ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

JOSEPHINE DUTERTE – COLLADO,LPT

CAGAYAN STATE UNIVERSITY
SANCHEZ MIRA CAMPUS
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
➢IS THE CHEMISTRY OF THE COMPOUNDS OF
CARBON.
➢CHEMISTRY OF COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAINS THE
ELEMENT OF CARBON.
➢ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WERE THOSE OBTAINED
FROM PLANT OR ANIMAL SOURCES, THAT IS FROM
MATERIAL PRODUCED BY LIVING ORGANISMS.
 THE CHEmISTry Of...
Natural Products
➢Organic compound could be made by living cell or
organs.(Present in living organism).
➢The word “organic” is still used today by some people to
mean “coming from living organisms”
➢The commonly used term “organic food” means that the
food was grown without the use of synthetic fertilizers and
pesticides.
➢ An “organic vitamin” means to these people that the
vitamin was isolated from a natural source and not
synthesized by a chemist.
➢It is impossible to argue that pure “natural” vitamin c,
for example, is healthier than pure “synthetic” vitamin c,
since the two sub- stances are identical in all respects.
➢ In science today, the study of compounds from living
organisms is called natural products chemistry.
AMBUSH!
SEATWORK:
Which chemical formula represent organic
compounds and which represent inorganic
compounds?
1. C2H6 6. NaOH
2. H2O 7. HCl
3. KI 8. CO2
4. MgSO4 9. NaHCO3
5. CH4O 10. CH4
 CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
➢Methane – the main component of natural gas, burns in the
presence of oxygen.
➢Ethanol – the alcohol present in wine and alcoholic beverages.
➢Capsaicin – the compound responsible for the characteristic
spiciness of hot peppers.
- The active ingredient in several topical
creams for pain relief.
➢Caffeine – the bitter – tasting stimulant found in coffee, tea, cola,
beverages, and chocolate.
 What are the common features of these organic
compounds?
1. All organic compounds contain carbon atoms and most
contain hydrogen atoms. Carbon always forms four
covalent bonds and hydrogen forms one covalent bond.
2. Carbon forms single, double and triple bonds to other
carbon atoms.
• A C atom surrounded by four atoms forms four single bonds.
• A C atom surrounded by three atoms forms one double bond.
• A C atom surrounded by two atoms generally forms one triple
bond.
3. Some compounds have chains of atoms and some
compounds have rings.
• Propane – the fuel burned in glass grills
• Cyclopropane – is an anesthetic.
4. Organic compounds may also contain elements other
than carbon and hydrogen. Any atom that is not carbon or
hydrogen is called a heteroatom.
• Each heteroatom forms a characteristic number of bonds,
determined by its location in the periodic table.
• The common heteroatoms also have nonbonding, lone pars of
electrons, so that each atom is surrounded by eight electrons.
 LEWIS DOT FORMULAS
AND MOLECULAR SHAPES
• OCTET RULE -
• ATOMS BOND IN SUCH A WAY THAT EACH ATOM ACQUIRES
EIGHT ELECTRONS IN ITS OUTER SHELL.
• DUET RULE -
• HYDROGEN ONLY REQUIRES 2 ELECTRONS TO FILL ITS OUTER
SHELL AND HAVE HE’S ELECTRON CONFIGURATION. (1S2)
• LEWIS DOT FORMULA (ALSO CALLED AN ELECTRON DOT
FORMULA)
• SHOWS THE VALENCE ELECTRONS, INDICATING THE BONDING
BETWEEN ATOMS.
• SINGLE BOND – SHARING ONE PAIR OF ELECTRONS (2E- TOTAL)
• DOUBLE BOND – SHARING TWO PAIRS OF ELECTRONS (4E- TOTAL)
• TRIPLE BOND – SHARING THREE PAIRS OF ELECTRONS (6E- TOTAL)
QUIZ!
Shapes of organic molecules
1. An atom surrounded by two groups is linear
and has a bond angle of 180o.
2. An atom surrounded by three groups is trigonal
planar and has a bond angle of 120o.
3. An atom surrounded by four groups places
these four groups at the corners of a
tetrahedron, giving bond angles of
approximately 109.5o.
- To draw the three – dimensional tetrahedron on a two-
dimensional page, place two of the bonds in the plane of
the page, one bond in front and one bond behind.
▪ A solid line is used for bonds in the plane
▪ A wedge is used for a bond in front of the plane.
▪ A dashed line is used for a bond behind the plane.

❖All carbons having four single bonds are tetrahedral.

❖Don’t forget about the lone pairs of electrons on nitrogen
and oxygen when determining the shape around the atoms.
 MOLECULAR SHAPE AROUND ATOMS IN ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS
TOTAL SHAPE APPROXIMATE
NUMBER OF NUMBER OF
NUMBER OF AROUND AN BOND ANGLE
ATOMS LONE PAIRS (O)
GROUPS ATOM (A)

2 2 0 LINEAR 180

TRIGONAL
3 3 0 120
PLANAR

4 4 0 TETRAHEDRAL 109.5

TRIGONAL
4 3 1 ~109.5
PYRAMID

4 2 2 BENT ~109.5
Drawing organic molecules
Main types:
1. Condensed structure – most often used for a compound
having a chain of atoms bonded together, rather than a ring.
• All atoms are drawn in, but the two electron bond lines are omitted.
• Lone pairs on heteroatoms are omitted.
• Carbon atoms must have four bonds.

✓A C bonded to 3 H’s becomes CH3.

✓A C bonded to 2H’s becomes CH2.
✓A C bonded to 1 H becomes CH.
Drawing organic molecules
Main types:
2. Skeletal structure – used for organic compounds
containing both rings and chains of atoms.
Three important rules:
• Assume there is a carbon atom at the junction of any two
lines or at the end of any line.
• Assume there are enough hydrogens around each carbon
to give four bonds.
• Draw in all heteroatoms and the hydrogen directly
bonded to them.
 Properties of Organic
Compounds
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS, IN GENERAL, DIFFER
GREATLY FROM INORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN
SEVEN RESPECTS:

➢Organic compounds
are usually less soluble
in water.
 ➢Organic compounds are
usually combustible.

➢Organic compounds, in
general, have lower melting
and boiling points.
➢Several organic compounds may exist for a
given formula. This is known as isomerism
➢Reactions of organic compounds are usually
molecular rather than ionic. As a result, they
are often quite slow.
➢Organic are form covalent leakage
➢The molecular weights of organic compounds
may be very high, often well over 1000.
➢Most organic compounds can serve as a source
of food for bacteria.
 Comparison of organic and
inOrganic Compounds
➢Organic are form covalent leakage while
inorganic are joined with electrovalent or ionic
compounds.
➢Organic burn readily, some spontaneously to
give CO2 ,H2O and in some cases other produces
inorganic incombustible compounds
➢Organic are less soluble in water, but
more soluble in organic liquids like
alcohol, ether, chloroform and benzene.
➢Organic are less stable towards heat.
➢Organic are less reactive than in organic.
 Sources of Organic Compounds
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ARE DERIVED FROM THREE SOURCES:

➢Nature: fibers, vegetable oils, animal oils and fats,

alkaloids, cellulose, starch, sugars, and so on.
➢Synthesis: A wide variety of compounds and
materials prepared by manufacturing processes.
➢Fermentation: alcohols, acetone, glycerol,
antibiotics, acids, and the like are derived by the
action of microorganisms upon organic matter.
The wastes produced in the processing of
natural organic materials and from the synthetic
organic and fermentation industries constitute a
major part of the industrial and hazardous
waste problems that environmental engineers
and scientists are called upon to solve.