CHY 42.

1
Activity No. 8

Aldehydes and Ketones

Class Section/Schedule: BSES-1A/M-F 10:00am-1:00pm

Group Members: GRANADA, GIL

GERONIMO, KATE
MARANAN, MERY CRIS
JASMIN, TRISTAN CARL
GOMEZ, DAPHNIE MARIE
Theory
Aldehydes and ketones are compounds containing carbonyl
group. Carbonyl group consists of a carbon atom bonded to
oxygen atom by a double bond.

The carbon contains a partial positive charge (δ+) and the oxygen in ketones, the carbonyl carbon is
contains a partial negative charge (δ−). attached to two aliphatic or aromatic
groups.

The presence of oxygen with its non-bonding electron pairs

makes aldehydes and ketones hydrogen-bond acceptors, and
should increase their water solubility relative to hydrocarbons.

In aldehydes, the carbonyl carbon is attached to at least one

hydrogen atom and to a carbon containing group (aliphatic or
aromatic radical). Formaldehyde is an exception, in which
carbonyl group is attached to two hydrogen atoms.
 1. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine
test (2,4-DNP test
 
Confirmatory Tests for
Aldehydes and Ketones
1. 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine test (2,4-DNP
test)

2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine can be used to 2. Sodium bisulphite test

qualitatively detect the carbonyl group of an aldehyde
or ketone. A positive result is indicated by the
formation of a yellow or orange-red precipitate of 2,4-
dinitrophenylhydrazone.
2. Sodium bisulphite test

Most aldehydes and ketones give bisulphite addition

product with sodium bisulphite, which is white Ketone
crystalline in nature.
Differentiating Tests for Aldehydes
2
1 Schiff’s Test
Tollens’ Test 3. Fehling’s Test3
The reagents used in this test are
Fehling’s solution A and Fehling’s
Tollens reagent is solution B. Fehling’s solution A is an
aqueous solution of copper sulfate and
ammoniacal silver Fehling’s solution B is a clear solution
Aldehydes give nitrate. Aldehydes react of sodium potassium tartrate (Rochelle
salt) and strong alkali (usually NaOH).
pink or magenta with Tollens’ reagent to
color with form elemental silver, The final Fehling’s solution is obtained
accumulated onto the by mixing equal volumes of both
Schiff’s inner surface of the
Fehling’s solution A and Fehling’s
solution B that has a deep blue color. In
reagent. reaction vessel, Fehling’s solution, copper (II) ions form
a complex with tartrate ions in alkali.
producing silver mirror Aldehydes reduces the Cu(II) ions in the
on the inner surface of Fehling’s solution to red precipitate of
cuprous oxide or copper (I) oxide.
the vessel.
 Reaction of aldehyde with Schiff’s reagent Reaction of aldehyde with
Tollens’ reagent

Reaction of aldehyde with Fehling’s

solution

Kajian Teori
 Differentiating tests for Ketones
1. m-dinitrobenzene Test
2. Sodium nitroprusside Test

Keabsahan
triangulasi
Data:

Analisis data:
Reduksi,dll

Ketones react with m-dinitrobenzene

The anion of the ketone formed
to give a violet coloration.
by an alkali reacts with nitroprusside ion
to form a red colored complex.
 Confirmatory Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

PROCEDURES
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine Test
Take a small quantity of acetone in a clean dry test tube.
Add rectified spirit until the compound dissolves.
Add few drops of 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine solution.
Cork the test tube, shake the mixture and allow it to stand for
5 minutes.
Record you observation.
Repeat the same steps for acetaldehyde

(1) Addition of rectified (3) Mixture allowed to (4) Result

spirit to the test solution stand for 5 minutes

(2) Addition of

2 , 4 -DNP to the

mixture
 Confirmatory Tests for Aldehydes and Ketones

PROCEDURES
Sodium bisulphite Test
Take about 2 mL of saturated solution of sodium bisulfite in
a clean test tube.
Add a small quantity of acetone.
Cork the test tube, shake and leave it for 15-20 minutes.
Record your observation.
Repeat the same steps for acetaldehyde

(4) Result

(2) Addition
of the test (3) Mixture allowed to
(1) Sodium bisulphite
solution stand still for 20 minutes
placed on a test tube
 Differentiating Tests for Aldehydes

PROCEDURES
Schiff’s Test
Place a small quantity of acetaldehyde in a clean test tube.
Add about 1 mL of Schiff’s reagent and shake it well.
Record your observation.
Repeat the same steps for benzaldehyde, acetone and
cyclohexanone.

(1) Test (3) Result

solution

placed

on a test

tube

(2) Addition of Schiff’s

reagent to the sample

 Differentiating Tests for Aldehydes

Tollen’s Test (Silver mirror test)

Take about 1 mL of silver nitrate solution in a clean test tube.
PROCEDURES
Add 2-3 mL of dilute NaOH solution. (brown precipitate of
silver oxide forms)
Add dilute ammonia solution dropwise until the brown
precipitate of silver oxide dissolves.
To this, add 3-4 drops of acetaldehyde and warm the test tube (4) Brown

on a water bath for about 5 minutes. ppt dissolves

Record your observation.

Repeat the same steps for benzaldehyde, acetone and (1) Silver nitrate (2) Addition (3) Addition (5) Addition of

cyclohexanone.
placed on a test tube of NaOH of ammonia test solution

(7) Result

(6) Water bath

for 5 minutes
 Differentiating Tests for Aldehydes

Fehling’s Test
Take 1 mL each of Fehling’s solution A and B in a test tube.
PROCEDURES
Add 4-5 drops of acetaldehyde and warm the test in a water
bath for 4-5 minutes.
Record your observation.
Repeat the same steps for benzaldehyde, acetone and
cyclohexanone.

(2) Addition of test solution (4) Result

(1) Addition of

Fehling’s

solution (A&B)
(3) Water bath
to a test tube
for 5 minutes
 Differentiating Tests for Ketones

m-Dinitrobenzene Test
Measure 1 mL of acetaldehyde and pour into a clean test
PROCEDURES
tube.
Add about 0.1 g of finely powdered m-dinitrobenzene.
Add about 1 mL of dilute sodium hydroxide solution and
shake well.
Record your observation.
Repeat the same steps for benzaldehyde, acetone and
cyclohexanone.

(3) Addition (4) Result

of NaOH

(1) Test

solution

placed on (2) Addition of m -

a test tube dinitrobenzene

 Differentiating Tests for Ketones

Sodium nitroprusside Test

Dissolve a small quantity of sodium nitroprusside in about 1
PROCEDURES
mL of distilled water in a clean test tube.
Add a 1 mL of acetaldehyde, shake the test tube well and add
sodium hydroxide solution dropwise.
Record your observation.
Repeat the same steps using benzaldehyde, acetone and
cyclohexanone instead of acetaldehyde.

(2) Addition of
test solution

(1) Dissolution of sodium

nitroprusside i n distilled water

(4) Result

(3) Addition of
NaOH dropwise
Wr i t e y o u r t e x t h e r e

S U M
Wr i t e y o u r t e x t h e r e
M A

R Y
Wr i t e y o u r t e x t h e r e
Aldehydes and Ketones
ACTIVITY SHEET
Confirmatory Tests for aldehydes and ketones
2,4-Dinitrophenyl Sodium bisulphite Test
hydrazine Test
Acetone + +

Acetaldehyde + +
 Differentiating Tests for Aldehydes
Schiff’s Test Tollens’ Test Fehling’s Test
Acetaldehyde Pink/m (+) Silver( +) Red (+)
Benzaldehyde Pink k/m(+) Silver (+) Red (+)

Acetone - - -
Cyclohexanon - - -
e
Differentiating Tests for ketones
M-Dinitrobenzene Sodium nitroprusside
test

Acetaldehy - -
de
Benzaldehy - -
de
Acetone + +
Cyclohexan + +
one
What is the main difference between aldehydes and ketones in terms of structure
and reactivity?

• An aldehyde combines to an alkyl on one side and a Hydrogen atom on the other,
while the ketones are known for their double alkyl bonds on both sides. Also, the
presence of a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon-oxygen double bond in the
aldehyde. Ketones don't have that hydrogen.

What is the element responsible for the observable positive result in Tollens’ Test?
• Elemental Silver

What is the purpose of adding a base in Sodium nitroprusside Test?

• To form a red colored complex.

Why are ketones resistant to oxidation?

• Because ketones do not have hydrogen atom attached to their carbonyl.
Thank you!