tells the kind and number of each type of atom in a molecule Butane
but does not show the bonding pattern. C4H10

2. Structural Formula shows each atom and bond in a molecule.

3. Condensed Structural Formula shows all the atoms in a molecule in sequential

order indicating which atoms are bonded to which.

4. Line Formula (Carbon Skeleton Formula) assumes a carbon atom at any

location where lines intersect. It assumes a carbon at the end of any line. Each
carbon in the structure is bonded to the correct number of hydrogen atoms

5. Ball and Stick Model have the balls represent the relative sizes of the atoms and
the sticks represent the covalent bonds between atoms

6. Space-filling Model shows how much space an atom (or molecule) really
occupies.
 Condensed Structure
All atoms are drawn in, but the bond lines are Condensed Structure Containing C-O and C=O
generally omitted.
Atoms are usually drawn next to the atoms to
which they are bonded.
Parentheses are used around similar groups
bonded to the same atom.
Lone pairs are omitted.
 Skeletal Structure (Line Formula)
It assumes that there is a carbon atom at the junction of any two lines or at the end of any line and there
are enough hydrogens around each carbon to make it tetravalent.
All heteroatoms, such as N and O, and hydrogens directly bonded to them are drawn.
 Examples of Organic Compounds
Dopamine is a neurotransmitter Ibuprofen is the active ingredient
present in the brain. in a number of analgesics. The
Molecular formula: C8H11NO2 structure of ibuprofen is given
below.
Molecular Formula: C13H18O2

H H H H H
O C C N
C C C H
C C H H
O C H
H H