Practical Organic Chemistry

Detection of Carbon and Hydrogen

Liebig’s Test
Test For Nitrogen
Test For Sulphur

Sodium nitroprusside test:

The one portion of the extract, a few drops sodium
nitroprusside are added. The appearance of violet colouration
indicates sulphur.
Test For Halogens
Test for phosphorus
Test for unsaturation

Bromine water Test:

Addition of bromine to an alkene results in the formation
of vicinal dibromide. The reddish orange colour of the
solution of bromine in carbon tetrachloride disappears
on reaction with an alkene
 Test for unsaturation

Bayer’s Test
Alkenes decolourise the neutral/alkaline KMnO4 solution
and vicinal glycols are formed (Bayer’s test).
Test for (-OH) Alcoholic group

Ceric ammonium nitrate Test

Alcoholic compounds on reaction with ceric ammonium

nitrate give a red colouration due to the formation of a
complex.
Test for (-OH) Alcoholic group

Lucas Test

Tertiary alcohols react almost instantaneously, secondary

alcohols react in about 1-5 minutes and primary alcohols react
very slowly. The reaction may take 10 minutes to several days.
 Test for Phenols

Ferric Chloride Test

Phenols give coloured complex with neutral ferric
chloride solution.
 Test for Phenols

Phthalein dye test

Phenols condense with phthalic anhydride in the presence of
concentrated H2SO4 , Phenol condenses to give phenolphthalein
which gives a dark pink colour with NaOH solution.
 Test for Phenols

Phthalein dye test

Test for Phenols

Libermann’s Reaction
While phenol is reacted with NaNO2 and concentrated
H2SO4, it provides a deep green colour which changes
to red on dilution with water. while generated alkaline
along with NaOH, blue colour is restored.
 Test for Phenols

Libermann’s Reaction
Test for Phenols

Bromine Water Test

Aqueous or alcoholic solution of the organic
compound is mixed with bromine water. A yellowish
white precipitate is formed.
 Test for Carbonyl Group

2,4-DNP Test

On reaction with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP), they form the

respective 2,4–dinitrophenyl hydrazones.
Test for Carbonyl Group

Sodium Bisulphite Test

This test is not given by aromatic ketones like acetophenone and

benzophenone. This is also not given by Pentan-3-one.
Test for Aldehyde only

Tollen’s Test

Both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes give this test but

ketones do not respond to this test because like aldehydes they
are not good reducing agent.
Test for Aldehyde only

Fehling’s Test

This test is given only by aliphatic aldehydes but not by

aromatic aldehydes
 Test for Aldehyde only

Benedicts test

Benedict modified the original Fehling’s test by using a single

solution which is more convenient for the test. Benedict’s
solution is more stable than Fehling’s reagent and can be stored
for a long time. It is an alkaline solution containing a mixture of
copper sulphate and sodium citrate (2Na3C6H5O7.11H2O).
Test for COOH Group

Sodium Bicarbonate Test

RCOOH + NaHCO3 → RCOONa + H2O + CO2↑

Test for COOH Group

Ester Test or Fruity Smell Test

 Test for Amines

Carbylamine Reaction

Aliphatic as well as aromatic primary amines give

carbylamine test in which an amine is heated with
chloroform.
 Test for Amines

Nitrous acid Test

 Test for Amines

Azo dye test

Aromatic primary amines can be confirmed by azo dye test.

Primary amine e.g. aniline reacts with nitrous acid generated in
situ by the reaction of sodium nitrite with HCl at 0–5°C to
produce diazonium salt. This couples with β-naphthol to give a
scarlet red dye, which is sparingly soluble in water.
 Test for Amines

Azo dye test

 Test for Amines

Hinsberg’s Test

Benzenesulphonyl chloride (C6H5SO2Cl), which is also known

as Hinsberg’s reagent, reacts with primary and secondary
amines to form sulphonamides
 Test for Amines

Hinsberg’s Test (Primary Amines)

 Test for Amines

Hinsberg’s Test (Secondary Amines)

Insoluble in alkali
 Biuret Test

The biuret test is a chemical test that can be used to see if an

analyte has peptide bonds or not. As a result, the biuret test may
be used to figure out how much protein is in the analyte. In this
test, the presence of peptides induces the copper (II) ion to form
pale purple (or mauve) coordination complexes (when the
solution is sufficiently alkaline).
Molisch’s Test

In Molisch’s test, the carbohydrate (if present) undergoes

dehydration upon the introduction of concentrated hydrochloric or
sulphuric acid, resulting in the formation of an aldehyde. This
aldehyde undergoes condensation along with two phenol-type
molecules (such as α-naphthol, resorcinol, and thymol), resulting
in the formation of a purple or reddish-purple coloured complex.
Molisch’s Test
Seliwanoff’s Test

Seliwanoff’s test is used to distinguish aldoses from ketoses. On

treatment with a concentrated Acid, ketoses are dehydrated more
rapidly to give furfural derivatives and on condensation with
resorcinol give cherry red complex. The test will be answered by
fructose, sucrose and other keto containing carbohydrates. If the
reaction is allowed for a longer time (more than 10 minutes),
aldoses also may produce positive results. Seliwanoff’s test is
often considered to be a test for ketohexoses in carbohydrates.

● Seliwanoff’s reagent: Add 0.05% resorcinol

(m-hydroxybenzene) in 3 N HCl. Dissolve 50 mg
resorcinol in 33 ml concentrated HCl and make it 100 ml
with water.
 Barfoed Test

● The Barfoed’s test is used to differentiate reducing monosaccharide

from a disaccharide sugar. The reaction is conducted in a slightly acidic
medium.
● A mixture of ethanoic (acetic) acid and copper(II) acetate, is added to
the test solution and boiled.
● Reducing monosaccharides react with Bedford’s reagent much faster
than disaccharides and produce a copious amount of red precipitate of
copper (I) oxide within three minutes. Disaccharide sugars as they are
weaker reducing agents, react at a slower rate and so do not form red
precipitate even for ten minutes. Some hydrolysis of disaccharides may
lead to trace precipitates which tends to adhere to the walls of the test
tube.
Ninhydrin Test

The ninhydrin test is a chemical test which is used to check whether a

given analyte contains amines or α-amino acids. In this test, ninhydrin
(a chemical compound with the formula C9H6O4; IUPAC name:
2,2-dihydroxyindane-1,3-dione) is added to a test solution of the
analyte. The development of a deep blue colour indicates the presence
of ammonia, primary/secondary amines, or amino acids in the
analyte.
Xanthoproteic Test

Xanthoproteic test is a biochemical test for the detection of amino acids

containing phenolic or indolic groups like phenylalanine, tyrosine, and
tryptophan (aromatic amino acids). The Xanthoproteic test is based on the
fact that aromatic groups in the amino acids are nitrated by heating with
concentrated HNO3 to yield intensely yellow-colored nitro derivative. On the
addition of alkali, however, the residue turns orange due to the formation of
a salt of the tautomeric form of the nitro compound. Benzene
ring-containing amino acids like phenylalanine don’t give a positive test to
this test because the phenyl group in phenylalanine is very stable, which
doesn’t react with nitric acid in the conditions of this test.
Quantitative analysis
Estimation of Carbon and Hydrogen:
Estimation of Nitrogen
Estimation of Nitrogen
Estimation of Halogens
Estimation of Sulphur and Phosphorus
You can contact me

BeastChemist

flexaryan_/Beastchemist

@BEASTCHEMIST
Mohit Ryan Sir
Join Vedantu JEE
Telegram channel
NOW!
Assignments
Notes
Daily Update

https://vdnt.in/JEEVedantu