LECTURE #9

INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
• study of compounds that contain the element carbon.
• Organic compounds exist as discrete molecules with much weaker intermolecular forces—the forces that exist between
molecules—than those seen in ionic compounds, which are held together by very strong interactions of oppositely charged
ions.
ORGANIC COMPOUND
• Any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon
• Organic chemistry is the science concerned with all aspects of organic compounds. Organic synthesis is the methodology
of their preparation.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INORGANIC AND ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

CHARACTERISTICS FEATURES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

What are the common features of organic compounds?
1. All organic compounds contain carbon atoms and
most contain hydrogen atoms.
Carbons always forms 4 covalent bond,
Hydrogen forms 1 covalent bond.

COMMON BONDING PATTERNS FOR ATOMS IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
2. Carbon forms single, double, and triple bonds to other carbon atoms.

.
3. Some compounds have chains of atoms and some compounds have rings.

4. Organic compounds may also contain elements other than carbon and hydrogen. Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen
is called a heteroatom.
• Each heteroatom forms a characteristic number of bonds, determined by its location in the periodic table.
• The common heteroatoms also have nonbonding, lone pairs of electrons, so that each atom is surrounded by eight
electrons.
5. They are nonpolar compounds –they do not dissolve in polar solvents like.
6. They have low melting points –due to weak intermolecular forces
7. They react slower than ionic compounds – due to strong covalent bonds between atoms

WRITING STRUCTURAL FORMULA

• Carbon normally forms four covalent bonds and has no unshared pairs of electrons.
• Nitrogen normally forms three covalent bonds and has one unshared pair of electrons
• Oxygen – two, two
• Hydrogen – one, no
• Halogen – one, three

Sample Problem 2
Sample Problem 1 • CH3CH2NH2 ethylamine
Draw in all H’s and lone pairs in each compound. • CH3COOH acetic acid
a. C-C-Cl • CH3CH2OH ethanol
b. C-C-O • CH3CH=CH2 propene
c. C-C-N
TYPES OF BOND
1. Single Bond – single covalent bond in which they share 1 pair of electrons. (2 e-)

2. Double Bond – carbon atoms may share 2 pairs of electrons to form a double bond.

3. Triple Bond – carbon atoms may share 3 pairs of electrons to form a triple bond.

TYPES OF COMPOUND
1. Saturated Compound– organic compounds in which carbon atoms are bonded by SINGLE bonds.

ex. Methane: CH4

2. Unsaturated Compound – compounds where carbon atoms have double or triple bonds
Ex. Ethene C2H4

CARBON

Virtually our body is made with large amount of carbons

CLASSIFICATION

NATURAL COMPOUNDS

SYNTHETIC COMPOUNDS

MONOMER

POLYMERIZATION

POLYMER

FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
FUNCTIONAL GROUP
• It is an atom or a group of atoms with characteristic chemical and physical properties.
• It contains a heteroatom, a multiple bond, or sometimes both a heteroatom and a multiple bond.
The most common functional groups can be subdivided into three types.
I. Hydrocarbons
II. Compounds containing a single bond to a heteroatom
III. Compounds containing a C=O group

I. HYDROCARBONS
• Alkanes have only C-C single bonds and no functional group. Ethane is a simple alkane.
• Alkenes have a C=C double bond as their functional group. Ethylene is a simple alkene.
• Alkynes have a C Ξ C triple bond as their functional group. Acetylene is a simple alkyne. HC Ξ CH
• Aromatic hydrocarbons contain a benzene ring, a six-membered ring with three double bonds.

ALKENES
II. COMPOUNDS CONTAINING A SINGLE BOND TO A HETEROATOM
• Molecules containing these functional groups may be simple or very complex. It doesn’t matter what else is present in
other parts of the molecule. Always dissect it into small pieces to identify the functional groups.
• Any atom that is not carbon or hydrogen is called a heteroatom.
For example, diethyl ether, the first general anesthetic, is an ether because it has an O atom bonded to two C’s.
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the active component in marijuana, is also an ether because it contains an O atom bonded to two
carbon atoms. In this case the O atom is also part of a ring.

GROUPS CONTAINING NITROGEN

HALOALKANES (ALKYL HALIDES)

ALCOHOLS

METHANOL

COMPOUNDS CONTAINING SULFUR

III. COMPOUND CONTAINING A C=O GROUP

• Many different kinds of compounds contain a carbon– oxygen double bond (C=O, carbonyl group)
• The type of atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon— hydrogen, carbon, or a heteroatom—determines the specific class of
carbonyl compound.
CARBONYL

- An aldehyde has a hydrogen atom bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon.

ALDEHYDES AND KETONES

\
•A carboxylic acid contains an OH group bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon.

CARBOXYLIC ACID AND ETHERS

AMIDES

•An ester contains an OR group bonded directly to the carbonyl carbon.