Topic : Organic Chemistry and Organic

Compounds
Contents
• What is Chemistry?
• Origin of Organic Chemistry
• Earlier Theories.
• Modern Defination.
• Why Organic chemistry a separate branch?
• Classification of Organic Compounds.
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is the branch of science which
deals with matter,its composition,its
structure,its property and its
transformation from one form to another
form.
 Main Branches of Chemistry

Chemistry

Physical Inorganic Organic

Chemistry Chemistry Chemisty
 Earlier Theories
Based on their source,
chemical compounds are
classified into three types by
Lemery: i) Mineral sourced. ii)
Vegetable sourced. iii) Animal
sourced.
Lavoiser founded that the compounds from
vegetable and animal sources contain similar
composition.
Then Berzelius classified the above three
types into two types and he coined the new
terms Organic and Inorganic.
i) Organic compounds: These are present in
living beings (plants, animals etc.)
ii) Inorganic compounds: These are present
in minerals.
 Origin of Organic Chemistry
• Scheele extracted tartaric acid from grapes
and citric acid from lemons.
• Roulle isolated urea from human urine.
• Serturner prepared morphine from opium.
• This discoveries led to increment of interest
among the scientists towards organic
compounds.
 Vital Force Theory
• This theory is also known as Bio-force
Theory.
• ‘Vital Force Theory’ was given
by
‘Jons Jacob Berzelius’ in 1808.
• Therefore, he is known as
‘Father of Organic Chemistry’.
• According to him, “We can not prepare
Organic Compounds in the laboratory
because ‘vital force’ is absent there.”
Organic Compounds can only be Prepared by
living things because they have vital force.
• Other scientist supported Berzelius and he
suggested that we should study Organic
Chemistry separately because they have
unique properties.
• Then introduced a new branch of chemistry
known as ‘Organic Chemistry’.
Break-down of Vital
Force
Theory
• In 1828,Friedrich Wohler
,a German Chemist, prepared
Urea as the first organic
 compound in laboratory and broke Vital force
Theory.
• He was actually preparing ammonium
cynate(NH4CNO) from ammonium
Chloride (NH4CL).
The reaction is
NH4CL + KCNO NH4CNO + KCL
But , he heated it much and then rearrangement
reaction took place,which formed Urea.
 NH4CNO NH2CONH2
Ammonium Urea
cynate (A well known Organic
(A typical inorganic Compound) compound)

After that,
• Kolbe synthesised CH3COOH from its
elements.
• Berthelot synthesised CH4
• Carbon is tetravalent as it contains four
unpaired electrons in its excited state
configuration.
The tetravalency of carbon was given by
Vanthoff and Lebel who were awarded the
first nobel prize in chemistry.
Modern Defination
Compounds which are made by carbon and
hydrogen are known as Hydrocarbon.
 The branch of chemistry dealing with the
study of hydrocarbons and the compounds
which could be thought of as the derivatives
of hydrocarbons is called Organic
chemistry.
Why Organic Chemistry is a
separate branch?
• Large number of organic Compounds.
• Composition of Organic Compounds.
• Complexity of molecules.
• Most of the Properties are decided by
functional groups.
• They contain covalent bonds between
carbon and carbon as well as between other
elements.
• They shows property of isomerism.
• They have low melting and boiling points as
compared to inorganic compounds.
• They are not soluble in non-polar solvents.
• Combustibility
• Nature of Chemical reactions.
 Organic Compounds

Open Chain or Closed chain or

Acyclic C ompounds Ring Co mpounds

Saturated
(Alkanes) Unsaturated Homocyclic Compounds

Heterocyclic Compounds

Alkene Alkyne

Alicyclic Aromatic Compounds

Compounds
Further reading
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_chemistry
www.britannica.com/
www.ocw.mit.edu/

Modern ABC for class XI

ISC Chemistry
Morrison & Boyd
Thank You