Salt Analysis

Salt No. 1 – Al2(SO4)3 [Aluminum sulphate]

Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.

Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
Note the colour of the given salt absent.
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may be
Note the nature of the given salt present.

3. Odour No characteristic odour NH4+, CH3COO- etc. may be

Take a pinch of salt between observed absent.
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in water present.
in a test tube
5. Dry heating test No characteristic gas with NH4+, Cl -, Br - , NO3-,
Heat a pinch of salt in the odour is liberated CH3COO- etc. may be
boiling tube absent.
6. Flame test No characteristic flame Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+ etc. may
Prepare a paste of the salt in observed be absent.
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of platinum
loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test: No evolution of colourless, CO32- etc. is absent
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test: No characteristic gas Cl-, Br -, NO3-, CH3COO-,
To the given salt in a boiling liberated. etc. is absent
test tube add conc. H2SO4 and
heat
3. Independent group test
Confirmatory for SO42- White precipitate is obtained SO42- is confirmed
1. BaCl2 test which is insoluble in dil HCl
Add BaCl2 solution to the salt
solution taken in the test tube.
2. Lead acetate test White precipitate is obtained SO42- is confirmed
Add Lead acetate solution to the
salt solution taken in the test
tube.
III. Analysis of Basic Radical
Page 1 of 23
1. Test for Zero Group No gas with Ammonical NH4+ is absent.
To the salt in the boiling test smell is observed Group Zero is absent.
tube add conc. NaOH and heat
Preparation of original solution(OS) : Salt is added to cold water
2. Test for Group I No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Add dilute HCl to the OS taken Group I is absent.
in the test tube
3. Test for Group II No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Pass the above solution through Group II is absent.
Na2S solution
4. Test for Group III Gelatinous white precipitate Al3+ may be present
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl and is formed
Then add NH4OH in excess till
the solution smells of ammonia
Confirmatory for Al3+ A blue precipitate suspended Al3+ is confirmed
Lake test in a colourless medium is
To the white ppt. formed add formed
dil. HCl, few drops of blue
litmus solution and NH4OH
solution till blue colour
develops.

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is SO42-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is Al3+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Aluminium sulphate [Al2(SO4)3]

Page 2 of 23
 (To be done in blank page with pencil only adjacent to its
corresponding test)
Equations forAl2(SO4)3 Aluminium Sulphate
Test for SO4-2
1. Barium chloride Test :

Al2(SO4)3 + 3BaCl2 → 3 BaSO4↓ + 2 AlCl3

White ppt

2. Lead acetate test :

Al2(SO4)3 + 3Pb (CH3COO)2 → 3PbSO4 ↓ + 2Al(CH3COO)3

Test for Al+3

Al2(SO4)3 +6 NH4OH → 3(NH4)2 SO4 + 2Al(OH)3↓

White ppt

Lake test:

Al(OH)3 + 3HCl → AlCl3 + 3H2O

AlCl3 + 3NH4OH → 3 NH4Cl + Al(OH)3 ↓

Blue colour adsorbed on this ppt.

Page 3 of 23

Salt No. 2 – SrCl2 [Strontium chloride]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour
Note the colour of the given salt
2. Nature of the salt
Note the nature of the given salt
3. Odour
Take a pinch of salt between
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water
Dissolve a pinch of salt in water
in a test tube
5. Dry heating test
Heat a pinch of salt in the
boiling tube
6. Flame test
Prepare a paste of the salt in
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of platinum
loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small
amount of salt taken in the test
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test
To the given salt in a boiling
test tube add conc. H2SO4 and
heat
Confirmatory for Cl-
1. Silver nitrate test
To the salt in the test tube.
add conc. HNO3, heat and allow
it to cool and add AgNO3
solution
2. Manganese dioxide test
Salt Analysis
Observation Inference
Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
absent.
Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may be
present.
No characteristic odour NH4+, CH3COO- etc. may be
observed absent
Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
present.
Colourless pungent gas is Cl- may be present
liberated which forms dense
white fumes with ammonia
Crimson red flame is Sr2+ may be present
observed
No evolution of colourless, CO32- etc. is absent
odourless gas with brisk
effervescence.
Colourless pungent gas is Cl- may be present
liberated
Formation of white Cl- is confirmed
precipitate which is
completely soluble in
NH4OH
Page 4 of 23
Add MnO2 solid and Greenish yellow coloured
conc.H2SO4 to the salt in the test gas is liberated Cl- is confirmed
tube and heat.
III. Analysis of Basic Radical
1. Test for Zero Group No gas with Ammonical NH4+ is absent.
To the salt in the boiling test smell is observed Group Zero is absent.
tube add conc. NaOH and heat
Preparation of original solution (OS): Salt is added to cold water
2. Test for Group I No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Add dilute HCl to the O.S taken Group I is absent.
in the test tube

3. Test for Group II No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.

Pass the above solution through Group II is absent.
Na2S solution
4. Test for Group III No Gelatinous white Al3+ is absent
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl and precipitate is formed Group III is absent.
Then add NH4OH in excess till
the solution smells of ammonia
5. Test for Group IV No precipitate is formed Zn2+ is absent
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl, Group IV is absent.
NH4OH in excess and Na2S
solution.
6. Test for Group V White precipitate is formed Ca2+, Ba2+,Sr2+ may be
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl, which is dissolved in warm present
NH4OH in excess and acetic acid and divided into
NH4(CO3)2 solution three parts.
1.Confirmatory for Ba2+
Potassium chromate test No yellow precipitate is Ba2+ is absent
To one part of the solution add formed.
Potassium chromate solution
2. Confirmatory for Sr2+
(i) Ammonium sulphate test Formation of white
To the second part of the precipitate Sr2+ is confirmed
solution add Ammonium
sulphate solution
(ii) Flame test
Prepare a paste of the salt in Crimson red flame observed Sr2+ is confirmed
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of platinum
loop

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is Cl-
Page 5 of 23
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is Sr2+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Strontium chloride [SrCl2]
Chemical equations for SrCl2 (Strontium Chloride)
1. Conc. H2SO4 test:

SrCl2 + H2SO4 → SrSO4 + 2HCl

Confirmatory for Cl-

1. Silver nitrate test

SrCl2 + 2AgNO3 → 2AgCl ↓ + Sr(NO3)2

White ppt

2. MnO2 test :

SrCl2 + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 → Sr(HSO4)2 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2↑

Confirmatory for Sr+2

SrCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 → SrCO3 ↓ + 2NH4Cl

SrCO3 +2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2Sr + CO2 ↑ + H2O

Ammonium Sulphate test

(CH3COO)2Sr + (NH4)2SO4 → 2 CH3COONH4 + SrSO4 ↓

White ppt

2. Flame test:
Strontium imparts crimson red colour to the flame.

Salt Analysis
Salt No. 3 – Pb(CH3COO)2 [Lead acetate]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.

Page 6 of 23
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
Note the colour of the given absent.
salt
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may
Note the nature of the given be present.
salt
3. Odour Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be present
Take a pinch of salt between observed
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in present.
water in a test tube
5. Dry heating test Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be present
Heat a pinch of salt in the observed
boiling tube
6. Flame test Bluish white flame Pb2+ may be present
Prepare a paste of the salt in observed
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of
platinum loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test No evolution of colourless, CO32- etc. is absent
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be present
To the given salt in a boiling observed
test tube add conc. H2SO4 and
heat
Confirmatory for CH3COO-
1.Oxalic acid test
Add oxalic acid solid to the Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- is confirmed
salt and make a paste and take observed
a pinch of paste between
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
2. Ester test
To the salt add ethanol and
Page 7 of 23
conc. H2SO4 . warm and then Fruity smell is observed CH3COO- is confirmed
transfer the solution to a
beaker containing two-third
amount of water.
III. Analysis of Basic Radical
1. Test for Zero Group No gas with Ammonical NH4+ is absent.
To the salt in the boiling test smell is observed Group Zero is absent.
tube add conc. NaOH and heat
Preparation of original solution(OS): Salt is added to cold water
2. Test for Group I White precipitate is formed Pb2+ may be present
Add dilute HCl to the O.S
taken in the test tube
1.Confirmatory for Pb2+
(i) Potassium iodide test Yellow precipitate of Lead Pb2+ is confirmed
To the white precipitate add KI iodide is formed
solution
(ii) Potassium chromate test Orange yellow precipitate Pb2+ is confirmed
To the white precipitate add of Lead chromate is formed
K2CrO4 solution.

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is CH3COO-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is Pb2+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Lead acetate [Pb(CH3COO) 2]

Lead Acetate [(CH3COO)2Pb]

Test for CH3COO-

Conc. H2SO4 test

(CH3COO)2Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2CH3COOH

Confirmatory test for CH3COO- :-

Page 8 of 23
1. Oxalic Acid test :

(COOH)2 + (CH3COO)2Pb (COO)2Pb + 2CH3COOH

2. Ester test :
(CH3COO)2Pb + H2SO4 PbSO4 + 2CH3COOH
H+
CH3COOH + C2H5OH CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Ethyl ethanoate (fruity smell)

Test for Pb2+ :

(CH3COO)2Pb + 2HCl PbCl2 +2CH3COOH

White ppt

Confirmatory test for Pb2+:

1. KI test :

(CH3COO)2Pb + 2KI PbI2 +2CH3COOK

Yellow ppt

2. K2CrO4 test:

(CH3COO)2Pb + K2CrO4 PbCrO4 + 2CH3COOK

Yellow ppt

3.Flame test:
Lead imparts bluish white colour to the flame.

Salt Analysis
Salt No. 4 – (NH4)2CO3 [Ammonium carbonate]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
Note the colour of the given absent.

Page 9 of 23
salt
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may
Note the nature of the given be present.
salt
3. Odour Ammonical smell is NH4+may be present
Take a pinch of salt between observed
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in present.
water in a test tube
5. Dry heating test Ammonical smell is NH4+ may be present
Heat a pinch of salt in the observed
boiling tube
6. Flame test No characteristic flame Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+ etc.
Prepare a paste of the salt in observed may be absent.
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of
platinum loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test Evolution of colourless, CO32- may be present
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
Confirmatory for CO32-
1. Dilute HCl test Colourless, odourless gas of CO32- is confirmed
To the salt add dilute HCl CO2 is libertaed with brisk
effervescence. The gas
turns lime water milky
2. Magnesium sulphate test
To the salt add solid MgSO4 White precipitate is formed CO32- is confirmed
solution
III. Analysis of Basic Radical
1. Test for Zero Group Gas with ammonical smell NH4+ may be present
To the salt in the boiling test is observed
tube add conc. NaOH and heat
Confirmatory for NH4+
Nessler’s Reagent Test: Brown precipitate is formed NH4+ is confirmed
To the above solution add
Nessler’s Reagent

Page 10 of 23
 Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is CO32-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is NH4+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Ammonium carbonate [(NH4)2CO3]

(NH4)2CO3 (Ammonium Carbonate)

Test for NH4+

(NH4)2CO3 + 2NaOH  Na2CO3 + 2NH3 ↑ + 2H2O

Dil. HCl Test:

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

(dense white fumes)

Nesslers Reagent Test :

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH → H2N.HgO.HgI ↓ + 7KI + 2H2O

(Brown ppt)

Test for CO3-2

Dil. HCl Test:

(NH4)2CO3 + 2HCl → 2NH4Cl + H2O + CO2↑

Lime water test:

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 → CaCO3↓ + H2O

(Milkiness)

2. Magnesium Sulphate test:

(NH4)2CO3 + MgSO4 → MgCO3↓ + (NH4)2SO4↑

Salt Analysis
Salt No. 5 – BaCl2 [Barium chloride]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
Note the colour of the given salt absent.
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may be
Note the nature of the given salt present.
Page 11 of 23
3. Odour No characteristic odour is NH4+, CH3COO- etc. may be
Take a pinch of salt between observed absent
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in water present.
in a test tube
5. Dry heating test Colourless pungent gas is Cl- may be present
Heat a pinch of salt in the liberated which forms dense
boiling tube white fumes with ammonia
6. Flame test Grassy green colour flame is Ba2+ may be present
Prepare a paste of the salt in observed
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of platinum
loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test No evolution of colourless, CO32- is absent
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Colourless pungent gas is Cl- may be present
To the given salt in a boiling liberated
test tube add conc. H2SO4 and
heat
Confirmatory for Cl-
1. Silver nitrate test
To the salt in the test tube. Formation of white Cl- is confirmed
add conc. HNO3, warm and precipitate which is
allow it to cool and add AgNO3 completely soluble in
solution NH4OH
2. Manganese dioxide test
Add MnO2 solid and Greenish yellow coloured
Cl- is confirmed
conc.H2SO4 to the salt in the test gas is liberated
tube and heat.
III. Analysis of Basic Radical
1. Test for Zero Group No gas with Ammonical NH4+ is absent.
To the salt in the boiling test smell is observed Group Zero is absent.
tube add conc. NaOH and heat
Preparation of original solution (OS): Salt is added to cold water
2. Test for Group I No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Add dilute HCl to the O.S taken Group I is absent.
in the test tube
3. Test for Group II No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Pass the above solution through Group II is absent.
Page 12 of 23
Na2S solution
4. Test for Group III No Gelatinous white Al3+ is absent
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl and precipitate is formed Group III is absent.
Then add NH4OH in excess till
the solution smells of ammonia
5. Test for Group IV No precipitate is formed Zn2+ is absent
To the above solution add Na2S Group IV is absent.
solution.
6. Test for Group V White precipitate is formed Ca2+, Ba2+,Sr2+ may be
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl, which is dissolved in warm present
NH4OH in excess and acetic acid and divided into
NH4(CO3)2 solution three parts.
1.(i) Confirmatory for Ba2+
Potassium chromate test Yellow precipitate is formed. Ba2+ is confirmed
To one part of the solution add
Potassium chromate solution
(ii) Flame test
Prepare a paste of the salt in
conc.HCl and introduce to the Grassy green colour flame is Ba2+ is confirmed
flame with the help of platinum observed
loop

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is Cl-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is Ba 2+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Strontium chloride [BaCl2]

BaCl2 (Barium Chloride):

1. Conc . H2SO4 test

BaCl2 + H2SO4 BaSO4 + 2HCl

Confirmatory for Cl-

1.AgNO3 test

BaCl2 + 2AgNO3 2AgCl + Ba(NO3)2

White ppt

2. MnO2 test
Page 13 of 23
BaCl2 + MnO2 + 3 H2SO4 Ba(HSO4)2 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Cl2 ↑

Test for Ba2+

1. BaCl2 + (NH4)2CO3 BaCO3 + 2NH4Cl

White ppt of BaCO3 dissolves in hot dilute acetic acid.

2. BaCO3 + 2CH3COOH (CH3COO)2Ba + CO2↑ + H2O

Confirmatory for Ba2+

1. Potassium chromate (K2CrO4) test :

(CH3COO)2Ba + K2CrO4 2CH3COOK + BaCrO4

(Yellow ppt)

2. Flame test:
Barium imparts grassy green colour to the flame.

Salt Analysis
Salt No. 6 – NH4Br [Ammonium bromide]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
Note the colour of the given salt absent.
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may
Note the nature of the given salt be present.
3. Odour Ammonical smell is observed NH4+may be present
Take a pinch of salt between
Page 14 of 23
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in water present.
in a test tube
5. Dry heating test Ammonical smell is observed NH4+ may be present
Heat a pinch of salt in the boiling
tube
6. Flame test No characteristic flame is Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+ etc.
Prepare a paste of the salt in observed may be absent.
conc. HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of platinum
loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test No evolution of colourless, CO32- is absent
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Gas with reddish orange Br- may be present
To the given salt in a boiling test colour is liberated
tube add conc. H2SO4 and heat
Confirmatory for Br –
1.Silver nitrate test Formation of yellow Br - is confirmed
To the salt in the test tube add precipitate which is partially
Add conc. HNO3, warm and soluble in NH4OH
allow it to cool and add AgNO3
solution

2. Manganese dioxide test

Add MnO2 solid and conc.H2SO4 Yellowish brown vapours are Br - is confirmed
to the salt in the test tube and observed.
heat.

III. Analysis of Basic Radical

1. Test for Zero Group Gas with ammonical smell is NH4+ may be present
To the salt in the boiling test tube observed
add conc. NaOH and heat
Confirmatory test for NH4+
Nessler’s Reagent test: Brown precipitate is formed NH4+ is confirmed
To the above solution add
Nessler’s Reagent

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is Br-
Page 15 of 23
 (ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is NH4+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Ammonium Bromide NH4Br
NH4Br (Ammonium Bromide)
Test for NH4+

NH4Br + NaOH  NaBr + NH3↑ + H2O

Dil. HCl Test:

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

White fumes

Nesslers Reagent Test

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI ↓ + 7KI + 2H2O

Nessler’s Reagent
(Brown ppt)
-
Test for Br
Confirmatory test :

1. Silver nitrate test

NH4Br + AgNO3 → NH4NO3 + AgBr ↓

(Pale yellow ppt)

2. MnO2 test

2NH4Br + MnO2 + 3H2SO4 → 2NH4HSO4 + MnSO4 + 2H2O + Br2

Salt Analysis
Salt No. 7 – CH3COONH4 [Ammonium Acetate]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may
Note the colour of the given salt be absent.
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate
Note the nature of the given salt may be present.
3. Odour Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be
Take a pinch of salt between observed present
fingers and rub with a drop of
Page 16 of 23
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in water in present.
a test tube
5. Dry heating test Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be present
Heat a pinch of salt in the boiling observed
tube
6. Flame test No characteristic flame Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+ etc.
Prepare a paste of the salt in conc. isobserved may be absent.
HCl and introduce to the flame
with the help of platinum loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test No evolution of colourless, CO32- is absent
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Vinegar like smell is CH3COO- may be present
To the given salt in a boiling test observed
tube add conc. H2SO4 and heat
Confirmatory for CH3COO-
1.Oxalic acid test
Add oxalic acid solid to the salt
Vinegar like smell observed
and make a paste and take a pinch CH3COO- is confirmed
of paste between fingers and rub
with a drop of water
2. Ester test
Add ethanol and conc. H2SO4 to
the salt taken in a test tube, warm
Fruity smell is observed. CH3COO- is confirmed
and transfer the solution to a
beaker containing two-third
amount of water.

III. Analysis of Basic Radical

1. Test for Zero Group Gas with ammonical smell is NH4+ may be present
To the salt in the boiling test tube observed
add conc. NaOH and heat
Confirmatory test for NH4+
Nessler’s Reagent test: Brown precipitate is formed NH4+ is confirmed
To the above solution add
Nessler’s Reagent

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is CH3COO-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is NH4+
Page 17 of 23
 (iii) The name of the given salt is Lead acetate CH3COONH4

Test for CH3COO-

Oxalic acid Test:

COOH COONH4

COOH + 2CH3COONH4 COONH4 + 2CH3COOH

Ester Test:

2CH3COONH4 + H2SO4 (NH4)2SO4 + 2CH3COOH

CH3COOH + C2H5OH H+
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

Test for NH4+


CH3COONH4 + NaOH  CH3COONa + NH3↑ + H2O

Dil. HCl Test:

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl

White fumes

Nesslers Reagent Test

2K2[HgI4] + NH3 + 3KOH H2N.HgO.HgI ↓ + 7KI + 2H2O

Nessler’s Reagent
(Brown ppt)

Salt Analysis
Salt No. 8 –Ca(NO3)2[Calcium nitrate]
Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.
Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
Note the colour of the given salt absent.
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may
Note the nature of the given salt be present.

3. Odour No characteristic odour NH4+, CH3COO- etc. may be

Take a pinch of salt between observed absent
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold water NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in water in present.
a test tube

Page 18 of 23
5. Dry heating test Reddish brown gas is NO3- may be present
Heat a pinch of salt in the boiling liberated
tube
6. Flame test Brick red colour flame is Ca2+ may be present
Prepare a paste of the salt in observed
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of platinum
loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test No evolution of colourless, CO32- is absent
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small odourless gas with brisk
amount of salt taken in the test effervescence.
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test Gas with reddish brown NO3- may be present
To a small amount of salt taken in colour is liberated
a test tube add conc. H2SO4 and
heat
Confirmatory for NO3-
Gas with reddish brown
1. Copper chips test: NO3- is confirmed
Heat a pinch of salt with conc. colour is liberated
H2SO4 and few Copper chips

2. Brown ring test:

To 2-3ml of salt solution add
freshly prepared FeSO4 solution.
Then add conc. H2SO4 along the
sides of the test tube.
A dark brown ring is
formed at the junction of NO3- is confirmed
the acid and the solution.

III. Analysis of Basic Radical

1. Test for Zero Group No gas with Ammonical NH4+ is absent.
To the salt in the boiling test tube smell is observed Group Zero is absent.
add conc. NaOH and heat
Preparation of original solution (OS): Salt is added to cold water
2. Test for Group I No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Add dilute HCl to the O.S taken in Group I is absent.
the test tube
3. Test for Group II No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Pass the above solution through Group II is absent.
Na2S solution
4. Test for Group III No Gelatinous white Al3+ is absent
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl and precipitate is formed Group III is absent.
Then add NH4OH in excess till the
solution smells of ammonia
5. Test for Group IV No precipitate is formed Zn2+ is absent
To the above solution add Na2S Group IV is absent.
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solution.
6. Test for Group V White precipitate is formed Ca2+, Ba2+,Sr2+ may be
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl, which is dissolved in warm present
NH4OH in excess and NH4(CO3)2 acetic acid and divided into
solution three parts.
2+
1.Confirmatory for Ba
Potassium chromate test No yellow precipitate is Ba2+ is absent
To one part of the solution add formed.
Potassium chromate solution
2. Confirmatory for Sr2+
Ammonium sulphate test No white precipitate is
To the second part of the solution formed. Sr2+ is absent
add Ammonium sulphate solution
3.Confirmatory for Ca2+
(i) Ammonium oxalate test
To the third part of the solution Formation of white Ca2+ is confirmed
add Ammonium oxalate solution precipitate
(ii) Flame test
Prepare a paste of the salt in
conc.HCl and introduce to the Brick red flame observed Ca2+ is confirmed
flame with the help of platinum
loop
Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is NO3-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is Ca2+
(iii) The name of the given salt is Calcium nitrate Ca(NO3)2

Chemical equations for Ca(NO3)2

Ca2+:
Ca(NO3)2 + (NH4)2CO3 →CaCO3 ↓+ 2NH4NO3
CaCO3 + 2CH3COOH → (CH3COO)2 Ca + CO2 + H2O
1.Ammonium oxalate test:
(CH3COO)2 Ca + (NH4)2C2O4 → 2CH3COONH4 + CaC2O4↓
2. Flame test:
Calcium imparts brick red colour to the flame.

NO3- :
1.Copper test
Ca(NO3)2 + H2SO4 →CaSO4 + 2HNO3
4HNO3 + Cu → Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
(Reddish brown)
2. Ring test:

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 Ca(NO3)2 + H2SO4 →CaSO4 + 2HNO3
6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4 +2HNO3→ 3Fe2(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 2NO
FeSO4 + NO +5 H2O → [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4
Brown ring

Salt Analysis
Salt No. 9 – MgSO4 [Magnesium sulphate]

Aim: To identify acidic and basic radical in the given salt.

Experiment Observation Inference
I. Physical Examination
1. Colour Salt is white in colour Cu2+, Fe2+, Fe3+ etc. may be
Note the colour of the given salt absent.
2. Nature of the salt Salt is crystalline in nature Crystalline carbonate may be
Note the nature of the given salt present.
3. Odour No characteristic odour NH4+, CH3COO- etc. may be
Take a pinch of salt between observed absent.
fingers and rub with a drop of
water
4. Solubility in water Salt is soluble in cold NH4+, Na+, K+ may be
Dissolve a pinch of salt in water in water present.
a test tube
5. Dry heating test No characteristic gas with NH4+, Cl-, Br - , NO3-,
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Heat a pinch of salt in the boiling
tube
6. Flame test
Prepare a paste of the salt in
conc.HCl and introduce to the
flame with the help of platinum
loop
II. Analysis of Acidic Radical
1. Dilute H2SO4 test
Add dilute H2SO4 to the small
amount of salt taken in the test
tube.
2. Conc. H2SO4 test
To the given salt in a boiling test
tube add conc. H2SO4 and heat
3. Independent group test
Confirmatory for SO42-
1. BaCl2 test
Add BaCl2 solution to the salt
solution taken in the test tube.
2. Lead acetate test
Add Lead acetate solution to the
salt solution taken in the test tube.
III. Analysis of Basic Radical
1. Test for Zero Group
To the salt in the boiling test tube smell is observed
add conc. NaOH and heat
Preparation of original solution (OS): Salt is added to cold water
2. Test for Group I
Add dilute HCl to the O.S taken in
the test tube
3. Test for Group II
Pass the above solution through
Na2S solution
4. Test for Group III
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl and
Then add NH4OH in excess till the
solution smells of ammonia
5. Test for Group IV
To the above solution add Na2S
solution.
6. Test for Group V
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl,
NH4OH in excess and (NH4)2CO3
odour is liberated CH3COO- etc. may be absent.
No characteristic flame Ba2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Pb2+ etc. may
observed be absent.
No evolution of CO32- is absent
colourless, odourless gas
with brisk effervescence.
No characteristic gas Cl-, Br -, NO3-, CH3COO-etc.
liberated. are absent
White precipitate is SO42- is confirmed
obtained which is
insoluble in dil HCl
White precipitate is SO42- is confirmed
obtained
No gas with Ammonical NH4+ is absent.
Group Zero is absent.
No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Group I is absent.
No precipitate is formed Pb2+ is absent.
Group II is absent.
No Gelatinous white
precipitate is formed Al3+ is absent
Group III is absent.
No precipitate is formed Zn2+ is absent
Group IV is absent.
No precipitate is formed Ca2+, Ba2+,Sr2+ may be
present
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solution
7. Test for Group VI
To the O.S add solid NH4Cl, White precipitate is Mg2+ is confirmed
NH4OH in excess and obtained
ammonium phosphate solution

Result:
(i) The acidic radical present in the given salt is SO42-
(ii) The basic radical present in the given salt is Mg2+
(iii) The name of the given salt is magnesium sulphate MgSO4
MgSO4 (Magnesium Sulphate)
Test for SO42-
1. Barium Chloride test

MgSO4 + BaCl2 → BaSO4↓ + MgCl2

White ppt
2. Lead acetate test
MgSO4 + Pb(CH3COO)2 → PbSO4 ↓ + Mg(CH3COO)2
White ppt
Test for Mg 2+
Ammonium Phosphate test :
MgSO4 + NH4OH + (NH4)2HPO4 → Mg(NH4)PO4↓ + (NH4)2SO4 + H2O
White ppt

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