CHEMICAL TESTS FOR FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

2022-2023
PRESENTATION
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CARBONYL COMPOUND

CARBOXYLIC ACID

PHENOLS

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 1-Carbonyl Compound
A.BRADY’S TEST :
(2,4-DINITROPHENYLHYDRAZINE TEST):
PRESENTATION

The Brady's Test, also known as the 2,4-

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Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP) Test, is a general

test used to detect the presence of carbonyl
compounds, specifically aldehydes and ketones. The
test relies on the reaction between the carbonyl group
and 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine to form a yellow to
orange precipitate.

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 REAGENTS:
:
1. 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP): A solution of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
in ethanol or a mixture of ethanol and water.
2. Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4): Used to enhance the reaction.
  PROCEDURE:
1.Sample Preparation:
PRESENTATION

Dissolve a small amount of the organic compound (containing a carbonyl group)

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in a suitable solvent like ethanol or acetone. If the compound is a solid, it may

need to be dissolved in a small amount of solvent first.
2.Addition of 2,4-DNP Reagent:
To the solution, add a few drops of the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine reagent.
3.Acidic Conditions:
Add a few drops of sulfuric acid to the reaction mixture. The acid helps in the
formation of the yellow to orange precipitate.

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 4.Observation:
Observe the reaction mixture for the formation of a precipitate. A positive test
PRESENTATION

is indicated by the appearance of a yellow to orange-colored precipitate. The

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color and characteristics of the precipitate can be used to identify the specific
carbonyl compound.
5.Results:
The appearance of a yellow to orange precipitate indicates the presence of a
carbonyl group in the tested compound.

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  Aldehydes and Ketones: Both aldehydes and ketones can give positive
results in the Brady's Test.
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 Specificity: While the test is not specific enough to distinguish between

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aldehydes and ketones, additional tests or reactions may be used for further
identification.

Note:
The Brady's Test is a qualitative test and does not provide quantitative information.
It's important to note that the Brady's Test is just one of several methods used for the
detection of carbonyl compounds, and additional confirmatory tests may be needed
for accurate identification.
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 B. TOLLENS TEST:
PRESENTATION

The Tollen's Test, also known as the silver mirror test, is a chemical test used to
detect the presence of aldehydes. This test is based on the reduction of silver
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ions to metallic silver by aldehydes in an alkaline solution. The formation of a

silver mirror on the inside surface of a test tube is a positive result.

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PRESENTATION
Procedure:

1. Put (10 drop )of silver nitrate in test tube .

2. Add (5 drop ) of NaOH solution.
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3. Shake the tube then appear brown ppt.

4. Add ammonia hydroxide drop by drop until the solution becomes colorless.
5. Add (10 drop ) of sample .
6. Put the tube in the water bath for ( 5 min.)
7. It is a formation of silver mirror , It is a positive for an Aldehyde.

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 Aldehydes: Tollen's Test is specific for aldehydes. Ketones do not react under
these conditions
PRESENTATION

Note:
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The reaction involves the oxidation of aldehydes to carboxylic acids and

the simultaneous reduction of silver ions to metallic silver, forming the
silver mirror.
It's important to note that Tollen's Test is just one method among many
used to identify and distinguish between different functional groups in
organic compounds. Always confirm the results with additional tests if
needed.
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 2.Carboxylic Acid
PRESENTATION

SODIUM BICARBONATE TEST:

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The sodium bicarbonate test is a simple chemical test used to distinguish

between carboxylic acids and phenols based on their acidic properties. Both
carboxylic acids and phenols can react with sodium bicarbonate (baking soda),
but the reactions differ.
Carboxylic Acid + Sodium Bicarbonate → Salt + Carbon Dioxide + Water

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 Procedure:
PRESENTATION

Two test tube

Tube (1) 20 drop of sample
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Tube (2) 20 drop of NaHCO2

 Add tube (2) to the tube (1)
It is a positive when , Evolution of carbon dioxide (bubbles)

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  If effervescence (bubbling) occurs, it indicates the presence of a carboxylic acid.
PRESENTATION

Carboxylic acids react with sodium bicarbonate to produce carbon dioxide gas,
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water, and the corresponding salt.

Note:
The sodium bicarbonate test is a quick qualitative test to distinguish between
carboxylic acids and phenols based on their acidity.
This test is not specific enough to identify the specific carboxylic acid or phenol
present.
It's important to use this test in conjunction with other tests and information to
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 3.PHENOLS:
PRESENTATION

FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST:

The Ferric Chloride Test is a common chemical test used to detect the
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presence of phenols in organic compounds. Phenols react with ferric chloride

(3FeCl3​) to form colored complexes. The color change is indicative of the
presence of phenolic groups.

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 PRESENTATION

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 Procedure:
PRESENTATION

1. Put (15drops) of sample

2. Add (3drop) of FeCL3
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3. The color is changes is appositive except ( yellow )

Note :
Because the color of reagent is yellow

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 Interpretation:
PRESENTATION

 Positive Result for Phenols:

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If a color change occurs, it indicates the presence of phenolic groups.

Different phenols may produce different colors. Common colors include violet,
purple, green, or blue.
 Negative Result for Non-Phenolic Compounds:
If there is no color change, it suggests the absence of phenolic groups.

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 Note:
PRESENTATION

It's important to note that while the Ferric Chloride Test is valuable for detecting
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phenolic groups, it is just one of several test used in organic chemistry to identify
functional groups in compounds. Always consider the results of multiple tests for
accurate compound identification.

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