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Reduction reactions:
decrease the number of oxygens bonded to a
carbon
decrease the number of bonds between
carbon and oxygen
CH3CH2OH CH3CO2H
Reactions of Alcohols
Example: Classify the following reactions as an
oxidation or reduction.
OH O
CH4 CO2
CH
CH4
CO2
CO2
4
CH3CH2OH CH3CO2
CH3CH2OH CH3CO2H O H
CHC3CH2OH CO2H C
Reactions of Alcohols
Primary and secondary alcohols are easily
oxidized by a variety of oxidizing agents.
Substances that cause another to be
oxidized
OH O
[O]
R C H R C H
H
OH O
DMSO, (COCl)2
R C H R C H
Et3N, CH2Cl2
H
-60oC
Reactions of Alcohols
Dess-Martin Periodinane (DMP) can be used to
oxidize a 1o ROH to an aldehyde (or 2o ROH to
ketone)
OH O
DMP
R C H R C H
RT
H
AcO OAc
I OAc
DMP = O
O
Reactions of Alcohols
Examples:
O
DMSO, (COCl)2
CH3(CH2)8CH2OH o CH3(CH2)8CH
Et3N, CH2Cl2, -60 C
85%
DMP
CH2OH CHO
RT
O
PCC
OH CH2Cl2 H
Reactions of Alcohols
Oxidation of 1o Alcohols to Carboxylic Acids
OH O
[O]
R C H R C OH
H
Common Reagents:
Chromic acid reagent
Na2Cr2O7/H2SO4 or K2Cr2O7/H2SO4
or
CrO3
or
NaOCl (aq)
Reactions of Alcohols
Examples:
Na2Cr2O7
CH2OH CO2H
H2SO4
O
NaOCl
OH OH
H2O
Reactions of Alcohols
Oxidation of 2o Alcohols
2o alcohols are converted to ketones
OH O
[O]
R C H R C R'
R'
NaOCl
OH O
H2O
85%
OH O
K2Cr2O7
H2SO4
OH O
DMP
CHCH3 CCH3
RT
Reactions of Alcohols
Examples: Predict the major product.
PCC
OH
CH2Cl2
OH
CH3
DMSO, (COCl)2
CHCH2CH2OH
Et3N, CH2Cl2, -60oC
OH
Na2Cr2O7
OH
H2SO4
Reactions of Alcohols
Other oxidizing agents can also be used to
oxidize alcohols:
KMnO4 (aq), OH- Must be carefully controlled
because they can also cleave
cold HNO3 C-C bonds.
CH3 CH3
H2SO4
CH3 C OH CH2 C + H2O
D CH3
CH3
equilibrium process
drive reaction to completion by removing
alkene as formed (LeChatelier’s Principle)
Reactions of Alcohols
Typical reaction conditions
acid catalyst
conc. H2SO4
conc. H3PO4
heat
Saytzeff’s product
+
Reactions of Alcohols
Step 3: Deprotonation to form alkene
Reactions of Alcohols
Example: Predict the major product formed in
the following reactions.
CH3
OH H2SO4
D
CH3 H3C
H2SO4
CH3CCH2OH o C=CHCH3
150 H3C
CH3
Reactions of Alcohols
Williamson Ether Synthesis
SN2 reaction between an alkoxide ion and an
alkyl halide to form an ether.
- +
RO Na + R'CH2X ROCH2R'
OH
(1) NaH/THF
(2) CH3I