Class XII Chemistry Distinguish between organic pairs

Lucas test

 Used to distinguish primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols.

 Lucas reagent – equimolar mixture of conc. HCl and anhydrous ZnCl2
 Alcohol is treated with Lucas reagent, turbidity due to the formation of insoluble alkyl chloride is observed.
 If the turbidity appears immediately, the alcohol is tertiary.
 If the turbidity appears in about five minutes, the alcohol is secondary.
 A primary alcohol does not react with Lucas reagent at room temperature and hence no turbidity is formed.
Iodoform test
• Iodoform test is a test for the CH3-CO group and is characteristic for alcohols and methyl ketones
• Reagents- compounds containing CH3-CO or CH3-CH(OH) group, sodium hydroxide and iodine
• Product formed- iodoform,(CHI3) which is a pale yellow in colour
Tollens’ test
• Given by aldehydes and formic acid.
• Tollen’s reagent- ammoniacal silver nitrate solution
• The aldehydes are oxidised to corresponding carboxylate anion.The reaction occurs in alkaline medium.
• A bright silver mirror is produced due to the formation of silver metal.
• Also known as Silver mirror test.
Fehling’s test
• Fehling reagent comprises of two solutions,
• Fehling solution A and Fehling solution B
• Fehling solution A is aqueous copper sulphate
• Fehling solution B is alkaline sodium potassium tartarate (Rochelle salt).
• On heating an aldehyde with Fehling’s reagent, a reddish brown precipitate is obtained
Azo dye test
• It involves the reaction of any aromatic primary amine with nitrous acid followed by treatment with an
alkaline solution of 2-naphthol, when a brilliant yellow , orange or red coloured dye is obtained.
• Used to distinguish between aliphatic primary amine and aromatic primary amine.
Hinsberg’s test
• Used for distinguishing primary, secondary and tertiary amines.
• Hinsberg’s reagent- benzenesulphonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl)
• In this test amine is shaken with Hinsberg’s reagent in presence of excess of aqueous KOH solution.
• A primary amine gives a clear solution which on acidification gives an insoluble N-
alkylbenzenesulphonamide.10
• A secondary amine gives an insoluble N,N-dialkylbenzenesulphonamide which remains unaffected on
addition of acid.
• A tertiary amine does not react at all. Therefore, it remains insoluble in the alkaline solution but dissolves on
acidification to give a clear solution.
Differentiate
1. Phenol and benzoic acid
2. Butan-1-ol and 2-methylpropan-2ol
3. CH3CH2NH2 and(CH3)2NH
4. Ethyl amine and diethyl amine
5. Propan-1-ol and propan-2-ol
6. Methyl ethanoate and ethyl ethanoate
7. Aniline and N-ethyl aniline

8.
9. Aniline and benzylamine
10. Ethylamine and Aniline