Welcome to Chemistry Class

By Subash Pandey
 Organic Chemistry
 Basic Concept of Organic Chemistry
 Fundamental Principles of Organic
Chemistry
Preliminary Idea of Reaction Mechanism
Hydrocarbons
 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
 BASIC CONCEPT OF
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
 Basic Concept of Organic Chemistry
 Introduction to organic chemistry and organic compounds.
Reasons for the separate study of organic compounds from
inorganic compounds.
 Tetra-covalency and catenation properties of carbon.
 Classification of organic compounds.
 Alkyl groups, functional groups and homologous series.
 Idea of structural formula, contracted formula and bond line
structural formula.
 Preliminary idea of cracking and reforming, quality of gasoline,
octane number, cetane number and gasoline additive.
Organic and Inorganic Compound

 In 1675, Lemery divided compounds: 3 classes.

( Mineral, Vegetable and Animal Compounds)
Animals & vegetables: structurally almost same.
Organic Compounds: (Classical View)
 Substances obtained from living sources.
 Sugar, oils, fats and protein etc.
Inorganic compounds:
 Compounds obtained from mineral sources.
 Salt, Sulphur, marble etc.
 Origin of organic Compounds
Vital Force Theory:
 In 1815, Berzelius suggested vital force theory.
 “ Living compounds can be prepared by living organisms only under the influence of
mysterious force called vital force.”
 Unchallenged until 1828.
Limitations:
 In 1828, Friedrich Wohler, a German Chemist, accidently obtained urea (organic
compound) by heating ammonium cyanate (inorganic compound).
ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔
(NH4)2SO4 + 2KCNO NH4CNO + K2SO4
(ammonium sulfate) (ammonium cyanate)
∆
NH4CNO NH2CONH2 (Urea)
 In 1845, Kolbe synthesized acetic acid starting from carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
 Vital force theory discarded.
 Nowadays, 95% or organic compounds are synthesized in lab.
 Modern Concept of organic compounds:
Organic compounds in modern view:
 Carbon is the essential elements
 “Compounds of carbon and hydrogen i.e. hydrocarbon and
their derivatives in which mode of bonding is covalency.”
 Besides hydrogen, other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen,
halogen, phosphorous, sulfur can also be found  foreign
elements or hetero-elements.
Order of relative abundance of
elements in organic compounds:
 Organic Chemistry:
C  always present
Branch of chemistry which deals with
H  almost always present
the systematic study of hydrocarbons
O  generally present
and their derivatives.
N, S, X  occasionally present
P and some metal  rarely present
 ORGANIC COMPOUNDS:
Reasons for the separate study of organic compounds:
1. Large number of organic compounds,
 More than 10 millions.
2. Carbon as unique elements,
 Must organic compounds have carbon
3. Difference in properties:
Organic Compounds Inorganic compounds
 Formed by elements like C, H  Formed by all elements in periodic
O, N, S, X, P and some metals. table.
 Bonding mostly covalent.  Bonding mostly ionic.
 Insoluble in water but soluble in organic  Soluble in water but insoluble in
solvent like benzene, CCl4 etc. organic solvent like benzene, CCl4 etc.
 Show Isomerism  Don’t show Isomerism
 Highly combustible and act as fuel.  Non combustible.
 Give slow molecular reaction.  Give fast ionic reaction.
 Low melting and boiling point.  High melting and boiling point.