Grade 12 Chemistry Observation (Ex 13-25)

TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS AND FATS
Ex.No.: 13
Date:
I. TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES
S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Molisch’s test:
To the given aqueous solution add A violet ring is formed Presence of
Molisch’s reagent (1 % alcoholic solution at the junction of two Carbohydrates
of 1-napthol). Put one ml of con.H2SO4 layers.
slowly along the side of the test tube.
2. Fehling’s Test
To the given aqueous solution add 1-2 Reddish precipitate is Presence of
ml of Fehling’s solution A and Fehling’s obtained. Carbohydrates
solution B and heat it.
3. Tollen’s Test
To the given aqueous solution add 2-3 A shining silver mirror Presence of
ml of Tollen’s reagent. Keep the test is formed. carbohydrates
tube in a boiling water bath for 10
minutes.
4. Benedict’s Test
To the given aqueous solution add 1-2 Reddish precipitate is Presence of
ml of Benedict’s reagent. Keep the test obtained. Carbohydrates
tube in a boiling water bath.
II. TEST FOR PROTEINS

1. Xanthoproteic Test
Take about 2 ml of the given solution in A yellow precipitate / Presence of Proteins
a test tube add a few drops of colouration obtained.
conc.HNO3 and heat.
2. Ninhydrine Test
Take about 2 ml of given solution in a Deep blue colour is Presence of Proteins
test tube add 3-4 drops of Ninhydrine obtained
solution. Boil the contents.
3. Millon’s Test
Take about 2 ml of given solution in a A shining silver mirror Presence of Proteins
test tube add 2 drops of Millon’s is formed.
solution.
4. Biuret Test
To the given sample add 4-5 drops of 1% Bluish violet colour is Presence of Proteins
CuSO4 reagent. Warm the mixture for obtained.
about five minutes.
III. TEST FOR FAT

1. Solubility Test
A little amount of given sample is mixed Insoluble. Presence of Oil and fat.
with water and shake well.
A little amount of given sample is mixed Soluble Presence of Oil and fat
with chloroform and shake well.
2. Acroline Test
A little amount of given sample is heated A pungent irritating gas Presence of Oil and fat
with KHSO4 in a test tube. is formed.
IDENTIFICATION OF FUNCTIONAL GROUP - 1
Ex. No: 14
Date:
Aim:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound
Experiment Observation Inference

1 Test for Unsaturation:
Bayers Test or Permanganate
test:
Dissolve a little amount of the No decolourisation of pink colour Unsaturated
given sample in 2 ml of water compound is absent
or acetone in a test tube. Add
a few drops of alkaline
solution of KMnO4 and shake.
2 Test for alcoholic Group:
Ceric ammonium nitrate test
To about 1 ml of given sample No appearance of red colour Alcohol group is
add a few drops of ceric absent.
ammonium nitrate solution
3 Test for Phenolic Group
Add about 5 ml FeCl3 solution No green or reddish violet colour Phenolic group is
to the sample. absent
4 Test for aldehydic or Ketonic
group:
NaHSO4 Test:
Take 1-2 ml of saturated No white precipitate is formed. Aldehydic or Ketonic
solution of NaHSO4 in a test group is absent.
tube and add a little of organic
compound to it shake and
allow for 5 – 10 min.
5. Test for carboxylic acid Group:
Litmus test
Shake a pinch of the given Blue litmus turns red Carboxylic acid is
compound with water and add present
a drop of blue litmus solution
NaHCO3 Test
Shake the given compound CO2 gas is evolved. Carboxylic acid is
with water and add a pinch of present.
NaHCO3
Ester formation Test:
Heat 0.5 g of given compound Sweet fruit odour Carboxylic group
with ethanol and add few present.
drops of Con. H2SO4 acid.
FeCl3 solution test:
Shake 0.2 g of the compound Coloured (red, yellow) precipitate. Carboxylic acid is
with 5 ml of water. Add present.
NH4OH solution. Boil to
remove excess NH3 cool and
add few drops of neutal FeCl3
solution.
6. Test for primary aromatic
amino group:
Nitrous acid test:
Disslve about 0.2 g of organic No brisk effervescences due to Primary amino group is
compound in 5 ml of dil.HCl in evolution of nitrogen gas. absent.
a test tube. Cool the solution
in the cold NaNO3.
Result:
The given organic compound contains Carboxylic group.
Ex. No: 15
Date:
Aim:

test:
Ester formation Test:
Heat 0.5 g of given compound Pleasant smell due to formation Alcoholic group is
with ethanol and add few of ester. Present.
drops of Con. H2SO4 acid.
Ceric ammonium nitrate test

To about 1 ml of given sample Appearance of red colour Alcoholic group is
add a few drops of ceric Present.
Idoform test:
Warm the given organic Yellow precipitate Alcoholic group is
compound with NaOH solution Present.
and solid Iodine.
group:
NaHSO4 Test:
Take 1-2 ml of saturated No white precipitate is formed. Aldehydic or Ketonic
solution of NaHSO4 in a test group is absent.
tube and add a little of organic
compound to it shake and
5. Test for carboxylic acid Group:
FeCl3 solution test:

Shake 0.2 g of the compound No(red, yellow) precipitate. Carboxylic acid is
with 5 ml of water. Add absent.
solution.
amino group:
Nitrous acid test:
compound in 5 ml of dil.HCl in evolution of nitrogen gas. absent.
in the cold NaNO3.
Result:
The given organic compound contains alcoholic group.
Ex. No: 16
Date:
Aim:

test:
Ceric ammonium nitrate test Alcoholic group is

To about 1 ml of given sample No appearance of red colour absent.
add a few drops of ceric
group:
Tollen’s reagent:
Warm 1 ml of organic
compound with 1 ml of Silvr mirror formed on inner side Aldehydic group is
Tollen’s reagent in a test tube of the test tube. absent.
over a water bath.
NaHSO4 Test:
Take 1-2 ml of saturated
solution of NaHSO4 in a test
tube and add a little of organic White precipitate is formed. Aldehydic group is
compound to it shake and absent.
5. Test for carboxylic acid
Group:
FeCl3 solution test: No (red, yellow) precipitate. Carboxylic acid is

Shake 0.2 g of the compound absent.
with 5 ml of water. Add
solution.
amino group:
Nitrous acid test:
compound in 5 ml of dil.HCl in evalution of nitrogen gas. absent.
in the cold NaNO3.
Result:
The given organic compound contains aldehyde group.
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-1
Ex. No: 17
Date:
AIM
To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical
S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION White Shows absence of Cu2+,
a) Colour of the given salt Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Mn2+, Co2+.
Noted the colour of the
given salt
NH4+ may be present
b) Odour of the salt Ammoniacal smell
Noted the smell of the salt
2 DRY HEATING TEST
Heated a small amount of the
salt in a dry test tube.
a) Gas Evolved  Greenish yellow Cl- indicated
gas, turns starch
iodide paper blue.
b) Formation of Sublimate  White sublimate NH4+ may be present

formed
3. COBALT NITRATE TEST (ASH
TEST)
Taken a pinch of the given  No Characteristic Absence of Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+
salt and added two drops of coloured ash
cobalt nitrate solution.
Dipped a filter paper strip
into this solution and
introduced it into the
oxidizing flame.
4. FLAME TEST
Prepared a paste of the salt in No Characteristic flame Absence of Ca2+,Sr2+
conc. HCl and introduced the Ba2+,Na+,K+,Cu2+
paste into the flame Zn2+, Mn2+,Pb2+
5. DILUTE SULPHURIC ACID
TEST  No characteristic Absence of CO32-, S2-,
Treated a little of the salt change SO32-, NO2- , NO3-
with dil. H2SO4.
6. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of the salt added KMnO4 decolourised in Cl- may be present
dil H2SO4, warmed and added cold
a drop of KMnO4 solution. with evolution of Cl2 gas
7. CONC. H2SO4 Test

Heated a pinch of the salt  Pungent smell Presence of Cl-
with conc. H2SO4 and added
to it a paper pellet.
8. TEST FOR SULPHATE

Boiled a small amount of the No White Precipitate. Absence of Sulphate
salt with dil.HCl and added
BaCl2 solution.
9. TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

Heated a little of the salt with No yellow precipitate Absence of Phosphate
Conc. HNO3 and added
ammonium molybdate
solution
CONFIRMATORY FOR ACID RADICAL
CONFIRMATORY FOR Cl-

1. SILVER NITRATE TEST
Acidified the salt solution with  White Presence of Cl- is
dil.HNO3. Boiled, cooled and then precipitate confirmed
added AgNO3 solution soluble in
NH4OH
2. MANGANESE DIOXIDE TEST

Heated a pinch of the salt with a Greenish yellow gas Presence of Cl- is
small amount of MnO2 and turns starch iodide confirmed
Conc.H2SO4 paper blue
GROUP ANALYSIS

1. Heated a pinch of the salt with Ammonia gas NH4+ present (Zero
conc. NaOH solution. evolved group)
CONFIRMATORY FOR CATION ( BASIC RADICAL)
CONFIRMATORY FOR AMMONIUM ION (NH4+)

1. SODIUM HYDROXIDE TEST
Heated the salt with NaOH Ammonia gas is Presence of
solution. evolved Ammonium
confirmed.
2. NESSLER’S TEST A brownish Presence of NH4+
Passed the ammonia gas precipitate is confirmed.
(obtained above) through obtained
Nessler’s reagent.
RESULT
Acid radical present in the given salt is Cl-
Basic radical present in the given salt is NH4+
The given salt is NH4 Cl (Ammonium chloride)

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT - 2
Ex. No: 18
Date:
AIM

1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION White Shows absence of
a) Colour of the given salt Cu2+, Ni2+, Fe2+, Fe3+,
Noted the colour of the Mn2+, Co2+.
given salt
b) Odour of the salt No Characteristic odour S2-, CH3COO-, NH4+

Noted the smell of the salt may be absent
2 DRY HEATING TEST
Heated a small amount of
the salt in a dry test tube.  Crackling sound Pb(NO3)2 or Ba(NO3)2
a) Decrepitation may be present
The salt decrepitates
b) Residue  Brown when hot Pb2+ may be present
yellow when cold
3. COBALT NITRATE TEST

(ASH TEST)
Taken a pinch of the given  No Characteristic Absence of Zn2+,
salt and added two drops of coloured ash Mg2+, Al3+
oxidizing flame.
4. FLAME TEST
Prepared a paste of the salt  Dull – bluish white Pb2+ indicated
in conc. HCl and introduced
the paste into the flame
TEST  Reddish brown gas, NO2- or NO3- may be
Treated a little of the salt turning ferrous present
with dil. H2SO4. sulphate solution
black.
6. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of the salt added No Characteristic change Absence of Fe2+, Cl-,
dil H2SO4, warmed and Br-, I-, C2O42-
added a drop of KMnO4
solution.
7. CONC. H2SO4 Test
Heated a pinch of the salt  Reddish brown gas Presence of NO 3-
with conc. H2SO4 and added with pungent smell
to it a paper pellet. turns FeSO4 solution
black

Boiled a small amount of No White Precipitate. Absence of Sulphate
the salt with dil.HCl and
added BaCl2 solution.

Heated a little of the salt No yellow precipitate Absence of
with Conc. HNO3 and added Phosphate
ammonium molybdate
solution
CONFIRMATORY FOR NITRATES

1. DIPHENYLAMINE TEST
-
Added a few drops of A deep blue Presence of NO3
diphenylamine to a part of colouration is confirmed
aqueous solution of the salt obtained
2. COPPER CHIPS TEST -
Heated a pinch of the salt with Reddish brown gas Presence of NO3
conc. Sulphuric acid and a few evolved confirmed
copper chips.
3. RING TEST -
To 2-3 mL of the salt solution, A dark brown ring Presence of NO3
added freshly prepared FeSO4 formed at the confirmed
solution. Then added Conc. H2SO4 junction of the two
along the sides of the test tube. liquids.
GROUP ANALYSIS

1. Heated a pinch of the salt with No Ammonia gas NH4+ absent (Zero
2. PREPARATION OF ORIGINAL
SOLUTION
Shook a pinch of the salt with Solution obtained Labelled it as Original
water solution (O.S)
3. To 1mL of the O.S added 1-2 mL White precipitate Group I present
of Dilute HCl (Pb2+)
CONFIRMATORY FOR LEAD (Pb2+)

Boiled the white precipitate with
distilled water and divide the
solution into two parts.
1. i) POTASSIUM IODIDE TEST
Added KI solution to one part of Yellow precipitate Presence of Pb2+
the above solution formed confirmed
2. ii) POTASSIUM CHROMATE TEST
Added potassium Chromate Yellow precipitate
K2CrO4 to the second part of the formed Presence of Pb2+
above solution. confirmed
RESULT
Acid radical present in the given salt is NO3 -
Basic radical present in the given salt is Pb2+
The given salt is Pb(NO3)2 (Lead nitrate)

Ex. No: 19
Date:
AIM

given salt

2 DRY HEATING TEST
Heated a small amount of  White residue Ba2+, Sr2+,.Ca2+,
the salt in a dry test tube. glows on heating Mg2+, Al3+ may be
present

(ASH TEST)
Taken a pinch of the given  Blue ash Al3+ or PO43- may be
salt and added two drops present
of cobalt nitrate solution.
oxidizing flame.
4. FLAME TEST
Prepared a paste of the  No Characteristic Absence of Ca2+, Sr2+
salt in conc. HCl and flame Ba2+, Na+, K+, Cu2+
introduced the paste into Zn2+, Mn2+, Pb2+
the flame
TEST  No characteristic Absence of CO32-, S2-
with dil. H2SO4.
6. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of the salt  No Characteristic Absence of Fe2+, Cl-,
added dil H2SO4, warmed change Br-, I-, C2O42-
and added a drop of
KMnO4 solution.
7. CONC. H2SO4 Test

Heated a pinch of the salt No Characteristic Change Absence of Cl-, Br-,I-,
with conc. H2SO4 and NO3-, CH3COO-,
added to it a paper pellet. C2O42-

Boiled a small amount of White precipitate insoluble Presence of
the salt with dil.HCl and in conc.HCl is obtained Sulphate

with Conc. HNO3 and Phosphate
added ammonium
molybdate solution
CONFIRMATORY FOR SULPHATE

1. BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST
To the salt solution added barium A white precipitate is Presence of Sulphate
chloride solution. formed which is confirmed
insoluble in dil HCl.
2. LEAD ACETATE TEST
To the salt solution added lead A white precipitate is Presence of Sulphate
acetate solution formed which is confirmed
soluble in excess of
hot ammonium
acetate solution
GROUP ANALYSIS

SOLUTION
Shook a pinch of the salt with Solution obtained Labelled it as
water Original solution
(O.S)
3. To 1mL of the O.S added 1-2 mL No white precipitate Group I absent
of Dilute HCl
4. To the above solution passed No Precipitate Group II absent
H2S gas
5. To 1- 2 mL of the O.S added a White precipitate Group III Present
pinch of solid ammonium obtained
chloride and boiled the solution.
Cooled and added excess of
ammonium hydroxide solution
CONFIRMATORY FOR ALUMINIUM (Al3+)

1. LAKE TEST
Dissolved the white precipitate in Blue precipitate Presence of Al3+
dil.HCl and added two drops of floating in the confirmed.
blue litmus solution. To this colourless solution is
added NH4OH dropwise till blue obtained.
colour developed.
2. COBALT NITRATE TEST (ASH Blue coloured ash is Presence of Al3+
TEST) obtained confirmed.
Taken a pinch of the given salt
and added two drops of cobalt
nitrate solution. Dipped a filter
paper strip into this solution and
introduced it into the oxidizing
flame.
RESULT
Acid radical present in the given salt is SO42-
Basic radical present in the given salt is Al3+
The given salt is Al2(SO4 )3 (Aluminium sulphate)

Ex. No: 20
Date:
AIM
given salt
b) Odour of the salt Vineger like smell CH3COO- may be

Noted the smell of the salt present
2 DRY HEATING TEST
Heated a small amount of
the salt in a dry test tube.
a) Gas evolved  Vinegar smell CH3COO- may be
b) Residue present
 White salt becomes CH3COO- may be
black on heating present
 Yellow when hot Zn2+ may be present
white when cold

(ASH TEST)
Taken a pinch of the given  Green ash Zn2+ indicated
salt and added two drops of
oxidizing flame.
4. FLAME TEST
Prepared a paste of the salt  Green flashes Zn2+ or Mn2+
in conc. HCl and introduced may be present
the paste into the flame
with dil. H2SO4.
6. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of the salt added  No Characteristic Absence of Fe2+, Cl-,
dil H2SO4, warmed and change Br-, I-, C2O42-
solution.
7. CONC. H2SO4 Test
Heated a pinch of the salt  Vinegar smell Presence of CH3COO-
with conc. H2SO4 and added
to it a paper pellet.

Boiled a small amount of No White Precipitate. Absence of Sulphate
the salt with dil.HCl and

ammonium molybdate
solution
CONFIRMATORY FOR ANION (ACID RADICAL)
CONFIRMATORY FOR ACETATE

1. OXALIC ACID TEST
Prepared a paste of the salt with Vinegar smell Presence of Acetate
oxalic acid and rubbed the paste confirmed
and smelled.
2. ESTER TEST
Heated a little of the salt with Pleasant fruity smell Presence of Acetate
conc. Sulphuric acid and then of ester confirmed
added ethyl alcohol. Poured the
contents in a beaker full of water.
3. FERRIC CHLORIDE TEST
To the water extract of the salt Reddish coloured Presence of Acetate
added neutral ferric chloride filtrate obtained confirmed
solution. Filtered the solution and
divided the filtrate into two parts
i) To one part added dil HCl Reddish colour Presence of Acetate
ii) To another part added water disappeared confirmed
and boiled. Reddish brown Presence of Acetate
precipitate obtained confirmed
GROUP ANALYSIS

SOLUTION
of Dilute HCl
4. To the above solution passed H2S No Precipitate Group II absent
gas
5. To 1- 2 mL of the O.S added a No precipitate Group III absent
pinch of solid ammonium
6. To the above solution passed H2S White precipitate Group IV present
gas. obtained (Zn2+)
CONFIRMATORY FOR ZINC (Zn2+)

1. SODIUM HYDROXIDE TEST
To one part of O.S added NaOH A white precipitate is Presence of Zinc
solution dropwise. formed confirmed.
2. POTASSIUM FERROCYANIDE White or bluish Presence of Zinc
TEST white precipitate is confirmed.
To another part, added obtained
potassium ferrocyanide solution.
RESULT
Acid radical present in the given salt is CH3COO-
Basic radical present in the given salt is Zn2+
The given salt is Zn(CH3COO-)2 (Zinc acetate)

Ex. No: 21
Date:
AIM

given salt

2 DRY HEATING TEST
Heated a small amount of  White residue, Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Mg2+,
the salt in a dry test tube. glows on heating Al3+ indicated

(ASH TEST)
Taken a pinch of the given  Pink Mg2+ indicated
salt and added two drops of
oxidizing flame.
4. FLAME TEST
Prepared a paste of the salt  No Characteristic Absence of Ca2+,Sr2+
in conc. HCl and introduced flame Ba2+,Na+,K+,Cu2+
the paste into the flame Zn2+, Mn2+,Pb2+
with dil. H2SO4.
6. KMnO4 Test
To a pinch of the salt added  No Characteristic Absence of Fe2+, Cl-,
dil H2SO4, warmed and change Br-, I-, C2O42-
solution.
7. CONC. H2SO4 Test
Heated a pinch of the salt  No Characteristic Absence of Cl-, Br-,I-,
with conc. H2SO4 and added Change NO3-, CH3COO-,
to it a paper pellet. C2O42-

Boiled a small amount of White precipitate insoluble Presence of Sulphate
the salt with dil.HCl and in conc.HCl is obtained

ammonium molybdate
solution
CONFIRMATORY FOR ANION (ACID RADICAL)
CONFIRMATORY FOR SULPHATE

1. BARIUM CHLORIDE TEST
To the salt solution added barium A white precipitate is Presence of Sulphate
chloride solution. formed which is confirmed
insoluble in dil HCl.
2. LEAD ACETATE TEST
To the salt solution added lead A white precipitate is Presence of Sulphate
acetate solution formed which is confirmed
soluble in excess of
hot ammonium
acetate solution
GROUP ANALYSIS

SOLUTION
of Dilute HCl
4. To the above solution passed H2S No Precipitate Group II absent
gas
5. To 1- 2 mL of the O.S added a No precipitate Group III absent
pinch of solid ammonium
6. To the above solution passed H2S No precipitate Group IV absent
gas.
7. Boiled off H2S from the above No Precipitate Group V absent
solution. Added excess of
ammonium hydroxide and then
saturated solution of ammonium
carbonate
8. To the O.S added a pinch of White precipitate Group VI present
NH4Cl, a few drops of NH4OH and obtained
excess of ammonium phosphate
solution
CONFIRMATORY FOR MAGNESIUM (Mg2+)- VI group

1. AMMONIUM PHOSPHATE TEST
To the O.S added a pinch of White precipitate is Presence of Mg2+
NH4Cl, a few drops of NH4OH and obtained. confirmed.
excess of ammonium phosphate
solution and rubbed the sides of
the test tube with a glass rod.
2. COBALT NITRATE TEST (ASH
TEST) Pink ash obtained Presence of Mg2+
Taken a pinch of the given salt confirmed.
and added two drops of cobalt
nitrate solution. Dipped a filter
paper strip into this solution and
introduced it into the oxidizing
flame.
RESULT
Acid radical present in the given salt is SO42-
Basic radical present in the given salt is Mg2+
The given salt is MgSO4 (Magnesium sulphate)

Ex. No: 22
Date:
Preliminary tests
S.No Experiment Observation Inference
Physical examination
a) Noted the colour of the White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
1 salt
b) Noted the smell of the
Vinegar like smell CH3COO- may be present.
salt
Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt
in a dry test tube and
noted the following
observations:
a) Gas evolved Characteristic vinegar like
CH3COO- may be present.
smell.
2
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride, iodide
No sublimate formed.
may be absent.
c) Decrepitation No cracking sound Lead nitrate, Barium nitrate
observed absent.
d)Colour of the residue Brown when hot and
Pb2+may be present.
yellow when cold
Flame test
Prepared a paste of the
3 Dull bluish- white flame Pb2+may be present.
salt with Conc.HCl and
performed flame test.
Charcoal cavity test
Mixed a pinch of the salt
with double the quantity
Brown when hot and
4 of Na2CO3 and heated the Pb2+may be present.
yellow when cold
mixture on a charcoal
cavity in the reducing
flame.
Cobalt nitrate test
To the above the white
No characteristic coloured Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, PO42- may be
5 residue added a drop of
ash. absent
cobalt nitrate solution and
heated in oxidising flame.
Identification of acid radical
Dil sulphuric acid test
Treated a pinch of the salt
6 No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-absent.
With dil H2SO4 and
warmed.
Con sulphuric acid test Colourless vapours with

7 Heated a pinch of the salt smell of vinegar, turns CH3COO- present.
with Con.sulphuric acid blue to litmus red.
KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt
Pink colour of KMnO4 was
8 added dilH2SO4 warm and
not discharged.
then a drop of KMnO4
solution. Cl-, C2O42-, Fe2+ absent.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt No reddish brown gas
9 NO3- may be absent.
with conc. sulphuric acid evolved.
and a few copper chips.
MnO2 test
Heated a small quantity of
10 No greenish yellow gas. Cl-absent.
the salt with solid
MnO2and Con H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a
salt with dil.HCl in a test
11 tube. Filtered the contents No precipitate formed SO42-absent
and to the filtrate added
few drops of BaCl2
solution.
Confirmatory test for acid radical
a) Oxalic acid test
Take a small quantity of
the salt on a watch glass.
Mix it with solid oxalic Smell like that of vinegar CH3COO- confirmed
acid. Prepare paste of it
with a few drops of water.
Rub the paste and smell.
b) Ferric chloride test Reddish coloured filtrate
Take water extract of the
salt. Add neutral ferric
chloride solution. Filter
and divided the filtrate
CH3COO- confirmed
into two portions. Reddish colour
i. To one part, add Dil.HCl. disappears.
ii. To second part, add
water and boil. Reddish brown ppt.
Identification of basic radical
NaOH test
12 Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
conc.NaOH solution
Preparation of original salt solution

Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or dil.HCl
or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).

Group separation
a) To a few drops of the
original solution added Group zero Present
13 Brown precipitate formed
1mL of Nessler’s reagent (NH4+ Present)
and excess of NaOH
solution
b) To a few drops of the
Group I absent
original solution added No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
2mL of dil.HCl.
Confirmatory test for basic radical

Boil white precipitate with
distilled water and divide
the solution into two
parts:
a) KI test Yellow precipitate is Pb2+confirmed
Add KI solution to one part obtained.
of above solution
b) Potassium chromate
test
Yellow precipitate is
Add potassium chromate Pb2+confirmed
obtained.
to the second part of
above solution.
Result:
The given simple salt is: Lead Acetate (Pb(CH3COO)2)
Acid radical: CH3COO-
Basic radical: Pb2+

Ex. No: 23
Date:
Preliminary tests
White
a) Noted the colour of the salt Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
1
b) Noted the smell of the salt Ammoniacal smell NH4+may be present.
2 Dry Heating test
Heated a pinch of the salt in a
dry test tube and noted the
following observations:
a) Gas evolved
Characteristic smell. Gives white
fumes when glass rod dipped in NH4+ may be present.
dil.HCl is brought near the
mouth of the test tube.
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride,
No sublimate formed
iodide may be absent.
c) Decrepitation Lead nitrate, Barium
No sublimate formed
nitrate absent.
d)Colour of the residue
No colour of residue. Pb2+, Zn2+may be absent.
Flame test Prepared a

Ca2+, Zn2+, Pb2+, Mn2+
3 paste of the salt with Conc.HCl No characteristic flame
Ba2+may be absent.
and performed flame test.
Charcoal cavity test Mixed a

pinch of the salt with double
the quantity of Na2CO3 and Pb2+, Zn2+, Mn2+may be
4 White residue.
heated the mixture on a absent.
charcoal cavity in the reducing
flame.
Cobalt nitrate test
To the above the white residue
Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+, PO42-
5 added a drop of cobalt nitrate No characteristic coloured ash.
may be absent
solution and heated in
oxidising flame.

6 Diluted sulphuric acid test Colourless, odourless gas
Treated a pinch of the salt evolved with brisk
CO32- present.
With diluted H2SO4 and effervescence, turned lime
warmed. water milky.
7 Conc. sulphuric acid test
Heated a pinch of the salt with No reddish brown gas evolved NO3- may be absent.
Con sulphuric acid
8 KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt added Cl-, C2O42-, Fe2+may be
No decolourisation
diluted H2SO4 warm and then a absent.
drop of KMnO4 solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt with Cl-, NO3-, CH3COO- may
9 conc. sulphuric acid and a few No gases evolve.
be absent.
copper chips.
MnO2 test
Heated a small quantity of the
10 No greenish yellow gas Cl- absent.
salt with solid MnO2and Con
H2SO4.
BaCl2 test Boiled small
amount of a salt with dil.HCl in
a test tube. Filtered the
11 No precipitate formed SO42-absent
contents and to the filtrate
added few drops of BaCl2
solution.
(a) Shook a pinch of the salt
Soluble in water Soluble carbonate.
with water
(b) To the salt added dil. HCl Brisk effervescence with
evolution of colourless, Soluble carbonate
odourless gas which lime confirmed.
water turned milky.
NaOH test Heated
12 a pinch of salt with conc.NaOH Ammonia gas evolved NH4+Present
solution
Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or dil.HCl
or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).
Group separation
Group zero Present
13 original solution added 1 mL of Brown precipitate formed
(NH4+ Present)
Nessler’s reagent and excess of
NaOH solution
Group I absent
original solution added 2 mL No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
of dil.HCl.
c) To a few drops of the
original solution added 2 mL Group II absent
No precipitate formed
of dil.HCl and then passed H2S (Cu2+absent)
gas
d) To a few drops of the

Group III absent
original solution added1 mL No precipitate formed
(Fe3+, Al3+absent)
of NH4Cl and 2ml of NH4OH.
e) To a few drops of the

original solution added1 mL Group IV absent
of NH4Cl and 2mL of NH4OH (Zn2+absent)
and then passedH2S gas.
f) To a few drops of the original

solution added 1mL of NH4Cl,
Group V absent
2mL of NH4OH and 2mL of No precipitate formed
(Ba , Sr2+, Ca2+absent)
2+
saturated solution of
(NH4)2CO3
g) To a few drops of the
original solution added1 mL Group VI absent
of NH4Cl, 2mL of NH4OH and (Mg2+ absent)
2mL of Na2HPO4 solution.

To a few drops of the
Original solution, added
1mL of Nessler’s reagent Brown precipitate obtained NH4+confirmed
and excess of NaOH
solution.
Result:
The given simple salt is: Ammonium Carbonate ((NH4)2CO3)
Acid radical: CO32-
Basic radical: NH4+

Ex. No: 24
Date:
Preliminary tests
White
a) Noted the colour of the salt Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ absent
1
NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
b) Noted the smell of the salt No specific odour
Absent.
Dry Heating test Heated a
pinch of the salt in a dry test tube
and noted the following
observations:
a) Gas evolved Greenish yellow gas evolved
which turn starch iodide paper Cl- may be present.
2 blue.
b) Sublimation Ammonium chloride,
No sublimate formed.
iodide may be absent.
No cracking sound observed. nitrate absent.
d)Colour of the residue White residue, glows on Mg+2, Al+3, Ba2+, Ca2+
heating. may be present.
Flame test Prepared a paste

Ca2+, Zn2+, Ba2+may be
3 of the salt with Conc.HCl and No characteristic flame
absent.
performed flame test.
Charcoal cavity test Mixed a pinch

of the salt with double the quantity
Pb2+, Zn2+, Mn2+may
4 of Na2CO3 and heated the mixture on White residue.
be absent.
a charcoal cavity in the reducing
flame.
Cobalt nitrate test To the
above the white residue added a
5 Blue residue is obtained. Al3+ present.
drop of cobalt nitrate solution and
heated in oxidising flame.

Dil sulphuric acid test Treated a

6 pinch of the saltWith dil H2SO4 and No gas evolved. CO32-, S2-absent.
warmed.
Con sulphuric acid test Heated a

7 pinch of the salt with Con sulphuric No reddish brown gas evolved NO3- may be absent.
acid
KMnO4 test To a
pinch of the salt added dil.H2SO4 Cl-, C2O42-, Fe+2may be
8 KMnO4 decolourised
warm and then a drop of KMnO4 present.
solution.
Copper chips test Heated
a pinch of the salt with conc.
9 sulphuric acid and a few copper No reddish brown gas evolved. NO3- may be absent.
chips.
MnO2 test Heated Greenish yellow gas evolved

10 a small quantity of the salt with solid which turn starch iodide paper
Cl-present.
MnO2and Con H2SO4. blue.
BaCl2 test Boiled

small amount of a salt with dil.HCl in
11 a test tube. Filtered the contents and No precipitate formed SO42-absent
to the filtrate added few drops of
BaCl2 solution.
a) Chromyl chloride Test

Mix a small quantity of the salt with Red vapours evolved into the
a small amount of powdered gas detector containing NaOH
potassium dichromate. Take the solution. To the yellow solution Cl- confirmed
mixture in a test tube and add thus obtained, add dil. acetic
conc.H2SO4. Heat the test tube acid and lead acetate solution
b) Silver nitrate test

Acidify a portion of aqueous solution
A white precipitate is formed
with conc. HNO3. Boil for some time,
which is soluble in ammonium Cl- confirmed
cool and add silver nitrate solution.
hydroxide.

NaOH test Heated a
12 pinch of salt with conc.NaOH No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
solution
Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or dil.HCl or
conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).
Group separation a)
To a few drops of the original Group zero absent
13 No Brown precipitate formed
solution added 1 mL of Nessler’s ( NH4+ absent)
reagent and excess of NaOH solution
b) To a few drops of the original Group I absent

solution added 2mL of dil.HCl. (Pb2+absent)
c) To a few drops of the original

Group II absent
solution added 2mL of dilHCl and No precipitate formed
(Cu2+absent)
then passed H2S gas
d) To a few drops of the original

Group III present.
solution added 1mL of NH4Cl White precipitate formed
(Al3+present)
and 2ml of NH4OH.
a) Lake test
Dissolve the white precipitate in Blue precipitate is obtained
dil.HCl. Add to it two drops of blue floating in the colourless Al3+confirmed
litmus solution. To this, add NH4OH solution.
drop wise till blue colour develops.
b) Cobalt nitrate test

To the above the white residue
added a drop of cobalt nitrate Blue residue is obtained. Al3+confirmed
solution and heated in oxidising
flame.
Result:
The given simple salt is: Aluminium chloride (AlCl3)
Acid radical: Cl-
Basic radical: Al3+
Ex. No: 25
Date:
Preliminary tests
White Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+
a) Noted the colour of the salt absent
1
NH4+, S2-, CH3COO-
b) Noted the smell of the salt No specific odour Absent.
Dry Heating test

Heated a pinch of the salt in a
dry test tube and noted the
following observations:
a) Gas evolved
Greenish yellow gas evolved
which turn starch iodide paper Cl- may be present.
blue
2
b) Sublimation Ammonium
No sublimate formed. chloride, iodide may
be absent.
No cracking sound observed. nitrate absent.
d)Colour of the residue
Ba2+, Mg2+ may be
White residue, glows on heating
present.
Flame test Prepared a

Persistent grassy green flame
3 paste of the salt with Conc.HCl
On prolonged heating. Ba2+ present.
and performed flame test.
Charcoal cavity test Mixed a

pinch of the salt with double
the quantity of Na2CO3 and Pb2+, Zn2+, Mn2+may
4
heated the mixture on a White residue. be absent.
charcoal cavity in the reducing
flame.
Cobalt nitrate test

To the above the white
Zn2+, Mg2+, Al3+ may
5 residue added a drop of cobalt No characteristic coloured ash.
be absent
nitrate solution and heated in
oxidising flame.

Dil sulphuric acid test Treated

6 a pinch of the saltWith dil No gas evolved CO32-,S2-absent.
H2SO4 and warmed.
Con sulphuric acid test
7 Heated a pinch of the salt with No reddish brown gas evolved NO3- may be absent.
Con sulphuric acid
KMnO4 test
To a pinch of the salt added Cl-, C2O42-, Fe+2 may
8 KMnO4 decolourised
dil.H2SO4 warm and then a be present..
drop of KMnO4 solution.
Copper chips test
Heated a pinch of the salt with
9 No reddish brown gas evolved. NO3- may be absent.
conc. sulphuric acid and a few
copper chips.
MnO2 test
Greenish yellow gas evolved
Heated a small quantity of the
10 which turn starch iodide paper Cl-present.
salt with solid MnO2and Con
blue.
H2SO4.
BaCl2 test
Boiled small amount of a salt
with dil.HCl in a test tube.
11 No white precipitate formed SO42-absent
Filtered the contents and to
the filtrate added few drops of
BaCl2 solution.
a) Chromyl chloride Test
Mix a small quantity of the Red vapours evolved into the
salt with a small amount of gas detector containing NaOH
powdered potassium solution. To the yellow solution Cl- confirmed
dichromate. Take the mixture thus obtained, add dil. acetic
in a test tube and add acid and lead acetate solution
conc.H2SO4. Heat the test tube
b) Silver nitrate test

Acidify a portion of aqueous A white precipitate is formed
solution with conc. HNO3. Boil which is soluble in ammonium Cl- confirmed
for some time, cool and add hydroxide.
silver nitrate solution.

NaOH test Heated
12 a pinch of salt with conc.NaOH No ammonia gas evolved NH4+ absent
solution
Prepared original salt solution by dissolving a pinch of salt in 10 to15mL of distilled water or
dil.HCl or conc.HCl, cold or hot. Label it original solution (O.S).
Group separation
Group zero absent
13 original solution added 1 mL of No Brown precipitate formed
( NH4+ absent)
Nessler’s reagent and excess
of NaOH solution
Group I absent
original solution added 2mL of No precipitate formed
(Pb2+absent)
dil.HCl.
c) To a few drops of the
original solution added 2mL of Group II absent
dil.HCl and then passed H2S (Cu2+absent)
gas
d) To a few drops of the

Group III absent.
original solution added 1mL No precipitate formed
(Al3+absent)
of NH4Cl and 2ml of NH4OH.
e) To a few drops of the

Group IV absent
original solution added 1mL of
No precipitate formed (Zn2+absent)
NH4Cl and 2mL of NH4OH and
then passedH2S gas.
f) To a few drops of the
original solution added 1mL Group V present
of NH4Cl, 2mL of NH4OH and White precipitate formed (Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+
2mL of saturated solution of present)
(NH4)2CO3
a) Potassium chromate test

To a few drops of the original
Yellow precipitate obtained Ba2+confirmed
solution added 2 to 3 drops of
potassium chromate solution.
b) Flame test
Prepared a paste of the salt Persistent grassy green flame
Ba2+confirmed
with Conc.HCl and performed On prolonged heating.
flame test.
Result:
The given simple salt is : Barium chloride (BaCl2)
Acid radical: Cl-
Basic radical: Ba2+

Grade 12 Chemistry Observation (Ex 13-25)

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Grade 12 Chemistry Observation (Ex 13-25)

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TEST FOR CARBOHYDRATES, PROTEINS AND FATS

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

II. TEST FOR PROTEINS

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

III. TEST FOR FAT

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

Experiment Observation Inference

Experiment Observation Inference

Ceric ammonium nitrate test

FeCl3 solution test:

Experiment Observation Inference

Ceric ammonium nitrate test Alcoholic group is

FeCl3 solution test: No (red, yellow) precipitate. Carboxylic acid is

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

b) Formation of Sublimate  White sublimate NH4+ may be present

7. CONC. H2SO4 Test

8. TEST FOR SULPHATE

9. TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

CONFIRMATORY FOR Cl-

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

2. MANGANESE DIOXIDE TEST

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

CONFIRMATORY FOR CATION ( BASIC RADICAL)

CONFIRMATORY FOR AMMONIUM ION (NH4+)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Acid radical present in the given salt is Cl-

Basic radical present in the given salt is NH4+

The given salt is NH4 Cl (Ammonium chloride)

To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

b) Odour of the salt No Characteristic odour S2-, CH3COO-, NH4+

3. COBALT NITRATE TEST

8. TEST FOR SULPHATE

9. TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

CONFIRMATORY FOR NITRATES

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

CONFIRMATORY FOR CATION ( BASIC RADICAL)

CONFIRMATORY FOR LEAD (Pb2+)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Acid radical present in the given salt is NO3 -

Basic radical present in the given salt is Pb2+

The given salt is Pb(NO3)2 (Lead nitrate)

To analyse the given salt for acidic and basic radical

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

b) Odour of the salt No Characteristic odour S2-, CH3COO-, NH4+

3. COBALT NITRATE TEST

7. CONC. H2SO4 Test

8. TEST FOR SULPHATE

9. TEST FOR PHOSPHATE

CONFIRMATORY FOR SULPHATE

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

CONFIRMATORY FOR CATION ( BASIC RADICAL)

CONFIRMATORY FOR ALUMINIUM (Al3+)

S.NO EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

Acid radical present in the given salt is SO42-

Basic radical present in the given salt is Al3+

The given salt is Al2(SO4 )3 (Aluminium sulphate)

b) Odour of the salt Vineger like smell CH3COO- may be

3. COBALT NITRATE TEST

8. TEST FOR SULPHATE

9. TEST FOR PHOSPHATE