Important

Name Reactions
Ch - Halo alkanes and Haloarenes
 Finkelstein reaction
 used for easy production of alkyl iodide.
 Halide exchange reaction .
Acetone
 R-X + NaI RI + NaX
Alkyl halide sod.iodide Alkyl iodide Sod.halide

( Where X=Cl or Br )
Acetone
Ex- CH3Cl + NaI CH3I + NaCl
 Swarts reaction
 used to get alkyl fluorides .
 by heating an alkyl chloride/bromide in the presence of a metallic
fluoride such as AgF, Hg2F2, CoF2, CoF3, SbF3 etc.

 R-X + AgF RF + AgX

Alkyl halide silver fluoride Alkyl fluoride silver halide
( Where X=Cl or Br )

Ex - C2H5Cl + AgF C2H5F + AgCl

Finkelstein reaction Vs Swarts reaction
Similarity- halogen exchange reactions.
follows SN2 pathway.
Difference-
S.No. Finkelstein reaction Swarts reaction
1 named after a german chemist name after Frederic Edmond
i..e.. Hans Finkelstein Swarts
2 used to get alkyl iodide RI used to get alkyl fluorides RF

3 Sodium iodide in acetone is heavy metal fluorides are (AgF,

used Hg2F2, CoF2, CoF3, SbF3 ) used
( NaI + C3H6O
 Sandmeyer's reaction
 Widely used in the production of aryl halides from aryl
diazonium salts. ( Where X=Cl or Br )
 Wurtz reaction
It is a coupling reaction between two alkyl halide in presence of sodium in
dry ether medium. The hydrocarbon contains twice the number of carbon
atoms present in the halide.
Dry ether

Alkyl halide Sodium Alkane Sod.halide

Ex- CH3-Cl + 2 Na + Cl-CH3 Dry ether CH3 - CH3 + 2 NaCl
C2H5-Cl + 2 Na + Cl-C2H5 Dry ether C2H5 - C2H5 + 2 NaCl
 Fittig reaction
 variation of Wurtz reaction .
 It involves reaction between two molecules of Aryl halides with sodium
in dry ether to form a diaryl.

Haloarene
 Wurtz- Fittig reaction
 This is a variation of Wurtz reaction .
 It involves warming of an Aryl halide and an Alkyl halide with sodium in
dry ether to form a homologue of benzene / alkylarene.

Alkyl halide
Aryl halide alkylarene
 Important
Name Reactions
Ch – Alcohol,Phenols and Ethers
 Kolbe’s reaction
 On treating phenol with carbon dioxide in the presence of sodium
hydroxide, an - Ortho hydroxybenzoic acid (salicylic acid) is formed as
the main reaction product.
 Reimer-Tiemann reaction
 Phenol reacts with chloroform (CHCl3) in base (NaOH or
KOH etc.) to form salicylaldehyde. The intermediate substituted
benzal chloride is hydrolysed in the presence of alkali to
produce salicylaldehyde.
 Williamson synthesis

 alkyl halides
Alkyl halides (primary
(primary and
and secondary) secondary)
react with R'ONa
(Sodium alkoxide) to produce ethers.
 Tertiary alkyl halides prefer to undergo elimination instead of
substitution.
R-X + R-ONa R-O-R + NaX
Alkyl halide sodium alkoxide Ether sodium halide

Q. To prepare t-Butyl methyl ether, which should be used?

(CH3)3ONa and CH3Br; or (CH3)3Br and CH3OH.
 Important
Name Reactions
Ch – Aldehyde,ketone and carboxylic acid
 Rosenmund reduction
 Acid chloride is hydrogenated over catalyst Pd on BaSO4 and
partially poisoned by the addition of Sulphur or quinoline to give
aldehydes.

Q. What is the role of Sulphur (or quinoline) ?

 Stephen's reaction
 First, nitriles are reduced to corresponding imine using stannous
chloride in the presence of hydrochloric acid.
Next, the imine is hydrolysed to give corresponding aldehyde.
 Etard reaction
 Reaction of methylbenzene(toluene) with chromyl chloride to give
benzaldehyde.
 First, chromyl chloride oxidises methyl group of methylbenzene to a
chromium complex. Hydrolysis of this chromium complex gives
corresponding benzaldehyde.
 Gatterman – Koch reaction
 Benzene is treated with CO and HCl in the presence of lewis
acid like anhydrous AlCl3 to give benzaldehyde.
 Clemmensen reduction
 The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to
CH2 group on treatment with zinc amalgam and concentrated
hydrochloric acid.
 Wolff-Kishner reduction
The carbonyl group of aldehydes and ketones is reduced to CH2 group
on treatment with hydrazine followed by heating with sodium or
potassium hydroxide in high boiling solvent such as ethylene glycol.
 Tollens’ test
 On warming an aldehyde (aliphatic or aromatic) with freshly
prepared ammoniacal silver nitrate solution (Tollens’ reagent), a
bright silver mirror is produced due to the formation of silver
metal.

 Ketones do not react with Tollen's reagents.

 Fehling’s test
 On heating an aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent, a reddish brown
precipitate is obtained.

 Fehling reagent = Fehling solution A + Fehling solution B.

 Fehling solution A is aqueous copper sulphate
 Fehling solution B is alkaline sodium potassium tartarate (Rochelle
salt).
 These two solutions are mixed in equal amounts before test.
 Aromatic aldehydes do not respond to this test.
 Haloform reaction
 Aldehydes and ketones having at least one methyl group linked to the
carbonyl carbon atom (methyl ketones) are oxidized by sodium hypo
halite to sodium salts of corresponding carboxylic acids having one carbon
atom less than that of carbonyl compound.

 The methyl group is converted to haloform.

 Aldol condensation
 Aldehydes and ketones having at least one a-hydrogen undergo a
reaction in the presence of dilute alkali as catalyst to form β-hydroxy
aldehydes (aldol) or β-hydroxy ketones (ketol), respectively, which on
heating give α,β unsaturated compounds. This is known as Aldol
reaction.
 Cross Aldol condensation
 When aldol condensation is carried out between two different aldehydes
and / or ketones, it is called cross aldol condensation.
 If both of them contain a-hydrogen atoms, it gives a mixture of
four products.
 Cannizzaro reaction
 Aldehydes that do not have any α-hydrogen undergo
disproportionation i.e., self-oxidation-reduction, on treatment with
concentrated alkali solution.
 In this reaction, one molecule of the aldehyde is reduced to alcohol
while another is oxidized to carboxylic acid salt.
 Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction
 Carboxylic acids having an α-hydrogen are halogenated at the α -
position on treatment with chlorine or bromine in the presence of small
amount of red phosphorus to give α -halocarboxylic acids.
 The reaction is known as Hell-Volhard-Zelinsky reaction.
 Important
Name Reactions
Ch – Amines
 Gabriel phthalimide synthesis
 used for the preparation of primary amines.
 Aromatic primary amines cannot be prepared by this method
because aryl halides do not undergo nucleophilic substitution with the
anion formed by phthalimide.
 Hoffmann bromamide degradation
reaction
 Method for preparation of primary amines.
 In this degradation reaction, migration of an alkyl or aryl group takes place
from carbonyl carbon of the amide to the nitrogen atom. The amine so
formed contains one carbon less than that present in the amide.
 Carbylamine reaction
 Aliphatic and aromatic primary amines on heating with chloroform and
ethanolic potassium hydroxide form isocyanides or carbylamines
which are foul smelling substances.
 Diazotisation reaction
 The conversion of primary aromatic amines into diazonium salts is
known as diazotisation.
 Benzenediazonium chloride is prepared by the reaction of aniline with
nitrous acid at 273-278K.Nitrous acid is produced in the reaction mixture by
the reaction of sodium nitrite with hydrochloric acid.

 Primary aliphatic amines-

 Coupling reaction
 Reactions involving retention of diazo group.
 The azo products obtained have an extended conjugate system having
both the aromatic rings joined through the –N=N– bond. These
compounds are often coloured and are used as dyes
 Reaction with Hinsberg reagent
 Benzene sulphonyl chloride is also known as Hinsberg reagent.
 Is used for the distinction of primary, secondary and tertiary amines
and also for the separation of a mixture of amines.
(i) Primary amine - yields N-ethylbenzenesulphonyl amide.
 nitrogen in sulphonamide is strongly acidic due to the presence of
strong electron withdrawing sulphonyl group. Hence, it is soluble in
alkali.
 (ii) Secondary amine - yields N,N-diethylbenzenesulphonamide

 Since N, N-diethylbenzene sulphonamide does not contain any hydrogen

atom attached to nitrogen atom, it is not acidic and hence insoluble in
alkali.

(iii) Tertiary amines - do not react with benzenesulphonyl chloride.