Understanding the

Different
Properties of
Compounds
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1. At normal
atmospheric pressure
and temperature,
covalent compounds
may exist in solid, liquid,
or a gas, while ionic
compounds exist only as
crystalline solids.
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2. Ionic compounds
generally have
higher melting and
boiling points while
covalent compounds
have lower melting
and boiling points.
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3. Ionic
compounds are
hard and brittle,
while covalent
compounds are
soft and flexible.
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4. Ionic
compounds have
high polarity,
while covalent
compounds have
low polarity.
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5. Ionic compounds
are usually soluble
in water, while
covalent compounds
tend to be less
soluble in water.
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6. Ionic
compounds tend
to be less
flammable than
covalent
compounds.
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7. Ionic compounds
conduct heat and
electricity compared
to covalent
compounds.
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Chemical bond is a term use
to describe the attraction of
atoms that are combined
together through sharing
and transferring their
valence electrons.
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What are ions and
how are they
formed?

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Ions are atoms or
groups of atoms
that has positive
or negative
charge.
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> Ions are formed when an atom lose or gain its
electrons.

> If metals were chemically combined to nonmetals,

metals would tend to lose electron while nonmetals
gain electrons during chemical bonding to attain
stability.

> For an atom to attain stability, they must have 8

valence electrons in their outermost shell. This is
known as OCTET RULE.
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Example:
Sodium and Chlorine (G- IA)

> It has one (1) valence electron. Chlorine on the other hand,
is a non-metallic element under Group 7A, it has seven (7)
valence electrons. Sodium needs 7 electrons to follow the
Octet rule, while Chlorine needs 1 valence electron. It is easier
for Sodium to give away its one (1) valence electron to become
more stable than to get seven (7) valence electrons. Therefore,
when Sodium (Na) and Chlorine (Cl) bond together, Sodium
will give its one (1) valence electron to Chlorine so that
Sodium will become stable. On the other hand, Chlorine also
becomes stable when it accepts the one (1) valence electrons
given by Sodium.
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When an atom loses or gains
electrons, they formed ions.

> An atom that loses electrons

becomes a positively charged ion
known as cation.
> An atom that gains electrons
become negatively charged ion
known as anion.
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How is the
formation of ions
using Lewis
Electron Dot
Symbols (LEDS)
shown?
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Lewis Electron Dot Structure (LEDS)

Lewis Electron Dot Structure is introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis, an

American Physical Chemist. LEDS is composed of the symbol of the
element and dots which represent the number of valence electrons of an
atom that can easily be determined through the group/family number in
the Periodic Table of Elements. Consider the following example:

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How to write the
chemical formula
based on the charges
of ions written?
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Chemical compound can be described using chemical
formula which represents the elements that are found
in a compound. In writing the chemical formula of ionic
compound, first identify the cation and write its symbol
and charge. Then, identify the anion and write down its
symbol and charge. After doing so, write the symbol of
the ions to form the compound. Another way of writing
the chemical formula of ionic compound is using the
crisscross method. In this method, cross the value of
charge of each ion to become subscript, the positive
and the negative sign will be omitted. Reduce the
number of the charges to lowest term and leave out all
subscripts that are 1. 23
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Why carbon is unique among
atoms?

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Carbon atoms’ four valence electrons can be shared
by different particles that have electrons to share,
consequently framing covalent (shared-electron)
bonds. They can even be shared by other carbon
particles, which can also impart electrons to other
carbon molecules, etc., framing long strings of
carbon atoms that cling to one another like links in
a chain.

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Carbon atom has the ability to form long carbon-to-
carbon chains. It can tie with one another in straight
chains, yet in complex branching, similar to the parts of a
tree. These can even join "head-to-tail" to make rings of
carbon particles. There is basically no restriction to the
number or unpredictability of the branches or the quantity
of rings that can be connected to carbon atom, and hence
no restriction to the quantity of various particles that can
be shaped.

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The carbon–carbon single bond is a sigma bond and
is formed between one hybridized orbital from each
of the carbon atoms. Sigma bonds are the strongest
kind of covalent bond. They are framed by head-on
overlapping between nuclear orbitals. Sigma
bonding is mostly characterized for diatomic atoms
utilizing the language and tools of symmetry
groups.

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It can impart not just one electron to another atom
to form a single bond, it can likewise share two or
three electrons, framing a double or triple bond.
This makes for countless possible bond blends at
better places, making huge number of various
potential molecules. Furthermore, a particle that
varies by even one atom or one bond position is a
molecule of a different compound.

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What is organic compounds?

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Organic compounds are group of compounds that contain the
element carbon and hydrogen.
 It consistently contains carbon with other different elements that are
required for living creatures to work.
 Carbon is the key component since it has four electrons in an external
electron shell that can hold eight electrons.
 Subsequently, it can form numerous kinds of bonds with other carbon
molecules and components; for example, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,
phosphorous, sulfur, and halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and
iodine).
 Hydrocarbons and proteins are genuine example of organic compounds
that can form long chains and complex structures.

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Types of Organic Compounds and Its
Characteristics
1. Carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are biochemical that is made of one or more simple
sugar molecules. Living things use carbohydrates as an energy source.

2. Lipids. Lipids are biochemical that does not dissolve in water. Fats, oils, and waxes
are examples of lipids. One of the functions of lipids in living things is to store energy.

3. Proteins. Proteins are huge molecules with complex structures that permit them to
take on significant functions in organic chemical reactions. It is usually present in
animal products, though it also exists in other sources, such as nuts and legumes.
Proteins do most of the work in cells and are essential for the organization, function, and
regulation of the body's tissues and organs.

4. Nucleic Acids. Nucleic acids are the chief information-carrying molecules of the cell.
The term nucleic acid is the overall name for DNA and RNA. They lead the development
of protein synthesis and control the inherited characteristics of every living thing.

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38
What is inorganic
compounds?

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An inorganic compound is a compound that does not
contain both carbon and hydrogen. A great many
inorganic compound do contain hydrogen atoms, such
as water (H2O) and the hydrochloric acid (HCl)
produced by your stomach. In contrast, only a handful
of inorganic compounds contain carbon atoms.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the few examples.

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Characteristics of Inorganic Compounds
 Inorganic compounds contain some kind of metal (alkali, alkaline,
transition and so forth.), they will in general have the capacity to conduct
electricity. For instance, while in the solid stage, inorganic compounds are
poor conductor of electricity.
 Because of ionic bonding commonly found in inorganic compounds, they
are held together tightly and have extremely high melting and boiling
points.
 Another remarkable quality of inorganic compounds is their color.
Transition metal inorganic compounds, in any event, sitting on a seat
top, are generally profoundly colored, and this is, once more, because of
the arrangement of the 'd-block’s' electrons. The brilliant and delightful
hues are sees when firecrackers explode is because of the inorganic
metal (generally an alkali or alkaline one) present in the compound.
 inorganic compounds are normally highly soluble in water. In other
words, they can 'vanish' when put into water since they will basically
dissolve. One more uncovering quality of inorganic compounds is their
capacity to form crystals. 41
Writing Chemical Formulas
The three types of chemical formulas are empirical, molecular, and structural formulas.

1. Empirical Formula - “simplest type of chemical formula”

An empirical formula shows the primary basic type of a compound. Its formulas show the
number of atoms of each element in a compound within the primary simplified state using
whole numbers. It also tends to tell us very little about the compound because we cannot
determine the structure, shape, or properties of the compound without knowing the formula.
Value of the statement is decreased because many chemical compounds can have the identical
formula.

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2. Molecular Formula
Molecular formulas describe the precise number and kind of atoms contained
one molecule of a compound. The constituent elements are represented by their
chemical symbols, and also the quantity of atoms of each element present in
each molecule is shown as a subscript following that element’s symbol. The
formula expresses information about the proportions of atoms that make up a
specific compound, employing one line of element symbols and numbers. It
may also include other symbols, like parentheses, dashes, brackets, plus (+) and
minus (–) signs.

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3. Structural Formula
A chemical formula displays the atoms of the molecule according the order they
are bonded. It also depicts how the atoms are bonded together in single, double
or triple bond. Covalent bonds are shown using lines. The number of dashes
indicates whether the bond would be one, double, or triple attraction. Structural
formulas are very useful because they can explain the properties and structure of
the compound which empirical and molecular formulas cannot always represent.
a.Expanded Structural Formula- shows all the bonds connected
to all of the atoms within the compound.
b.Condensed Structural Formula- shows all the atoms but
omits some or all the vertical and horizontal bonds, thus,
making it easier to write in a single line.

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Guidelines in writing the structural formula of organic compound in expanded and
condensed form

1. Carbon can only accommodate four bonds. For example, if all the bonds to carbon are
single bonds, then one should draw four single lines around carbon to designate the bonds
which are available to link with carbon or other selected elements.

2. Following the octet rule, a carbon atom with multiple bonds can form links with other
groups as the remaining bonds will allow:
C = C A carbon-carbon double bond allows for only two groups to be bonded to each carbon
involved in the formation of the double bond.
C ≡ C A carbon-carbon triple bond allows for only one group to be bonded to each of the
carbons involved in the formation of the triple bond.

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Activity: Where Do I Belong?
Activity: Where Do I Belong?
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