SUBJECT – CHEMISTRY

WEEKLY HOME WORK

WEEK 1
DEAR CHILDREN,
FOLLOW THE GUIDELINES MENTIONED BELOW FOR PREPARATION OF BOARD PRACTICAL FILE:
1. Get Arihant Lab Manual only. No other Lab manual will be accepted.
( online : https://www.amazon.in/Laboratory-Manual-Chemistry-Class-
Combo/dp/9312143689/ref=bmx_2?pd_rd_w=2PVej&pf_rd_p=e1cc32be-bd98-4c8f-97f9-
d875240632c8&pf_rd_r=V1F0RYCPK1471V4KRE3W&pd_rd_r=5c9be62c-b332-4000-aea4-
abd7be333520&pd_rd_wg=6JvJy&pd_rd_i=9312143689&psc=1)
2. Leave the first page and start from the second page.
3.Keep your file neat and clean.
4. Cover with white chart paper.
5. Use black and blue pen only. Rulers to be used wherever required.
6. It is mandatory to write RESULT at the end of each experiment.
7. All the reactions and flow chart is supposed to be done on plain side of the page. Don’t do on ruled side

WATCH THE VIDEO GIVEN:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eBS6apmNL8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GTZBs3iZgg0
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3d_NKyhIwg

Experiment : 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3d_NKyhIwg
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0ocagOCc46U

AIM: To detect acidic and basic radicals in the given salt

APPARATUS USED: Boiling tube, Test tube, Measuring cylinder, Test tube stand, Test tube holder, Delivery tube,
Corks, Filter paper and Reagents.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Colour:
Odour:
Density:
Deliquescence:

Theory:
• Qualitative analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry that deals with the determination of
elemental composition of inorganic salts. It is mainly concerned with the detection of ions in an
aqueous solution of the salt.
• Two basic principles of great use in the analysis are:
(i) the Solubility product
(ii) the Common ion effect.
When ionic product of a salt exceeds its solubility product, precipitation takes place. Ionic product of
salt is controlled by making use of common ion effect.

COMMON ION EFFECT:

The degree of ionisation of a weak electrolyte (weak acid or weak base) is further suppressed
if some strong electrolyte which can furnish some ion common with the ions furnished by weak
electrolyte, is added to its solution. This effect is called common ion effect.
Example:
 DISSOCIATION OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE IN PRESENCE OF HYDROCHLORIC ACID[EDIT]
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a weak electrolyte. It is weakly ionized in its aqueous
solution. There exists an equilibrium between un-ionized molecules and the ions in an
aqueous medium as follows:
H2S ⇌ 2 H+ + S2-
To the above solution of H2S , if we add hydrochloric acid, then it ionizes completely
as
HCl → H+ + Cl−
This makes H+ a common ion and creates a common ion effect. Due to the increase in
concentration of H+ ions, the equilibrium of dissociation of H2S shifts to the left and
keeps the value of Ka constant. Thus the ionization of H2S is decreased. The
concentration of un-ionized H2S is increased. As a result, SULPHIDE ions is
precipitated in GROUP II analysis.

• The systematic procedure for qualitative analysis of an inorganic salt involves the following
steps:
(а) Preliminary tests
(b) confirmatory test

• In salt analysis, preliminary tests for anions are conducted group-wise to find the anion of
the salt. After getting a positive preliminary test for an anion, a confirmatory test must be
conducted to confirm the presence of that anion in the salt.
• Once you get a positive result for a preliminary test for an anion, conduct a confirmatory
test for that anion.
• Conduct preliminary tests for cations group-wise until you obtain a positive result.
• Once a positive result is obtained, conduct a confirmatory test for that cation.
• Now that the cation and the anion are identified, obtain the chemical formula of the salt by
balancing the charges of the cation and anion. For example, if your cation is Fe3+ and your
anion is Cl–, the chemical formula of the salt will be FeCl3.
 •

Procedure:

3. When the gas is passed brown ppt NH4+ confirmed

through Nessler’s reagent

Reactions:
Reactions:
Preliminary test for chloride:
NaCl + H2SO4 ® NaHSO4 +HCl
Pungent smelling gas

Result:
The given salt contains:
Basic radical = ammonium (NH4+)
Acidic radical = Chloride (Cl-)
Precautions:

1. Always wear lab coat before performing the experiments.

2. If you have touched any salt, wash your hands at once. It may be corrosive to skin.
3. Never taste any salt, it may be poisonous. Salts of arsenic and mercury are highly poisonous.
4. Salts like sodium sulphide, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, develop a yellow colour.
5. Never hold the test tube without test tube holder

ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:

1. What is qualitative analysis?

2. What are acidic and basic radicals?
3. What type of bond is present in an inorganic salt?
4. Name the coloured basic radicals.
5. Why do inorganic salt ionise when dissolved in water?
6. What is the importance of preliminary tests in qualitative analysis.
7. What is Nessler’s Reagent?
8. Give the confirmatory test for ammonium and chloride with its reaction.
9. Give the formulae of chromyl chloride.
10. Give the formulae of yellow ppt. obtained in chromyl chloride test.
 Week 2

Experiment: 2
Watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjyKK5a0Ulk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fXo39WiDNhg

AIM: To detect acidic and basic radicals in the given salt

APPARATUS USED: Boiling tube, Test tube, Measuring cylinder, Test tube stand, Test tube holder, Delivery tube,
Corks, Filter paper and Reagents.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Colour:
Odour:
Density:
Deliquescence:

Theory:
• Qualitative analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry that deals with the determination of
elemental composition of inorganic salts. It is mainly concerned with the detection of ions in an
aqueous solution of the salt.
• Two basic principles of great use in the analysis are:
(i) the Solubility product
(ii) the Common ion effect.
When ionic product of a salt exceeds its solubility product, precipitation takes place. Ionic product of salt is
controlled by making use of common ion effect.
COMMON ION EFFECT:
The degree of ionisation of a weak electrolyte (weak acid or weak base) is further suppressed if some
strong electrolyte which can furnish some ion common with the ions furnished by weak electrolyte, is
added to its solution. This effect is called common ion effect.
Group analysis of basic radicals:

Procedure:
Test for basic radicals
Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary test:
Add a few drops of dilute Formation of a white Lead (Pb2+)
hydrochloric acid (HCl) to the precipitate may be
original solution.

Confirmatory test:
Filter, wash and dissolve the
above obtained white ppt. with
water. Divide in two parts:
1. to first part add KI
2. to second part add Yellow ppt. is obtained Pb2+ confirmed.
potassium chromate (K2CrO4)
Yellow ppt. is obtained

Reactions:
Preliminary test of lead:

Confirmatory test :

Test for acidic radicals:

Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary test:
Take a small chunk of the salt Brown fumes with a NO3- may be present
in a test tube and add a few pungent smell
drops of concentrated H2SO4

Confirmatory test:
Brown ring test Formation of a brown ring
Take salt and water in a test at the junction of the acid NO3- confirmed
tube. Add iron (II) sulphate and the solution.
solution (FeSO4) and add
one drop of concentrated
nitric acid (HNO3) along the
side of the test tube.

Reactions:
Preliminary test
2NaNO2 + H2SO4 ® Na2SO4 + 2HNO2
3HNO2 ® HNO3 + 2NO + H2O
2NO + O2 ® 2NO2
Brown gas
Confirmatory test:
Result:
The given salt contains:
Basic radical = Pb2+ (lead)
Acidic radical = NO3- (nitrate)
Precautions:
1. Always wear lab coat before performing the experiments
2. If you have touched any salt, wash your hands at once. It may be corrosive to skin.
3. Never taste any salt, it may be poisonous. Salts of arsenic and mercury are highly poisonous.
4. Salts like sodium sulphide, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, develop a yellow colour.
5. Never hold the test tube without test tube holder

Answer the following questions:

1. Mention the brown ring test. Give the formulae of brown ring.
2. Give the formulae of brown fumes obtained in preliminary test of nitrate.
3. Give the formulae of white precipitate and yellow ppt.
4. What is the formulae of the salt whose ions are detected in above experiment.\
5. Give the reaction of confirmatory test of acidic and basic radical.
 WEEK 3
Experiment: 3
Watch the video:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7PfeaA8kow
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMK4RoYh01o

AIM: To detect acidic and basic radicals in the given salt

APPARATUS USED: Boiling tube, Test tube, Measuring cylinder, Test tube stand, Test tube holder, Delivery tube,
Corks, Filter paper and Reagents.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Colour:
Odour:
Density:
Deliquescence:

Theory:
• Qualitative analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry that deals with the determination of
elemental composition of inorganic salts. It is mainly concerned with the detection of ions in an
aqueous solution of the salt.
• Two basic principles of great use in the analysis are:
(i) the Solubility product
(ii) the Common ion effect.
When ionic product of a salt exceeds its solubility product, precipitation takes place. Ionic product of salt is
controlled by making use of common ion effect.
COMMON ION EFFECT:
The degree of ionisation of a weak electrolyte (weak acid or weak base) is further suppressed if some
strong electrolyte which can furnish some ion common with the ions furnished by weak electrolyte, is
added to its solution. This effect is called common ion effect.
Group analysis of basic radicals:
Procedure:
Test for basic radicals
Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary test:
ake about 2 ml of the original Formation of a black Lead (Pb2+)
solution in a test tube’. Make it precipitate may be
acidic with dil. HCl and warm
the contents. Through this
solution pass H2S gas

Confirmatory test:
Heat the black ppt in 50% HNO3.
Divide in two parts:
1. to first part add KI Yellow ppt. is obtained
2. to second part add
potassium chromate (K2CrO4) Yellow ppt. is obtained Pb2+ confirmed.

Reactions:
Preliminary test:

Confirmatory test:

Test for acidic radicals:

Experiment Observation Inference
Preliminary test:
Take a small chunk of the salt Reddish - brown fumes with Br - may be present
in a test tube and add a few a pungent smell
drops of concentrated H2SO4

Confirmatory test:
MnO2 test Evolution of yellow brown vapours
Heat the salt with solid which turns starch paper yellow Br - confirmed
MnO2 and conc. H2SO4.

Reactions:
Preliminary test:

Confirmatory test:

Result:
The given salt contains:
Basic radical = Pb2+ (lead)
Acidic radical = Bromide (Br-)

Answer the following questions:

1. Mention the Manganese dioxide test. Give the formulae of yellow brown vapours obtained in this test.
2. Give the formulae of reddish brown fumes obtained in preliminary test of bromide.
3. Give the formulae of white precipitate and yellow ppt obtained in testing lead.
4. What is the formulae of the salt whose ions are detected in above experiment.
5. Give the reaction of confirmatory test of acidic and basic radical
 WEEK 4

Experiment: 4
Watch the video :
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0HPi7X2yhbw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Iqn4UdKY1MY

AIM: To detect acidic and basic radicals in the given salt

APPARATUS USED: Boiling tube, Test tube, Measuring cylinder, Test tube stand, Test tube holder, Delivery tube,
Corks, Filter paper and Reagents.

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Colour:
Odour:
Density:
Deliquescence:

Theory:
• Qualitative analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry that deals with the determination of
elemental composition of inorganic salts. It is mainly concerned with the detection of ions in an
aqueous solution of the salt.
• Two basic principles of great use in the analysis are:
(i) the Solubility product
(ii) the Common ion effect.
When ionic product of a salt exceeds its solubility product, precipitation takes place. Ionic product of salt is
controlled by making use of common ion effect.
COMMON ION EFFECT:
The degree of ionisation of a weak electrolyte (weak acid or weak base) is further suppressed if some
strong electrolyte which can furnish some ion common with the ions furnished by weak electrolyte, is
added to its solution. This effect is called common ion effect.
For example, degree of ionisation of NH4OH (a weak base) is suppressed by the addition of NH4Cl (a
strong electrolyte). The ionisation of NH4OH and NH4Cl in solution is represented as follows:

Due to the addition of NH4Cl, which is strongly ionised in the solution, concentration of NH4+ ions
increases in the solution. Therefore, according to Le-Chatelier’s principle equilibrium in equation (12.1)
shifts in the backward direction in favour of unionised NH4OH. In this way, addi¬tion of NH4Cl
suppresses the degree of ionisation of NH4OH. Thus, the concentration of OH– ions in the solution is
considerably reduced and the weak base NH4OH becomes a still weaker base.
The suppression of the degree of ionisation of a weak electrolyte (weak acid or weak base) by the
addition of some strong electrolyte having a common ion, is called the common ion effect.

Group analysis of basic radicals:

Procedure:

Reactions:
Preliminary test:

Confirmatory test:
 Reactions:
Preliminary test:

(vinegar smell)
Confirmatory:

Result:
The given salt contains:
Basic radical = Aluminium (Al3+)
Acidic radical = Acetate (CH3COO-)

Answer the following questions:

1. Mention the blue lake test. Give the formulae of blue lake.
2. Which ion is detected with blue lake experiment?
3. Give the formulae of fruity smell obtained and mention the test in which it is detected.
4. What is the formulae of the salt whose ions are detected in above experiment.
5. Give the reaction of confirmatory test of acidic and basic radical.
6. Which acid is present in vinegar?