ORGANIC

COMPOUNDS
 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
• Organic compounds are generally any chemical compounds
that contain carbon-hydrogen or carbon-carbon bonds. Due to
carbon's ability to catenate ,millions of organic compounds are
known.
• Organic compound, any of a large class of chemical
compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are
covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most
commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen. The few carbon-
containing compounds not classified as organic  CH4; is among the simplest
include carbides, carbonates, and cyanides. organic compounds.
 ORGANIC COMPOUND

• Scientists classified chemical compounds as either inorganic or organic.

• An inorganic compound was a substance that was composed of minerals,
and an organic compound was a substance that came from an organism,
thus the use of the word organic.
 HYDROCARBONS
Large family of organic compounds

Composed of only carbon and hydrogen

Saturated hydrocarbons Unsaturated hydrocarbons

ALKANES ALKENES, ALKYNES & AROMATICS

C-C C=C C=C

HYDROCARBON

SATURATED

UNSATURATED
 ALKANES
Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which the carbon
atoms are held together by single bonds. Their
general formula is CnH2n+2 for molecules which do not
contain ring structures.
• Alkanes are hydrocarbons that have only C¬C single bonds
• A condensed structural formula depicts groups composed of each carbon
atom and its attached hydrogen atoms
• Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons
• the simplest and least reactive hydrocarbon species containing only
carbons and hydrogens.
METHANE

A type of structural formula that shows the arrangement of

the atoms by drawing each bond in the hydrocarbon.
 ETHANE

A structural formula that shows the arrangement of the carbon atoms in a molecule but
groups each carbon atom with its bonded hydrogen atoms
WRITING STRUCTURAL FORMULAS
FOR SOME ALKANES
 LINE ANGLE FORMULA
A simplified structure that shows a zigzag line in which carbon
atoms are represented as the ends of each line and as corners
 IUPAC naming system in Alkanes
- International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
• Based on naming a molecule's longest chain of carbons connected by
single bonds, whether in a continuous chain or in a ring.
• In this system of naming, a carbon chain is numbered to give the
location of the substituents.
• The system is used to name organic compounds by indicating the
number of carbon atoms.

IUPAC -A system for naming organic compounds devised by the

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
 NAMING SUBSTITUENTS

An alkane minus one hydrogen atom. Alkyl groups are named like
the alkanes except a yl ending replaces ane.
NAMING OF ALKANES
 FORMS

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

CH3

CH3-CH-CH3

: The structural isomers of C4H10 have the same number and type of atoms but are
bonded in a different order.
When an alkane has four or more carbon atoms, the atoms can be arranged so that a
side group called a branch or substituent is attached to a carbon chain.
It shows two different ball-and-stick models for two compounds that have the same molecular
 EXAMPLE

EXAMPLE 1: EXAMPLE 2:

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 Draw the condensed structural formula for

pentane
butane

:An alkane with a four-carbon CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

chain is named butane
Pentane is an alkane with a five-carbon chain. The
carbon atoms on the ends are attached to three H
atoms each, and the carbon atoms in the middle are
attached to two H each
 GUIDE TO NAMING ALKANES
Write the alkane name for the longest chain of carbon atoms.
Example 3.

Number the carbon atoms from the end nearer a substituent.

Give the location and name for each substituent (alphabetical order) as a prefix to the name of
the main chain.
 CONSTITUTIONAL ISOMERS

• Have the same molecular formula.

• Have different atom arrangements
CYCLIC HYDROCARBON- CYCLOALKANE

Cycloalkane- An alkane that is a ring or cyclic structure.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANE
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ALKANES
Low reactivity
CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF ALKANES
Low reactivity
ALKENES Alkenes contain one or more carbon–carbon
double bonds that form when adjacent carbon
atoms share two pairs of valence electrons.
• Unsaturated hydrocarbons because they do not contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms,
as do alkanes.
• They react with hydrogen gas to increase the number of hydrogen atoms to become alkanes, which

ALKYNES
are saturated hydrocarbons

a triple bond forms when two carbon atoms share

three pairs of valence electrons
A hydrocarbon that contains one or more carbon–carbon triple bonds.
NAMING ALKENES & ALKYNES
 GUIDE TO NAMING ALKENES & ALKYNES

Name the longest carbon chain that

contains the double bond or triple bond

Number the carbon chain starting from

the end nearer the double bond or tiple bond .

Give the location and name for each substituent

(alphabetical order) as a prefix to the name
 FORMS

• A carbon atom always forms four covalent

bonds.
• In the simplest alkene, ethene (C2H4), two
carbon atoms are connected by a double bond
and each is also attached to two H atoms.
• It gives each carbon atom in the double bond a
trigonal planar arrangement with bond angles of
120°.
• The ethene molecule is flat because the carbon
and hydrogen atoms all lie in the same plane
Ball-and-stick models of ethene and
ethyne show the double or triple bonds
and the bond angles.
 EXAMPLE

Example 1:
Draw the condensed structural formula for;

1-bromo-1-pentene

Br – CH=CH- CH2-CH2-CH3
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
OF ALKENES

ADDITION COMBUSTION
REACTIONS REACTIONS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKENES &
ALKYNES
More reactive than Alkanes
AROMATICS
Aromatic compounds are chemical compounds that consist of
conjugated planar ring systems accompanied by
delocalized pi-electron clouds in place of individual
alternating double and single bonds. They are also called
aromatics or arenes.
It contains the ring structure of benzene.

A ring of six carbon atoms, each of which is

attached to a hydrogen atom, C6H6
AROMATIC COMPOUND
AROMATIC COMPOUND
NAMING OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
NAMING OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF AROMATIC

BENZEN
E

a chemical reaction that involves the reaction of a compound with a

halogen and results in the halogen being added to the compound 

a general class of chemical processes for the introduction of a

nitro group into an organic compound

 a reversible reaction that produces benzenesulfonic acid by

adding sulfur trioxide and fuming sulfuric acid
 IMPORTANCE OF HYDROCARBONS

Hydrocarbons are the critical energy storage molecules within

all major types of fossil fuels (including coal, oil, and natural
gas) and biofuels. They also form the feedstock for the
production processes of many types of plastics.
 USES OF HYDROCARBONS

The most important use of hydrocarbons is for fuel. Gasoline, natural gas, fuel oil,
diesel fuel, jet fuel, coal, kerosene, and propane are just some of the commonly
used hydrocarbon fuels. Hydrocarbons are also used to make things, including
plastics and synthetic fabrics such as polyester
END OF SLIDE