Organic Chemistry

Week 1
• Definition of Organic Chemistry
• Classification of Organic Compounds
• Comparison of Organic and Inorganic
Compounds
• Review on Chemical bonding, geometry of
molecules and hybridization
 Week 2-4
II. Hydrocarbons
• Aliphatic hydrocarbons
• Alkanes
• Cycloalkanes
• Haloalkanes
• Alkenes
• Alkynes
• Aromatic hydrocarbons
Organic Chemistry

• is the scientific study of the structure, properties,

composition, reactions, and synthesis of organic
compounds that by definition contain carbon
• is the study of the structure, properties, and reactions
of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e.,
matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
Organic Compounds

• any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more

atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements,
most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.
• is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical
compounds whose molecules contain carbon. Carbonates, simple
oxides of carbon, and cyanide molecules do have carbon, but they are
not regarded as organic
• The compounds in solid, liquid or gaseous state which contain carbon
in its molecule are known as organic compounds
Classification of Organic
Compounds
Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
• The main difference is in the
presence of a carbon atom;
organic compounds will
contain a carbon atom (and
often a hydrogen atom, to form
hydrocarbons), while almost all
inorganic compounds do not
contain either of those two
atoms. While most inorganic
compounds do not contain
carbon, there are a few that
do.
Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Examples of Organic Compounds or Molecules
Molecules associated with living organisms are organic. These
include nucleic acids, fats, sugars, proteins, enzymes, and
hydrocarbon fuels. All organic molecules contain carbon, nearly all
contain hydrogen, and many also contain oxygen.
• DNA
• table sugar or sucrose, C12H22O11
• benzene, C6H6
• methane, CH4
• ethanol or grain alcohol, C2H6O
Comparison of Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Examples of Inorganic Compounds
Inorganics include salts, metals, substances made from single
elements and any other compounds that don't contain carbon
bonded to hydrogen. Some inorganic molecules do, in fact, contain
carbon.
• table salt or sodium chloride, NaCl
• carbon dioxide, CO2
• diamond (pure carbon)
• silver
Review of Chemical Bonding,
geometry of molecules and
hybridization
• Chemical bonds are forces that hold atoms together to make
compounds or molecules.
• Chemical bonds include covalent, polar covalent, and ionic bonds. ...
• Atoms with relatively similar electronegativities share electrons
between them and are connected by covalent bonds.
• Atoms with large differences in electronegativity transfer electrons to
form ions. The ions then are attracted to each other. This attraction is
known as an ionic bond.
 Review of Chemical Bonding cont...
Key Terms
• bond: A link or force between neighboring atoms in a molecule or
compound.
• ionic bond: An attraction between two ions used to create an ionic
compound. This attraction usually forms between a metal and a non-metal.
• covalent bond: An interaction between two atoms, which involves the
sharing of one or more electrons to help each atom satisfy the octet rule.
This interaction typically forms between two non-metals.
• intramolecular: Refers to interactions within a molecule.
• intermolecular forces: Refers to interactions between two or more
molecules.
• electronegativity: The tendency of an atom or molecule to attract electrons
and thus form bonds.
Bonding in Organic Compounds
• Generally, organic compounds are formed by covalent bonds among the
constituent atoms. ... One carbon can share its valence electrons with
other elements or with another carbon to form the covalent bonds.
Methane is the simplest organic compound.
• Covalent bonding occurs when pairs of electrons are shared by atoms.
Atoms will covalently bond with other atoms in order to gain more
stability, which is gained by forming a full electron shell. By sharing their
outer most (valence) electrons, atoms can fill up their outer electron shell
and gain stability
• Electron sharing is the sharing of the outermost electrons between two or
more atoms without the complete transfer of electrons to form ions.
When atoms share electrons, a covalent bond is formed. Atoms are most
stable when their outermost electron shell is complete.
Bonding in Organic Compounds
• Chemical and Physical
Properties of Methane.
The carbon atom central
to the methane molecule
has 4 valence electrons
and thus needs 4 more
electrons from four
hydrogen atoms to
complete its octet. The
hydrogen atoms have a
109 degree bond angle
giving the molecule a
tetrahedral geometry
Sample Geometry of Organic
Compounds
 Hybridization
• happens when atomic orbitals mix to form a new atomic orbital. The
new orbital can hold the same total number of electrons as the old
ones. ... The concept of hybridization was introduced because it was the
best explanation for the fact that all the C - H bonds in molecules like
methane are identical.
• hybridization is the combining of different types of orbitals
Hybridiza
tion

An excited-state atom is an atom in which the

total energy of the electrons can be lowered by
transferring one or more electrons to different
orbitals. That is, in an excited-state atom not all
electrons are in the lowest possible energy
levels.