The Variety of Carbon

Compounds
• Carbon comes from Latin word “carbo “ which
means “charcoal.” It is the sixth most abundant
element in the universe and has been known
since ancient times.
• Carbon obtained from coal deposits, although it
usually must be processed into a form suitable
for commercial use.
• We usually see carbon as the black residue left
by burning paper, the “ lead” in our graphite
pencils, or the glitter of diamonds in expensive
jewelry.
• Carbon is unique in terms of its chemical
properties because it forms a number of
components superior than total addition on all the
other elements in combination with each other.
• It forms a large number of compounds, more than
any other element.
• Because of its willingness to bond to other
metallic or non-metallic elements, its is often
referred to as the building block of the universe.
• Carbon is able to form strong polar and non
polar covalent bonds by sharing its electrons to
construct long chains and various structures.

Polar covalent bonds : C—F, C—C, and C—N

nonpolar covalent bonds : C—C and C—H

• Carbon also form many polymers in different
structures like tubes, spheres, rings, and
chains.

• When a carbon shares its electrons with

hydrogen, a hydrocarbon is formed which is
considered to be the simplest organic
compound.
Basic Properties of Carbon
Atom
Atomic Number: 6
Atomic Mass Average: 12.011
Melting Point: 3823 K (3550 ͦ C or 6422 ͦ F)
Boiling point: 4098 K (3825 ͦ C or 6917 ͦ F)
Density: 2.267g/cu.cm
Velocity of sound /𝑚 𝑠 − 1 : 18350
Hardness Scale Mohs: 0.5
Atomic Structure of Carbon
Isotopes of Carbon
• We represent isotopes by using the chemical
symbol ( C for carbon), and a number.
• The first carbon with only 6 neutrons would be
called 𝐶 0r Carbon-12. The new one with 8
12

neutrons would be 14𝐶 or Carbon–14.

• Carbon has many isotopes, but just three are
stable enough to exist in detectable amounts in
nature.
• Carbon-12 – a stable (non-radioactive)
isotopes, comprises nearly 99% of all carbon
on Earth,
• Carbon -13 – also stable isotope, the next most
abundant, comprising slightly more than 1% of
all carbon on Earth.
• Carbon-14 – is the most abundant radioactive
isotope of carbon at 1 part per trillion.
 Organic Chemistry
• It is the study of compounds containing carbon.

Compound – is a substance formed when two or

more chemical elements are chemically bonded
together
What is the difference between Organic
and Inorganic Compounds?

Inorganic – refers to compound that does not

contain carbon element.
Example: sodium chloride (NaCl), Sulfuric acid
(𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 ) and magnesium carbonate (Mg𝐂𝐎𝟑 )
What is the difference between Organic
and Inorganic Compounds?

Organic – refers to compound that contains the

element carbon.
Example: Ethyl alcohol (𝐂𝐇𝟑 𝐂𝐇𝟐 OH) and acetic
acid (𝐂𝐇𝟑 COOH)
 Inorganic Compound Organic Compound
Ionic bonding Covalent bonding
Mostly inflammable Most flammable
Can conduct electric current Cannot conduct electric
current
Generally soluble in water Most are not soluble in
and rarely soluble in water but are generally
nonpolar solvents soluble in nonpolar solvents
High melting and boiling Low melting and boiling
point point
Structure of Organic
Molecules
Lewis Electron dot Straight-line Structure
Structure

All have octet rule

Kekule Structure or Straight-Line Structures
or Expanded Structures or Expanded
Structural Formula

• Kekule structures are similar to Lewis

structures, but instead of covalent bonds being
represented by electron dots, the two shared
electrons shown by a line.
• Lone pairs remain as two electron dots, or are
sometimes left out even though they are still
there.
Example:
Methyl alcohol with the
formula of 𝐶𝐻3 OH . In this
compound we have 3
hydrogen atoms and an
oxygen atom attached to the
carbon and hydrogen atom
attached to oxygen.
Example:
Butane with formula of 𝐶4 𝐻10 .
There are four carbon atoms
and 10 hydrogen atoms
attached to it. Each carbon
now is stable since it followed
the Octet rule. Also each
hydrogen is now stable since
it follows the Duet rule.
 Condensed Formula
• It is made up of elemental symbols. The order
of the atoms suggests the connectivity.
Condensed formulas can be read from either
direction and 𝐻3 𝐶 is the same C𝐻3 . But the
C𝐻3 is more commonly used than the first
formula.
Organic Compounds
• Organic compounds are defined as
compounds that contain C and H, although
many organic compounds also contain
O,S,N,P and the halogens (F, Cl,Br, and I)
• Hydrocarbons - The simplest organic
compounds that contain carbon and
hydrogen.
• Hydrocarbons can be classified as saturated
or unsaturated depending on the type of
bonds between carbon and atoms.

• Saturated hydrocarbon- All the bonds

between the carbon atoms are single covalent
bonds.
• unsaturated hydrocarbon - One or more of the
bonds between the carbon atoms is a double
or a triple covalent bond.
• If the carbon atoms are linked in chains, the
compounds are called aliphatic compounds; If
the atoms are linked in rings, the compounds
are called alicyclic or aromatic.
 147
Alkanes

These are saturated hydrocarbons so all the

bonds between their carbon atoms are single
bonds.
Take note of the pattern that exists in the
formula as alkanes.
 148

Each alkane differs from the preceding

member of the series by the group CH2
Alkanes form a homologous series.
there is a constant increase of change in
molecular structure from one compound of the
series to the next.
 148
General formula of alkanes

CnH 2n+2’
Where the letter n is the number of carbon
atoms in the alkane.
In using the formula of alkane, we need to
substitute the number of carbon to N.
For example, in a molecule, you have 6 carbon
atom in it, substitute N by 6.

𝐶6 𝐻2 6 +2 = 𝐶6 𝐻14

In using the formula of alkane, we need to

substitute the number of carbon to N.
 Naming Alkanes

All the members of the alkane series end

with the suffix –ane.

The first part of each name or prefix

indicates the number of carbon atoms in the
compound.
 148

The prefix meth- indicates 1 carbon atom.

The prefix eth – indicates 2 carbon atoms.

The prefix pro – indicates 3 carbon atoms,

and so on.
 Rules in naming alkanes
1.Find the longest continuous chain of carbon
atoms, and use the name of this chain. The
longest chain may not be written in a straight
line.
CH3 CH2 CH3 CH3
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
2.
If the branch of the main chain is a substituent
derived from another hydrocarbon, It is called
alkyl group.

alkyl group

It is an alkane with one H atom removed.

They are named by dropping the –ane and
replacing it with –yl.

The first three alkyl groups are:

methyl group (-CH3)

ethyl group (-CH2CH3)
propyl group (- CH2CH2CH3 )
3. Start numbering the parent chain from
the end closest to the branch.

4. Number and name each branch/ substituent.

For identical substituents, use prefixes like di –
(two), tri – (three), tetra – (four), and so on.
5. Separate numbers by comas, and numbers and
letters by hypens.

6. Arrange the substituents alphabetically

regardless of their number.
In alphabetizing, ignore the prefixes di, tri,
and so on.

Example:

CH3 CH 2 CH 2 CH3
CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3 CH2
CH3 CH 2 CH 3
4- ethyl -3,5,6 – trimethylheptane
CH3 CH 2 CH3

CH 3
 Activity:
1.

2.
 Properties of Alkanes

The properties of alkanes are affected by the

arrangement of carbon atoms in the structural
formulas and by the length of the carbon chain.

Generally, the more carbon atoms in a straight-

chain alkane, the higher the melting and boiling
points.
At room temperature, straight-chain alkanes
with one to four carbon atoms are gases, those
with 5 to 16 are liquids, and those with more
than 16 carbon atoms are solids.
All alkanes are nonpolar, so they are relatively
unreactive.

They solve only in organic solvents that are

nonpolar, or with low polarity such as oils and
waxes.
 The nonpolar and low reactive nature of alkanes
makes them good organic solvents.

Paints, paint removers , and cleaning solutions often

contain hexane or cyclohexane as solvents.