NAVRACHANA SCHOOL, SAMA

CHEMISTRY JOURNAL STD XII

INDEX
NO. EXPERIMENTS
1. To prepare crystals of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (Mohr’s salt) FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O]
2. To identify the given inorganic salt [NH4Br]
3. To identify the given inorganic salt [Al2(SO4)3]
4. To identify the given inorganic salt [ZnCl2]
5. To identify the given inorganic salt [BaCl2]
6. To identify the given inorganic salt [Ca(NO3)2]
7. To identify the given inorganic salt [Sr(NO3)2]
8. To identify the given inorganic salt [MgSO4]
9. To identify the given inorganic salt [(NH4)3PO4]
10. To identify the functional group in the given organic compound
(A) Alcohol
(B) Phenol
(C) Aldehyde
(D) Ketone
(E) Carboxylic acid
(F) Amine
11. To identify the presence of Carbohydrate, Fat & Protein from the given food samples
(A) Carbohydrates
(B) Proteins
(C) Fats
12. To study the effect of Concentration on the rate of reaction between Sodium thiosulphate and
Hydrochloric acid.
13. To study the effect of Temperature on the rate of reaction between Sodium thiosulphate and
Hydrochloric acid.
14. To separate the components present in the mixture of inks by ascending paper chromatography
and to find their Rf values.
15.

1
 EXPERIMENT 1
PREPARATION OF DOUBLE SALT
AIM:To prepare crystals of Ferrous Ammonium Sulphate (Mohr’s salt)
FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O]

THEORY: Mohr’s salt is prepared by dissolving equimolar quantities of hydrated ferrous sulphate
(FeSO4.7H2O) and ammonium sulphate ((NH4)2SO4) in water containing a small amount of sulphuric
acid. The resulting solution is then concentrated and allowed to cool for crystallisation when green
crystals of ferrous ammonium sulphate are formed.

FeSO4.7H2O + (NH4)2SO4 → FeSO4. (NH4)2SO4.6H2O + H2O

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Beakers, china-dish, glass rod, tripod stand, funnel stand, Ferrous sulphate crystals, Ammonium
sulphate crystals, dilute Sulphuric acid.

PROCEDURE

1. Take 7 gms of Ferrous Sulphate and 3.5 gms of Ammonium Sulphate in a clean washed
250ml beaker.
2. Add about 2-3ml of dilute sulphuric acid to prevent hydrolysis of ferrous sulphate.
3. Boil about 20 ml of water in another beaker and add it to the first beaker. Stir with a glass rod
to dissolve the salts properly.
4. Filter the solution to remove undissolved impurities.
5. Transfer the filtrate in a china dish and heat the solution for some time to concentrate it upto
crystallisation point. (1/3rd the original quantity. and add it to the first beaker.)
6. Place the china dish containing saturated solution over a beaker full of cold water. Allow to
cool slowly at room temperature. Crystals appear at the bottom.
7. Decant the liquid. Dry the crystals between wads of filter paper.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Add dilute sulphuric acid to prevent hydrolysis of Ferrous Sulphate.
2. Do not over boil the solution.
3. Allow the solution to cool slowly.

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2
 EXPERIMENT 2-9
TO IDENTIFY THE GIVEN INORGANIC SALT
Note: Please write the following salts according to prescribed procedure

2. To identify the given inorganic salt [NH4Br]

3. To identify the given inorganic salt [Al2(SO4)3]
4. To identify the given inorganic salt [ZnCl2]
5. To identify the given inorganic salt [BaCl2]
6. To identify the given inorganic salt [Ca(NO3)2]
7. To identify the given inorganic salt [Sr(NO3)2]
8. To identify the given inorganic salt [MgSO4]
9. To identify the given inorganic salt [(NH4)3PO4]

3
 EXPERIMENT 10 (A)
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNC. GROUP IN ORG. COMPOUND
ALCOHOLS
Aim: To identify the functional group in given organic compound.

SR. EXPERIMENTS OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

NO
1. Sodium metal test:
• Take 2 mL of organic compound in a Brisk effervescence of Alcoholic group is
dry watch glass. Hydrogen gas present
• Place a piece of sodium metal.

2. Ceric Ammonium Nitrate test:

• Take 1 mL of Ceric Ammonium Nitrate Appearance of pink or Alcoholic group is
solution in a test tube. red colour present
• Add 3-4 drops of organic compound.

3. Ester Test:
• Take 1 mL of organic compound Fruity smell due to Alcoholic group is
solution in a test tube. formation of ester present
• Add 1ml of Acetic acid.
• Then add few drops of conc. H2SO4.
• Warm the mixture in a in a boiling
water bath for 5-10 mins.
• Pour this solution into 20 ml of water
taken in another beaker. Smell.
Reactions:

1. Sodium Metal test:

2ROH + 2Na → RONa + H2(g)

2. Ceric Ammonium Nitrate test:

2ROH + (NH4)2Ce(NO3)4 → (ROH)2Ce(NO3)4 + 2NH4NO3

Pink or Red

3. Ester test:

ROH + R’-COOH → R’-COOR + H2O

Sweet/fruity smell

Precautions:

• Do not throw the unreacted sodium metal into the sink or waste bin, instead add more alcohol
to complete the reaction with unreacted sodium if necessary.

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4
 EXPERIMENT 10 (B)
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNC. GROUP IN ORG. COMPOUND
PHENOLS
NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
1. Litmus test: Blue litmus turns red Acidic in nature
• Put 2-3 drops of organic
compound (O.C) on a moist
blue litmus paper in a
watch glass

2. Ferric Chloride test: Phenolic group

• Take 1-2 mL neutral FeCl3 Violet colouration present
solution in a test tube. Add
2-3 drops of O.C.
• Shake gently if required.

3. Liebermann’s Test: Phenol present

• Take a small qty. of Sod. A deep blue or green coloured
Nitrite in a test tube. product is obtained.
• Add 1 to 2 mL of O.C. to it.
Heat gently (not in water Solution turns red or brown.
bath).
• Allow it to cool. Add a few Solution turns blue or green
drops of conc. H2SO4 and
shake the test tube well.
• Now add 1-2 mL distilled
water.
• Add excess of NaOH to it.
Reactions:

1. Ferric Chloride test:

FeCl3 + 6C6H5OH → [Fe(OC6H5)6]-3 + 3HCl

2. Liebermann’s test:

HO
HNO2
ON OH HO NH O
OH

Indophenol (red)
Phenol p-Nitrosophenol
NaOH

+ -
Na O N O

Indophenol anion (blue)

Precautions:Phenol is a highly corrosive chemical. Handle with care. Use test tube holder.

5
 EXPERIMENT 10 (C)
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNC. GROUP IN ORG. COMPOUND
ALDEHYDES
Aim: To identify the functional group in given organic compound.

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. NaHSO3 Test: White crystalline ppt. Carbonyl group present
• Take 1 ml of O.C. in a test tube.
• Add 1-2 ml of saturated solution of
Sodium bisulphite

2. 2,4-DNP test: Orange red ppt Carbonyl group present

• Take 1 ml of O.C. in a test tube.
• Add 1-2 mL 2,4-dinitrophenyl
hydrazine solution.
• Shake and allow to stand

3. Fehling’s Test: Red ppt formed Aldehydic group

• Take 1 mL of O.C. in a test tube. present.
• Add 1 mL mixture of equal volumes of
Fehling solution.
• Boil for 5 mins in a water bath till ppts.
appear.

4. Tollen’s Test: Silver mirror is formed Aldehydic group

• Take 1 mL of O.C. in a test tube. on the inner walls of present.
• Add 1 ml of Tollen’s reagent. the test tube.
• Keep it in a boiling water bath till silver
mirror appears.

5. Schiff’s Test: Red/Pink/magenta Carbonyl group present

• Take 1 mL of O.C. in a test tube. colouration
• Add 1-2 mL

REACTIONS

1. NaHSO3 Test:

R
R
O + NaHSO 3
H SO3Na
H
HO
Aldehyde Sodium Bisulphite
Sod. Bisulphite Adduct
(Crystalline ppt.)

6
 Note:

a) Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, acetone, butanone, and pentan-2-one give positive this test.
b) Aqueous solutions of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde form addition products but as they are highly soluble,
precipitates are rarely formed.
c) Acetone and benzophenone do not give this test.

2. 2,4 – DNP Test:

O 2N O 2N
R
R H+
N NH NO 2
O + H2N NH NO 2
H H

Aldehyde 2,4 - dinitrophenyl hydrazine Aldehyde 2,4 - dinitrophenyl hydrazone

3. Fehling’s Test:

R R
+ Cu 2O + 3H 2O
O + Cu(OH) 2 + NaOH O
H NaO Red ppt.
Fehling's solution
Aldehyde

Note:

a) Benzaldehyde may or may not give this test as the reaction is very slow.
b) Formic acid also give this test.

4. Tollen’s Test:

RCHO + 2[Ag(NH3)]+ + 3OH- → RCOO- + 2Ag + 4NH3 + 2H2O

Aldehydes Tollen’s reagent silver mirror

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7
 EXPERIMENT 10 (D)
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNC. GROUP IN ORG. COMPOUND
KETONES

8
 EXPERIMENT 10 (E)
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNC. GROUP IN ORG. COMPOUND
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Aim: To identify the functional group in given organic compound.

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

1 Litmus test:
• Place a drop of liq. O. C (or solution) Blue litmus paper turns Acidic in nature
on a moist blue litmus on a watch red
glass.

2. Sodium bicarbonate test:

• Take 1 mL of O.C (liq. or solution) in Effervescence -COOH group present
a test tube. produced
• Add a pinch of NaHCO3.

3. Ester Test:
• Take 1 mL of O.C. solution in a test Sweet smell -COOH group present
tube.
• Add 1 mL of ethyl or methyl alcohol
to it.
• Add a few drops of conc. H2SO4.
• Keep it in a boiling water bath for
about 5mins.
• Pour this solution into 20 ml of water
taken in another beaker. Smell.

Reactions:

1. Sodium bicarbonate test:

RCOOH + NaHCO3 → RCOONa + CO2 + H2O

2. Ester test:
RCOOH + R’OH → RCOOR’ + H2O

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9
 EXPERIMENT 10 (F)
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNC. GROUP IN ORG. COMPOUND
AMINES
Aim: To identify the functional group in given organic compound.

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

1 Solubility test (in HCl):
• Take 1-2 mL dil. HCl in a test tube. Soluble Amino group present
• Add few drops of Org. Compound.
• Shake well.

2. Litmus test:
• Take red litmus paper on a clean and Red Litmus paper turns Amino group present
dry watch glass. blue.
• Place 1-2 drops of Org. Compound
solution.
• Observe the colour change.
3. Azo-dye test:
• Take 1-2 mL of Org. Compound in the Orange red dye Primary aromatic
1st test tube. amino group present
Add 1-2 mL of dil. HCl.
Shake to dissolve.
• Take few crystals (half spatula) of
NaNO2 in the 2nd test tube.
Add 1-2 mL water.
Shake to dissolve.
• Take few crystals (half spatula) of
β-Napthol in the 3rd test tube.
Add 1-2 mL of dil. NaOH.
Shake to dissolve.
• Place all the three test tubes in ice bath
for 5 minutes.
• Add NaNO2 solution to the Org.
Compound. (diazotization)
• Add the above solution to the third test
tube (β-Napthol solution)
4.** Carbylamine test-
• Take 2-3 crystals of KOH in a test Obnoxious, unpleasant Primary aromatic
tube. odour amine present
• Add 1-2 mL Ethyl alcohol & heat to
dissolve it (on a water bath)
• Add few drops of Chloroform.
• Add 1 mL of Org. Compound.
• Pour it into the sink.
• Take 2-3 drops of organic compound,
2-3 drops of chloroform ,followed by
equal amount of KOH solution. Heat
gently.

10
** NOT TO BE DONE BY STUDENTS. PLEASE DO NOT INHALE VAPOURS.

Carbyl amine must be destroyed by pouring conc. HCl as it is poisonous.

Reactions:

1. Solubility Test:
RNH2 + HCl → RNH3+Cl-
Salt (soluble)

2. Azo dye test:

B-Napthol
OH
N N
+ -
NH2 N NCl
NaNO2 + 2HCl OH

-NaCl, -2H2O COUPLING

Aniline DIAZOTIZATION Benzene Diazonium Chloride

Azo dye (Scarlet red colour)

3. Carbyl Amine Test:

RNH2 + CHCl3 + 3KOH → RNC + 3KCl + 3H2O
1°Amine Carbyl Amine

11
 EXPERIMENT 11 (A)
TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF CARBOHYDRATES, FATS,
PROTEINS IN THE GIVEN SAMPLE OF FOOD STUFF
CARBOHYDRATES

AIM: To detect the presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins & Fats

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. MOLISH’S TEST: Purple coloured ring Carbohydrates present
• Dissolve the compound in water . at the junction of two
To 1ml of the compound add a liquids
few drops of 10% naphthol
solution in alcohol (molisch
reagent).
• Add conc H2SO4 slowly along the
sides

2. FEHLING’S TEST: Red precipitate Reducing sugar present

• To 1ml of aqueous solution of the formed
compound taken in a test tube,
add equal volumes of Fehling
solution A and B.
• Heat the test tube in a boiling
water bath for 5 mins.

3. TOLLEN’S TEST: Shining silver mirror Reducing sugar present

• To 1ml of aqueous solution of the or grey ppt formed
compound taken in a test tube,
add Tollen’s reagent and keep the
test tube in a water bath.

4. BENEDICT’S TEST: Red precipitate Reducing sugar present

• To 1ml of aqueous solution of the formed
compound taken in a test tube,
add 1ml of benedict’s solution
and keep the test tube in a water
bath.

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 EXPERIMENT 11 (B)
TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF CARBOHYDRATES, FATS,
PROTEINS IN THE GIVEN SAMPLE OF FOOD STUFF
PROTEINS

AIM: To detect the presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins & Fats

NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. BIURET TEST Violet colour Protein present
• Take 2-3ml of organic
compound in a test tube, add
1-2 ml of 10% NaOH
solution.
• Shake and add 2drops of
CuSO4 Solution

2. NINHYDRIN TEST Blue colour Protein present

• Take about 2ml of given
compound in a test tube.
• Add a few drops of
ninhydrin solution to it and
heat.

3. XANTHOPROTEIC TEST Yellow ppt Protein present

• Take about 2ml of given
compound in a test tube.
• Add a few drops of conc.
HNO3 and boil.

4. MILLON’S TEST White precipitate Protein present

• Take a 2ml of given turns red on heating
compound in a test tube and
add a few drops of Millon’s
reagent.
• Heat the mixture.

13
 EXPERIMENT 11 (C)
TO DETECT THE PRESENCE OF CARBOHYDRATES, FATS,
PROTEINS IN THE GIVEN SAMPLE OF FOOD STUFF
FATS

AIM: To detect the presence of Carbohydrates, Proteins & Fats

S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Add a little drop of the food Appearance of a greasy Presence of fat
stuff on a filter paper spot

2. Shake a small sample of food a) sample is Presence of fat

stuff with water and immiscible in
chloroform taken in separate water
test tubes b) sample is
miscible in
chloroform
3. Heat a little sample with Pungent irritating odour Presence of fat
Potassium bi sulplate
(KHSO4)

14
 EXPERIMENT 12 (A)
STUDY THE EFFECT OF CONCENTRATION ON RATE OF
REACTION
AIM: To study the effect of concentration on the rate of reaction between Sodium thiosulphate
and Hydrochloric acid

THEORY: The rate of reaction increases with the increase in the concentration of the reactants. The
effect of concentration on rate of reaction can be studied easily by the reaction between sodium
thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid.

Na2S2O3 +2HCl → S(s)+2NaCl(aq)+SO2(g) +H2O(l)

The insoluble sulphur, formed during the reaction, gives a milky appearance and makes the solution
opaque. Rate of reaction can be studied by measuring the time taken to produce enough sulphur to
make a mark invisible.

MATERIALS REQUIRED: M Na2S2O3 Solution, 1 M HCl pipette, conical flasks.

PROCEDURE:

1. Wash the conical flask with water and label them as 1,2,3,4,and 5 respectively
2. Add 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 ml of 1M Na2S2O3 solution to the flasks 1,2,3,4,and 5 respectively.
3. Now add 40, 30, 20, and 10 ml of distilled water to the flask 1,2,3, and 4 respectively so that
the volume of solution in each flask is 50 ml.
4. Measure 10ml of 1ml HCl and add it to conical flask no-1 containing 10 ml of 0.1 M Na2S2O3
and 40 ml of distilled water and start the stop watch Shake the contents of the conical flask
and place it on the tile with a cross mark.
5. Observe from top to downwards in the flask and note down the time from the stop watch
when the cross mark becomes invisible.
6. Repeat the experiment by adding 10 ml of I ml HCl to flask 2,3, 4 and 5 and record the time
taken in each case for the cross to become just invisible.

OBSERVATIONS:

Flask Volume of Volume of Total volume of Time taken for cross to

no. Na2S2O3 solution water in volume of HCl (mL) become invisible (secs)
in mL ml solution
1. 10 40 50 10
2. 20 30 50 10
3. 30 20 50 10
4. 40 10 50 10
5. 50 0 50 10

Plot a graph 1/t (in secs) and the volume of sodium thiosulphate. 1/t along vertical axis and
volume of sodium thiosulphate on horizontal axis. It should be a straight line.

RESULT: The graph shows that 1/t is directly proportional to the volume of Na2S2O3 solution,
but 1/t is a direct measure of rate of reaction so rate of reaction is directly proportional to volume
of Na2S2O3 taken. STICK THE GRAPH ON THE BLANK SIDE.

15
 EXPERIMENT 12 (B)
STUDY THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON RATE OF
REACTION
AIM: To study the effect of change in temperature on the rate of reaction between sodium
thiosulphate and hydrochloric acid

THEORY: The rate of reaction increases with increase in temperature. Increase in temperature
increases kinetic energy of the molecules. therefore, the fraction of molecules having energy greater
than its kinetic energy than its threshold energy increases which results in the increase in number of
effective collisions per second .

MATERIALS REQUIRED: 0.1M Na2S2O3 Solution, IM HCl , Distilled water, Conc. HNO3

PROCEDURE:

1. Take 50 ml of 0.1 M Na2S2O3 solution in a 100 ml conical flask and note its temperature
with the help of a thermometer.
2. Place the flask on the tile with across mark.
3. Add 10 ml of 1m HCl to it and start the stop watch immediately.
4. Observe the cross mark from the top and note the time taken for the mark to become just
invisible.
5. Empty the flask and clean it thoroughly with conc, HNO3 and then with water.
6. Take again 50ml of 0.1m Na2S2O3 in conical flask and heat it so that the temperature of
the solution becomes (T+10OC). Add 10 ml of 1M HCl to it and start the stop watch and
note the time taken for the mark to become just invisible.
7. Repeat the above procedure at (T+20)° C, (T+30) °C, T+40) ° C and record the
observations.

THIS IS INCOMPLETE

16
 EXPERIMENT 13
CHROMATOGRAPHY
AIM: To separate the components present in the mixture of inks by ascending paper
chromatography and to find their Rf values.

PRINCIPLE: Chromatography is a physical method of separation, in which the components to be

separated are distributed between two phases, one of which is stationary while the other moves in a
definite direction. In partition chromatography, stationary phase is thin film of liquid adsorbed on an
essentially inert support, mobile phase is a liquid or gas. Paper chromatography is an example of
partition chromatography in which liquid present in the pores of paper is stationary phase and
another liquid is movable phase. Separation depends upon partition of substance between two phases.
In paper chromatography, water present in the pores of the filter paper acts as the stationary phase
and the moving phase can be any solvent. At a given temperature and for a given solvent, it is possible
to determine the characteristic rate of movement of each substance on the chromatographic paper,
which is represented by retardation factor also called Rf value.

𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐮𝐛𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞

𝑹𝒇 =
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐯𝐞𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐝 𝐛𝐲 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐬𝐨𝐥𝐯𝐞𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐧𝐭 𝐟𝐫𝐨𝐦 𝐫𝐞𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞

MATERIALS REQUIRED: Beaker, filter paper, capillary tube, mixture of inks, solvent.

PROCEDURE:

1. Cut a strip of Whattman filter paper (25x5 cm)

2. Mark a starting line on the strip about 4cm from one end with the help of a pencil
3. Put a drop of the mixture of inks with the help of capillary tube in the centre of starting line.
Allow it to dry.
4. Suspend the filter paper in the beaker with the help of glass rod and clip. Add solvent so that
the end of the strip having spot dips about 0.5 cm in the solvent
5. Allow it to stand undisturbed for about 15-30 mins. Different coloured spots will appear at
different heights from the starting line and the solvent front will move higher than the two
spots.
6. Take out the filter paper strip and let it dry. Mark the centres of the spots and the level of the
solvent front with a pencil . Measure the heights of the spots and solvent front from the
starting line.
7. Calculate the Rf values

OBSERVATIONS:

S.NO SUBSTANCE DISTANCE DISTANCE Rf value

TRAVELLED BY TRAVELLED
VARIOUS BY SOLVENT
COMPONENTS
1. Red + green inks a cm x cm a/x
2. Red + green inks b cms x cm b/x

17
RESULT

Rf value of red ink = ______________

Rf value of blue ink = _____________

PRECAUTIONS

1. Use fine capillary tube

2. Spot should be small and concentrated

3. Allow the spot dry before suspending in the solvent

4. Do not dip the spot in the solvent.

5. Wait till the solvent has risen about 10-15 cms from original line.

18