HYDROCARBON

GROUP 3:

S
LEADER: ANGELA DELA CRUZ
DAPHNE SY
SOFIA ANNE CAOAGAS
ALEN GEM RED
CHRISTIAN FAITH COLIS
 WHAT ARE HYDROCARBONS?
 These are the simplest and most commonly encountered class of organic compounds
 These are organic compounds that contain HYDROGEN and CARBON only.

KINDS OF HYDROCARBONS
 Saturated Hydrocarbons - hydrocarbons that have all carbon atoms linked by single bonds
1. ALKANE – hydrocarbon that is all linked by a single bond.
► Unsaturated Hydrocarbons - hydocarbons that are carbon-carbon double or
triple bond is present

1. ALKENE – hydrocarbon that is linked by a double bond

1. ALKYNE – hydrocarbon that is linked by a triple bond

UNSATURATED AND
SATURATED HYDROCARBONS
WHAT ARE CHAIN TYPES
- When carbons in a hydrocarbon are linked to form a long, straight or branched chain
WHAT ARE CYCLIC TYPES
- When carbons are link to form a ring
 Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (are chain-type hydrocarbons and cyclic analogs)
• ALKANES
• ALKENES
• ALKYNES
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons (structural unit called benzene)
- the word “aromatic” originally referred to the aromas of these compounds.
* naphthalene and anthracene
* benzene (simplest aromatic hydrocarbon)
 Benzene, C₆H₆, is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon. It is a compound of six carbon
joined together to form a ring. There are three alternating double bonds (a requirement for
aromatic hydrocarbons) that undergo resonance.
For example, benzene can be written in these forms:

In this notation, the

corners of the hexagon
are carbon atoms. One
line signifies a single
bond and two lines
signify a double bond.

Two structures appear on the sides of the Since the double bonds move to different
arrow because the Benzene molecule positions, benzene is also written in this form:
cannot be represented by any one
structure.
Therefore, the benzene molecule is
considered as a hybrid of two
structures to the left and right of the
arrow are contributing structures.
ALL ABOUT ALKANES AND ALKENES
 Alkanes
 are also called paraffins (low affinity or lacking affinity).
 The most important use of alkanes is as fuel.
 Methane and ethane are natural gases that are considered to be
“cleaner fuels” since they produce less carbon dioxide during
combustion.
 Octane is an 8-carbon alkane and is a major component of
petroleum.
 Alkenes are also called olefins (oil-forming). The simplest alkene is
ethene.
NAMING
HYDROCARBONS
 In 1892, the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) came up with a
systematic way of naming organic compounds; it is known as the IUPAC System of
Nomenclature. The systematic names of organic compounds consist of three main parts:
prefix—>stem—>suffix

In this system, the stem of an organic

compound depends on the number of
carbon atoms in the parent chain. The
parent chain is the longest continuous
chain of carbon atoms.

In our example, the parent chain has three smaller groups of molecules attached to it. These
groups are called side chain or substituents. They have fewer number of carbon atoms
compared to the parent chain. It is named by attaching an -yl to the stem.
For example, a side chain with one carbon is named methyl while that with three carbons is
propyl. The side chain in our example is a methyl since it has only one carbon.
The rules used to arrive at these names are as follows:
 1. Choose the parent chain. This consists of the stem of the name of the organic compound. The
parent chain may not always follow a straight line.

The longest continuous carbon chain is in red and has six carbons.
 2. Add the following suffixes to the stem of the name:
- ane for alkanes
- ene for alkenes
- yne for alkynes
The parent chain in our example is an alkane and has six carbons,
thus , its stem and suffix name is hexane.

 3. Number the carbon atoms in the parent chain, beginning with the
end of the chain that is nearest to a side chain, double bond or triple
bond.
 4. Name and give the location of the side chain. When two or more side chains are
present, list them in alphabetical order, use the prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. and indicate
the number of the carbon to which it is attached. Separate the numbers with comma.
For double bonds and triple bonds, indicate also the numbers and use di-, tri-, tetra-,
etc., if more that one of them appears in the formula.

There are two methyl side chains in carbon 2 and 4, thus, the prefix 2,4 dimethyl added. The
IUPAC name of this organic compound is 2,4 dimethyl hexane.
 5. The cyclic hydrocarbons,
the prefix cyclo- is placed
before the name of the parent
chain.

Thus, the name of the six carbon

cyclic compound shown above is
cyclohexane.
The structural formula of
cyclohexane can be simplified to
the structure shown below.
ORGANIC PREFIXES COVALENT PREFIXES
How to determine the formula if it is an
ALKANE, ALKENE, OR ALKYNE?
THE END 
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