Determine the molecular shape of the

following compound:

-- H2S -- OF2
-- PF3 -- NCl3
-- CH4 -- BeCl2
 Carbon Atom and
Organic Compounds
THE CARBON ATOM

• Why does carbon

form so many
organic
compounds?
 THE CARBON ATOM

• With 4 electrons in its outer energy level, carbon

can form one covalent bond with each of these
electrons.
• C atoms can bond together as chains, branched
chains, & rings.
 THE CARBON ATOM

• More than 90 % of carbon compounds are

organic.
• Others like carbon dioxide and carbonates are
inorganic compounds.
 THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

• What is organic compound?

• What is the difference between organic and
inorganic compounds?
• What are the properties of organic and
inorganic compounds?
 THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Salt
Salt

Ethanol
Water
(Insoluble)
(soluble)
THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

water

alcohol
THE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

water

alcohol
 HYDROCARBONS

• Hydrocarbons are the simplest organic

compounds.
• A compound that is made of only carbon
and hydrogen is called a hydrocarbon.
HYDROCARBONS
 HYDROCARBONS

• Hydrocarbons with only single-bonded C atoms are called

saturated hydrocarbons. It is saturated because each C is
bonded to as many H as possible.
• An unsaturated hydrocarbon is one that has at least one double
bond or triple bond. The compounds are unsaturated because
each carbon atom is not bonded to as many hydrogens as
possible.
 HYDROCARBONS

• Can different hydrocarbons have the

same formula?
HYDROCARBONS

Butane is C4H10 and so is

isobutane. Butane is a
straight chain molecule
but isobutane has a
branched chain.
 ISOMERS

• Isomers are compounds that have the same

molecular formula, but have different structural
formula or shapes.
ISOMERS
Writing and Naming
Organic Compounds
 Name of Organic Compounds
• A modern organic name is simply a code. Each part of the name
gives you some useful information about the compound.
• The last three letters tell what type of bond is in the molecule.
Compounds ending in –ane have only single bonds. Those with –
ene have at least one double bond and –yne signifies at least one
triple bond.
 Name of Organic Compounds
• Counting the carbon atoms
CODE NO. OF CARBONS
meth 1
eth 2
prop 3
but 4
pent 5
hex 6
 Name of Organic Compounds
• Types of carbon-carbon bonds -- The last three letters tell what
type of bond is in the molecule.
CODE NO. OF CARBONS
ane Only carbon-carbon single bond

ene Contains a carbon-carbon double bond

yne Contains a carbon-carbon triple bond

 Name of Organic Compounds
• Examples:
Butane -- means four carbons in a chain with no
double bond.
Propene -- means three carbons in a chain with a
double bond between two of the carbons.
 Name of Organic Compounds
• The ALKYL Groups
-- is a side chain that is formed by removing a hydrogen atom
form an alkane.
-- It is named by attaching –yl to the stem.
Examples: methane – CH4 alkyl group -- methyl group CH3
ethane CH3CH3 -- ethyl group CH2CH3
 ALKANE
• The ALKANES = CnH2n+2
-- Write the structural formula for 2-methylpentane
STEPS:
1. Determine the number of carbon atoms and identify if the given
contains single bond, double bond and triple bond.
2. Draw the carbon bond skeleton.
3. Put the given alkyl group.
4. Supply correct number of hydrogen atoms so that each carbon is
forming four bonds.
 ALKANE
• If you had to name this yourself:
 ALKANE
• Practice Exercises:
-- Write the structural formula for 2,3-dimethylbutane.
-- Write the structural formula for 3-ethyl-2-methylhexane.
-- Name the structural formula:
 ALKENE
• The ALKENES = CnH2n
-- Write the structural formula for 1-butene.
STEPS:
1. Determine the number of carbon atoms and identify if the given
contains single bond, double bond and triple bond.
2. Draw the carbon bond skeleton.
3. Put the given alkyl group.
4. Supply correct number of hydrogen atoms so that each carbon is
forming four bonds.
 ALKENE
• If you had to name this yourself:
 ALKENE
• Practice Exercises:
-- Write the structural formula for 3-methyl-2-hexene.
-- Write the structural formula for 2-ethyl-2-pentene.
-- Name the structural formula:
CH3 – CH – CH = CH – CH2 – CH2 – CH3
CH3
 ALKYNE
• The ALKYNE = CnH2n-2
-- Write the structural formula for 2-methyl-3-hexyne.
STEPS:
1. Determine the number of carbon atoms and identify if the given
contains single bond, double bond and triple bond.
2. Draw the carbon bond skeleton.
3. Put the given alkyl group.
4. Supply correct number of hydrogen atoms so that each carbon is
forming four bonds.
 ALKYNE
• If you had to name this yourself:

CH3 – C = C – CH2 – CH3

 ALKYNE
• Practice Exercises:
-- Write the structural formula for ethyne.
-- Write the structural formula for 2-ethyl-4-pentyne.
-- Name the structural formula:
CH3 – CH2 – CH – C = C – CH2 – CH3
CH2CH3
FUNCTIONAL
GROUP
 HALIDE

• HALIDE – compounds containing halogens: R – X

• Write the structural formula for 2-bromo-2-methylpropane.
• Write the structural formula for 1-iodo-3-methyl-2-pentene.
 ALCOHOL
• ALCOHOL – All alcohols contain an -OH group. This is shown in a
name by the ending ol. R – OH
• Write the structural formula for methanol.
• Write the structural formula for 2-methyl-1-propanol.
 ALDEHYDES
• ALDEHYDES – contain the group:
• Its name ends with al.
• Write the structural formula for propanal.
• Write the structural formula for 2-methylpentanal
 KETONES
• KETONES – carbon-oxygen double bond just like aldehydes, but
this time it's in the middle of a carbon chain. O
• Ketones are shown by the ending one. R–C –R
• Write the structural formula for propanone.
• Write the structural formula for 3-pentanone.
OTHER FUNCTIONAL GROUP
TYPE OF COMPOUND GENERAL FORMULA
ETHER R–O–R
CARBOXYLIC ACID O
R – C – OH
ESTER O
R–C–O–R
AMINE R – NH2
AMIDE O
R- C - NH2
 SEATWORK 4.4
• Name the following compounds. CH3
1. CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 4. CH3-C-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3
OH
2. CH3-CH=CH-CH3
3. CH3-CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 5. H-C-H
CH3 O
 SEATWORK 4.4
B. Write the formula for the following.
1. 3-ethyl-2,2-dimethylhexane
2. 3,4-diethyl-2,3,4-trimethyl-1-hexane
3. 4,4,5-trimethyl-2-hexyne
4. 3-hexanol
5. 3-octanone