Chapter 22

Chemistry for Changing Times, 14e (Hill/McCreary)
Chapter 22 Poisons
22.1 Multiple Choice Questions
1) Which of the following common kitchen chemicals are toxic at certain concentration or under certain
biological conditions?
A) table salt
B) cane sugar
C) baking soda
D) All of these can be toxic.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 1 Page Ref: Sec. 22.1
Global Obj: Global 2: Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills and
Global 5: Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of science on society.
Learning Obj: LO 22.1 Name some natural poisons and their sources.
2) The study of the effects of poisons, their detection and identification and their antidotes is known as
A) alkaloidism.
B) carcinogenic testing.
C) berylliosis.
D) toxicology.
Answer: D
Global Obj: Global 1: Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry and Global 5:
Demonstrate an understanding of the impact of science on society.
3) Which of the following is the most poisonous?

A) botulin
B) strychnine
C) nicotine
D) coniine
Answer: A
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4) An example of an alkaloid is
A) estradiol.
B) acetic acid.
C) methionine.
D) caffeine.
Answer: D
Diff: 2 Var: 50+ Page Ref: Sec. 22.1
5) An alkaloid is a(n)
A) carcinogen that is made by plants.
B) heterocyclic amine that is occurs naturally in plants.
C) air pollutant.
D) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon.
Answer: B
Global Obj: Global 1: Demonstrate an understanding of the principles of scientific inquiry.
6) Many household cleaners contain strong acids or bases. Drain cleaners, oven cleaners and toilet bowl
cleaners are all
A) metabolic poisons.
B) corrosive poisons.
C) mutagenic poisons.
D) carcinogenic poisons.
Answer: B
Learning Obj: LO 22.2 Distinguish among corrosive poisons, metabolic poisons, and heavy metal
poisons, and explain how each type acts.
7) The active ingredient in which of the following is a corrosive poison?

A) ammonia
B) drain cleaner
C) furniture wax
D) laundry detergent
Answer: B
2
8) Which is a corrosive poison?
A) carbon monoxide
B) potassium nitrite
C) methyl alcohol
D) sulfuric acid
Answer: D
9) Oxidizing agents like ozone are classified as

A) blood agents.
B) nerve poisons.
C) corrosive poisons.
D) carcinogens.
Answer: C
10) Many oxidizing agents "poison" by

A) deactivating enzymes.
B) hydrolyzing proteins.
C) breaking down carbohydrates.
D) reacting with water.
Answer: A
11) Strong acids and bases are damaging to living cells because even in dilute solutions they
A) are oxidizing agents.
B) are reducing agents.
C) catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins.
D) form dangerous peroxides.
Answer: C
3
12) The sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine is oxidized to
A) cysteic acid.
B) cysteic sulfoxide.
C) a sulfoxide-carboxylic acid.
D) an amide.
Answer: A
13) Which of the following corrosive toxins is also called an oxidizing agent?
A) nitric acid
B) hydrochloric acid
C) sodium hydroxide (lye)
D) ozone
Answer: D
Global Obj: Global 2: Demonstrate the ability to think critically and employ critical thinking skills.
14) Which of the following is NOT an air pollutant that can damage living cells?
A) cysteine
B) ozone
C) peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
D) sulfur dioxide
Answer: A
15) Which of the following amino acids undergoes oxidation in the presence of photochemical smog?
A) tryptophan
B) glycine
C) leucine
D) threonine
Answer: A
4
16) Which is a poison that acts by blocking the oxidation of glucose within cells?
A) nitrate
B) cyanide
C) nicotine
D) sulfuric acid
Answer: B
17) Cyanide poisons by

A) blocking oxygen transport by hemoglobin.
B) reacting with lung tissue.
C) deactivating glucose oxidation enzymes.
D) blocking cell protein synthesis.
Answer: C
18) The average fatal dose of hydrogen cyanide is

A) 5 to 10 mg.
B) 50 mg.
C) 5 to 10 g.
D) 200 to 300 g.
Answer: B
19) The treatment for cyanide poisoning is

A) sodium bisulfate.
B) potassium iodide.
C) hydrogen iodide.
D) sodium nitrite.
Answer: D
Learning Obj: LO 22.3 Identify antidotes for some common metabolic poisons and heavy metal poisons.
5
20) Which of the following poisons results in decreasing the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen?
A) mercury
B) carbon monoxide
C) sodium chloride
D) sodium hydroxide
Answer: B
21) Nitrate acts as a poison by

A) oxidizing hemoglobin to methemoglobin, which cannot carry oxygen.
B) reacting with enzymes that break down toxic wastes in the liver.
C) interfering with oxidative enzymes.
D) blocking cell protein synthesis.
Answer: A
22) Which compound has been used as a poison to kill predators?

A) NaCN
B) fluoroacetic acid
C) Cd
D) DDT
Answer: B
23) Iron (as Fe2+) is

A) toxic at all concentrations.
B) safe at all concentrations.
C) toxic at high concentrations, essential at low concentration.
D) toxic at high concentration, not known to be essential.
Answer: C
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24) Pb (as Pb2+) is
A) toxic at all concentrations.
B) safe at all concentrations.
C) toxic at high concentrations but not at low concentrations.
D) toxic to children but not to adults at high concentrations.
Answer: C
25) Which of these is NOT considered a heavy metal?

A) Ca
B) Ag
C) Hg
D) Au
Answer: A
26) Which of these is considered to be a heavy metal?

A) Se
B) Li
C) Cd
D) I
Answer: C
27) The antidote for mercury poisoning is

A) atropine.
B) nicotine.
C) BAL.
D) coniine.
Answer: C
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28) The human body can eliminate half of a dose of mercury poisoning in ________ days.
A) 1
B) 100
C) 70
D) 365
Answer: C
29) Arsenic compounds are poisons because they

A) deactivate enzymes.
B) catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins.
C) are reducing agents.
D) deplete calcium from the bones.
Answer: A
30) The antidote for mercury poisoning, BAL, acts by

A) precipitating mercury.
B) reducing Hg2+ to Hg.
C) oxidizing Hg to Hg2+.
D) complexing the mercury.
Answer: D
31) Lead is used in

A) paint.
B) some gasolines.
C) plumbing fixtures.
D) Lead is used in all of the above.
Answer: D
32) Lead poisoning affects the

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A) digestive system.
B) endocrine system.
C) reproductive system.
D) central nervous system.
Answer: D
33) Cadmium poisons by

A) promoting loss of calcium from bone.
B) deactivating enzymes.
C) hydrolyzing proteins.
D) destroying cell membranes.
Answer: A
34) The cause of itai-itai, the "ouch-ouch" disease is

A) cadmium.
B) mercury.
C) lead.
D) iridium.
Answer: A
35) Which of the following metals is more hazardous in the vapor state?
A) lead
B) barium
C) mercury
D) cadmium
Answer: C
36) Botulin, the most deadly poison known, is
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A) organophosphorus pesticide.
B) a nerve gas for chemical warfare.
C) formed in improperly canned food by anaerobic bacteria.
D) a chlorinated hydrocarbon.
Answer: C
37) Curare, the blow dart poison of Amazonian Indians, disrupts the acetylcholine cycle by blocking
A) receptors.
B) the release of acetylcholine.
C) the breakdown of acetylcholine.
D) the formation of acetylcholine.
Answer: A
Learning Obj: LO 22.4 Define neurotransmitter, and describe how various substances interfere with the
action of neurotransmitters.
38) The antidote for poisoning by organophosphorus nerve poisons is

A) atropine.
B) nicotine.
C) EDTA.
D) thiosulfate.
Answer: A
39) Organophosphorus compounds are used as

A) insecticides.
B) antiviral agents.
C) antipsychotic drugs.
D) antibiotics.
Answer: A
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40) Acetylcholine is a chemical messenger that
A) activates the presynaptic membrane to make it permeable to ions that conduct an impulse.
B) inactivates the presynaptic membrane to make it impermeable to certain ions that conduct an impulse.
C) activates the postsynaptic nerve cell by fitting into a specific receptor and changing the permeability of
the cell membrane to certain ions.
D) inactivates the postsynaptic membrane to make it impermeable to certain ions that conduct an
impulse.
Answer: C
41) Actylcholinesterase acts to change acetylcholine to

A) acetic acid, water and choline.
B) water and choline.
C) water and acetic acid.
D) acetic acid and choline.
Answer: D
42) Which of the following will make the most effective poison for rats and mice?
A) ethyl alcohol, LD50 = 2.08 g/kg
B) acetaminophen, LD50 = 0.340 g/kg
C) ethylene glycol, LD50 = 0.00686 g/kg
D) ricin, LD50 = 0.000005 mg/kg
Answer: D
Learning Obj: LO 22.5 Explain the concept of an LD50 value, and list some of its limitations as a measure
of toxicity.
43) Which of the following statements about LD50 is NOT correct?

A) The LD50 for a substance is the dose that will kill 50% of test subjects.
B) A substance with a low LD50 is more toxic than a substance with a high LD50.
C) The LD50 value for a mouse will be the same as the LD50 value for a human.
D) The LD50 value will change, depending upon how the substance is administered.
Answer: C
of toxicity.
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44) The organ most used for the detoxification of poisons in the human body is the
A) liver.
B) gall bladder.
C) small intestine.
D) mouth.
Answer: A
Learning Obj: LO 22.7 Describe how the liver is able to detoxify some substances.
45) Most detoxification of poisons in the body occurs via

A) combination with chemicals other than oxygen.
B) oxidation.
C) reduction.
D) direct excretion.
Answer: B
46) In the body, ethanol goes through the following steps.

A) ethanol  acetic acid  acetaldehyde  carbon dioxide and water
B) ethanol  carbon dioxide and water  acetaldehyde  acetic acid
C) ethanol  acetic acid  carbon dioxide and water  acetaldehyde
D) ethanol  acetaldehyde  acetic acid  carbon dioxide and water
Answer: D
47) P-450 enzymes, which can convert fat-soluble compounds into water-soluble compounds that can be
excreted, are found in the
A) throat.
B) liver.
C) pancreas.
D) blood.
Answer: B
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48) Which of the following statements about the role of liver enzymes is most correct?
A) Liver enzymes always change potential toxins to substances that can be easily excreted from the body.
B) Liver enzymes may change an inert compound to a more reactive and harmful molecule.
C) Liver enzymes can help the body to bring the four humors (blood, phlegm, black bile and yellow bile)
back into a healthy balance.
D) Liver enzymes always convert potential toxins to substances that contain free radicals.
Answer: B
49) The known cause of approximately 30% of all cancers is

A) sedentary lifestyle.
B) obesity.
C) occupational factors.
D) prescriptions.
Answer: B
Learning Obj: LO 22.8 Describe how cancers develop.
50) The carcinogenic hydrocarbons produced during the incomplete burning of organic materials are
known as
A) aromatic hydrocarbons.
B) styrene.
C) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
D) cycloalkanes.
Answer: C
51) Which class of compounds is thought to be possibly anticarcinogenic?

A) prostaglandins
B) oxidizing agents
C) reducing agents
D) antioxidants
Answer: D
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52) Which of the following will have anticarcinogenic activity?
A) aromatic amines, such as β-naphthylamine
B) oncogenes
C) vitamin C, vitamin E, and β-carotene
D) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, such as 3,4-benzopyrene
Answer: C
53) Which of the following has been shown to be involved in roughly 60% of lung cancers?
A) aromatic amines
B) β-carotene
C) hydroxytoluene (BHT)
D) P53 gene mutations
Answer: D
54) The simplest and least expensive method for testing for possible carcinogenic activity is
A) the Ames test.
B) animal testing.
C) epidemiological studies.
D) human testing.
Answer: A
Learning Obj: LO 22.9 Name and describe three ways to test for carcinogens
55) The Ames test is used to screen for

A) all potential poisons.
B) heavy metal poisons.
C) mutagens.
D) carcinogens.
Answer: C
14
56) The study of the behavior of a specific population and cancer incidence is an example of ________
testing for carcinogenic activity.
A) Ames
B) animal
C) epidemiological
D) human
Answer: C
57) Which of the following is NOT used to gather evidence about whether a compound causes cancer in
humans?
A) bacterial screening for mutagenesis (the Ames test)
B) animal tests
C) measurement of birth defects
D) epidemiological studies
Answer: C
58) Substances that cause birth defects are called

A) mutagens.
B) androgens.
C) progestins.
D) teratogens.
Answer: D
59) A well-known teratogen is

A) thalidomide.
B) coniine.
C) BAL.
D) arsenic.
Answer: A
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60) Which of the following is the most hazardous teratogen, in terms of the greatest number of babies
affected?
A) birth control pills
B) ethyl alcohol
C) acetaminophen
D) heroin
Answer: B
61) Which would be classified as a reactive waste?

A) hydrogen sulfide
B) lithium bromide
C) metal
D) copper metal
Answer: A
Learning Obj: LO 22.10a Define hazardous waste, and list and give an example of the four types of such
wastes.
62) The best way to dispose of a flammable waste is

A) process through a wastewater treatment plant.
B) bury in a landfill.
C) burn in an incinerator.
D) store in a sealed barrel.
Answer: C
wastes.
63) The best way to handle hazardous wastes is

A) to bury them.
B) to incinerate them.
C) to chemically modify them.
D) to avoid producing them.
Answer: D
wastes.
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64) What is the most effective way to dispose of organic wastes?
A) bury them in landfills
B) incinerate them
C) recycle them
D) store them in special containers
Answer: B
wastes.
65) Which of the following types of waste would be least hazardous?

A) corrosive waste
B) flammable waste
C) waste material from living plants
D) reactive waste
Answer: C
wastes.
66) Which of the following statements best describes the circumstances that lead to chemical tragedies?
A) Hazardous and poisonous chemicals should be banned or destroyed so that accidents do not occur.
B) Most tragedies occur because of misuse of hazardous or poisonous chemicals.
C) Hazardous and poisonous chemicals cannot be made safe.
D) The risks of using hazardous chemicals always outweigh the benefits.
Answer: B
67) Which of the following types of hazardous waste requires special containers because it will react with
normal container materials?
A) corrosive waste
B) flammable waste
C) reactive waste
D) toxic waste
Answer: A
wastes.
17
68) The "gold standard" for testing chemical toxicity is laboratory rats and mice. Which of the following
is NOT a disadvantage of testing with rodents?
A) Rodent studies are expensive.
B) Rodents have metabolic or physiological differences so the results may not apply to humans.
C) Rodent studies have often involved unrealistically high exposures to the substances being tested.
D) Rodent studies are relatively fast to carry out.
Answer: D
Learning Obj: LO 22.12 Discuss the importance of toxicity screening in the manufacture of safe
chemicals.
69) Which of the following shows great promise as a vertebrate system that will allow automated and
rapid testing of compounds?
A) embryonic rat cells
B) Drosophila melanogaster cells
C) embryonic zebrafish
D) plant cells
Answer: C
Learning Obj: LO 22.12 Discuss the importance of toxicity screening in the manufacture of safe
chemicals.
22.2 True/False Questions
1) Herbicides and insecticides are the only poisons to be found in a garden.

Answer: FALSE
2) Many common garden plants are poisonous.

Answer: TRUE
3) Toxicology is the study of poisons that come from synthetic sources, but not from natural sources.
Answer: FALSE
18
4) Strong acids and bases can catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins.
Answer: TRUE
5) Enzymes are often deactivated by oxidizing agents such as ozone.

Answer: TRUE
6) Cyanide acts by blocking the oxidation of glucose in the cell.

Answer: TRUE
7) Cyanides increase the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen.

Answer: FALSE
8) The average adult requires 45 to 50 mg of iron every day.

Answer: FALSE
9) Sodium fluoroacetate, also known as Compound 1080, is highly selective and poisonous only to
snakes.
Answer: FALSE
19
10) Heavy metals act by binding to the —SH groups on enzymes, which makes the enzymes inactive.
Answer: TRUE
11) Phosphorus-based insecticides such as parathion are less toxic than warfare nerve agents such as
soman.
Answer: TRUE
12) Organic phosphorus insecticides are nerve poisons that work by binding to acetylcholinesterase and
blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine.
Answer: TRUE
13) The LD50 value is the amount of a substance that will kill 50% of test animals.
Answer: TRUE
of toxicity.
14) The LD50 value for a given compound and species is the same no matter how the substance is
administered.
Answer: FALSE
of toxicity.
15) Botulin toxin is the most poisonous substance known.

Answer: TRUE
20
16) Liver enzymes alter poisons to make them less toxic.
Answer: FALSE
17) The P-450 enzymes oxidize water-soluble substances into fat-soluble substances that can easily be
excreted.
Answer: FALSE
18) Only synthetic chemicals have been found to be carcinogenic.

Answer: FALSE
19) Most carcinogens occur naturally.

Answer: TRUE
20) If a compound is a carcinogen in rats, it will also be a carcinogen for mice.

Answer: FALSE
21) The Ames test assumes that most carcinogens will also be mutagens.
Answer: TRUE
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22) A teratogen is a cancer-causing substance.
Answer: FALSE
23) Genetics are a leading cause of death from cancer.

Answer: FALSE
24) Most hazardous chemicals are so dangerous that we should never use them.
Answer: FALSE
wastes.
25) The National Academy of Sciences recommends that new, inexpensive and rapid tests that can
analyze many compounds for chemical safety be developed.
Answer: TRUE
Learning Obj: LO 22.11 Identify new approaches for testing the toxicity of synthetic chemicals.
22.3 Short Answer Questions
1) Toxicology is the study of ________.

Answer: poisons
2) Name the poison in rosary pea seeds.

Answer: abrin
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3) What type of damage do all corrosive poisons cause to living tissue?
Answer: Corrosives cause the breakdown of peptide bonds, destroying proteins and their functions.
4) People with Alzheimer's disease are deficient in ________.

Answer: acetylase
5) The system of liver enzymes that helps to detoxify poisons is called ________.
Answer: P-450
22.4 Essay Questions
1) What is LD50? Use the following compounds and their LD50s to explain.
Caffeine: LD50 = 0.13 g/kg mice
Sodium Cyanide: LD50 = 15 mg/kg (estimated)
of toxicity.
23

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Chapter 22

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Chemistry for Changing Times, 14e (Hill/McCreary)

22.1 Multiple Choice Questions

3) Which of the following is the most poisonous?

7) The active ingredient in which of the following is a corrosive poison?

9) Oxidizing agents like ozone are classified as

10) Many oxidizing agents "poison" by

17) Cyanide poisons by

18) The average fatal dose of hydrogen cyanide is

19) The treatment for cyanide poisoning is

21) Nitrate acts as a poison by

22) Which compound has been used as a poison to kill predators?

23) Iron (as Fe2+) is

25) Which of these is NOT considered a heavy metal?

26) Which of these is considered to be a heavy metal?

27) The antidote for mercury poisoning is

29) Arsenic compounds are poisons because they

30) The antidote for mercury poisoning, BAL, acts by

31) Lead is used in

32) Lead poisoning affects the

33) Cadmium poisons by

34) The cause of itai-itai, the "ouch-ouch" disease is

36) Botulin, the most deadly poison known, is

38) The antidote for poisoning by organophosphorus nerve poisons is

39) Organophosphorus compounds are used as

41) Actylcholinesterase acts to change acetylcholine to

43) Which of the following statements about LD50 is NOT correct?

45) Most detoxification of poisons in the body occurs via

46) In the body, ethanol goes through the following steps.

49) The known cause of approximately 30% of all cancers is

51) Which class of compounds is thought to be possibly anticarcinogenic?

55) The Ames test is used to screen for

58) Substances that cause birth defects are called

59) A well-known teratogen is

61) Which would be classified as a reactive waste?

62) The best way to dispose of a flammable waste is

63) The best way to handle hazardous wastes is

65) Which of the following types of waste would be least hazardous?

22.2 True/False Questions

1) Herbicides and insecticides are the only poisons to be found in a garden.

2) Many common garden plants are poisonous.

5) Enzymes are often deactivated by oxidizing agents such as ozone.

6) Cyanide acts by blocking the oxidation of glucose in the cell.

7) Cyanides increase the ability of hemoglobin to carry oxygen.

8) The average adult requires 45 to 50 mg of iron every day.

15) Botulin toxin is the most poisonous substance known.

18) Only synthetic chemicals have been found to be carcinogenic.

19) Most carcinogens occur naturally.

20) If a compound is a carcinogen in rats, it will also be a carcinogen for mice.

23) Genetics are a leading cause of death from cancer.

22.3 Short Answer Questions

1) Toxicology is the study of ________.

2) Name the poison in rosary pea seeds.

4) People with Alzheimer's disease are deficient in ________.

22.4 Essay Questions

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