STUDY ON COLOUR BLINDNESS

Project report submitted to the department of biology, KV AFS Thanjavur in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the all India secondary school certificate
examinations in biology

By:

K S PRABA SHANKAR

(Class XII: 2023-24)

Kendriya Vidyalaya

Air Force Station

Thanjavur
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that K.S Praba Shankar, student of Class XII, Kendriya
Vidyalaya AFS Thanjavur has completed the Project titled " STUDY ON COLOUR
BLINDNESS "during the academic Year 2023-2024 towards partial fulfillment of
credit for the Biology Practical evaluation of CBSE 2023, and submitted
satisfactory Report, as compiled in the following pages, under my supervision
Mr. Ayyappan, Department of Biology, Kendriya Vidyalaya Air Force Station
Thanjavur.

External signature Teacher In-charge signature

Thanjavur

Date:
 DECLARATION

I K S Praba Shankar hereby declare that the project entitled STUDY ON

COLOUR BLINDNESS is the original result work Done during class XII in
KENDRIYA VIDYALAYA AFS, THANJAVUR, in the subject of biology, under the
supervision and guidance of MR S.AYYAPPAN, PGT biology. This project is
submitted for the fulfillment of the Requirement for the award of AISSCE during
2023-2024

PLACE SIGNATURE

DATE:
 INDEX

S.NO TITLE PAGE NO.

1 Acknowledgment 5
2 Objective 6
3 Introduction 7
4 Research 17
methodology
5 Data Analysis 22
6 Finding 25
7 Treatment 26
8 Conclusion 28
9 Bibliography 32
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT

I take great pleasure in expressing my heartfelt sentiments of gratitude to

my Guide, Mr.S.Ayyappan Post Graduate Teacher of BIOLOGY, Kendriya
Vidyalaya Air Force Station Thanjavur, for his able and inspiring guidance and
support I would like to express my deep sense of gratitude to Mr S Ayyappan
Principal-in-Charge for having accorded permission to carry out the project
Work My sincere thanks are due to our parents who provided us all the facilities
required to do and complete the project successfully in time. We acknowledge
the great help rendered by one and all in one way or the other to bring this
project work to a complete shape

Thanjavur K S PRABA SHANKAR

Date:
 OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this Project is:

1. To study the colour blindness in children, among the age group

7-18years.

2. To determine which gender is most affected by colour blindness

3. Why does it affects that particular gender more?

 INTRODUCTION

What is colour blindness ?

Colour blindness can be simply defined as trouble in seeing or

identifying colors like blue, green and red. There are some rare cases
where a person cannot see and identify any colors at all. A person with
this syndrome also finds difficulties in differentiating the colors with
shades. This syndrome is also called a colour vision problem or colour
vision deficiency.
Colour blindness was discovered by an English chemist named
John Dalton in the year 1798. During the discovery, he was also
suffering from colour blindness. He wrote his first article about colour
blindness, which was based on his own experience. Colour blindness is
also called as Daltonism, which is named after its discoverer – John
Dalton.

Types of colour blindness

Monochromacy:

This syndrome occurs when two or three-cone pigments (red, blue

and green) are absent or damaged. In this type of colorblindness both
the colour and lightness vision is reduced to one dimension. This
results in total colour blindness
Dichromacy:
This syndrome occurs when only one of the cone pigments (red, blue
and green) is absent or damaged. In this type of colourblindness, only
the colour vision is reduced to two dimensions. This results in partial
colour blindness.

Acquired types of color blindness:

Color blindness is not always inherited. It can be caused by
environmental factors and can affect each eye individually to different
degrees. The actual categorizations (as outlined above) are the same,
but the foundational causes are quite different. Some ways color
blindness can be acquired are:

Age – A subtle blue-yellow color blindness can develop with age.

Quite simply, the lens becomes less transparent, affecting how
much light reaches the cones.

Alcohol consumption – Reduced color discrimination can be a

symptom of alcoholism, with blue-yellow being particularly
affected.

Brain trauma – Head injury or stroke can sometimes (though

rarely) result in color blindness.

Chronic illness – Individuals suffering from serious illnesses such

as Alzheimer’s disease, leukemia, Parkinson’s disease and others
may develop color blindness in different forms.

Environmental chemicals – Even at low levels, carbon disulfide

and lead can cause color blindness.
Symptoms of colour blindness:

The main symptom of color blindness is not seeing colors the way most
people do. If you’re color blind, you may have trouble seeing:

 The difference between colors

 How bright colors are
 Different shades of colors
 Sensitivity towards the bright light.
 Trouble in seeing colours and the brightness of colours.
 The problem in identifying the differences between colours
shades.

Symptoms of color blindness are often so mild that you may not
notice them. And since we get used to the way we see colors, many
people with color blindness don’t know they have it.
People with very serious cases of color blindness might have other
symptoms, too — like quick side-to-side eye movements (nystagmus)
or sensitivity to light.
Cause of colour blindness ?

Colour blindness is usually a genetic (hereditary) condition (you

are born with it). Red/green and blue/yellow colour blindness types are
usually passed down from your parents. The gene which is responsible
for red/green colour blindness is carried on the X chromosome and this
is the reason why many more men are affected than women. The
inheritance process is explained in more detail at

Inherited Colour Vision Deficiency

Inherited blue/yellow colour blindness is very rare because it is

inherited differently to red/green types. The majority of our website
concentrates on red/green types but we definitely do support people
with blue/yellow (tritan) deficiencies! If you are affected, rest assured
that all of the advice we provide will support people with all forms of
CVD!
8% of the male population and 4.5% of the population of the UK as a
whole have a form of red/green colour blindness. There are estimated
to be over 300 million colour blind people worldwide. The vast majority
of people with a colour vision deficiency have inherited their condition
from their mother, who is normally a ‘carrier’ but not colour blind
herself. Some people also acquire the condition as a result of long-
standing illness such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, some liver diseases
and many eye diseases.
Diagnosis:colour vision testing
Ishihara Test

The Ishihara test is a color vision test for detection of red-

green color deficiencies. It was named after its designer, Shinobu
Ishihara, a professor at the University of Tokyo, who first published his
tests in 1917.
The test consists of a number of Ishihara plates, which are a type
of pseudoisochromatic plate. Each plate depicts a solid circle of colored
dots appearing randomized in color and size. Within the pattern are
dots which form a number or shape clearly visible to those with normal
color vision, and invisible, or difficult to see, to those with a red-green
color vision defect. Other plates are intentionally designed to reveal
numbers only to those with a red-green color vision deficiency, and be
invisible to those with normal red-green color vision. The full test
consi0sts of 38 plates, but the existence of a severe deficiency is
usually apparent after only a few plates. There are also Ishihara tests
consisting of 10, 14 or 24 test plates, and plates in some versions ask
the viewer to trace a line rather than read a number.
Hardy,Rand,and Rittler Test(HRR)

The Hardy Rand Rittler Pseudoisochromatic Plates employ a

sophisticated test strategy that virtually eliminates the potential for
memorization and malingering. The figures used by the plates are
independent of language and suitable for both adults and children.
This is the laminated version of the HRR test with 20 plates. This
book includes 4 demonstration plates, 6 plates for Screening, 14 plates
to diagnose color deficiency.
Special nonglare laminate has been tested using a spectrometer
to insure the colors are unchanged.
Arrangement Tests

A very well known and established type of color blindness tests

are hue discrimination or arrangement tests. This type of test
uses the fact that colorblind people mix up colors along the so
called confusion lines.

The test above simulates the D-15 dichotomous test which was
introduced by Farnsworth in 1947. It aims to divide people into two
groups. Slightly colorblind and not colorblind people which pass the
test and all others who fail it.
 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Data collection:
The survey was conducted on the school premises.these data were
gathered from students through one-on-one interviews

Population and sample:

50 volunteers of age group 7-18 years were allowed to read the
ishihara plates in order to determine the types and number of mistake.
Out of which 35 were male and 15 were female.

Questionnaire:
A total of 15 ishihara plates were displayed.by displaying the ishihara
test plate to the students,colorblindness was evaluated.The data
(students who were affected/unaffected)were analyzed by the number
of plates out of 15 that they were able to accuracy identity.The reading
of the ishihara plates followed as carefully as possible.all the plates
were 70 cm distant from the observer and the maximal time of reading
for each plate was 5 seconds.

Analysis:
Each subjects was examined in the presence of only the interviewers
In order to maintain confidentiality and to make their psychological
Stress as low as possible.

All of them who made more than 6 mistake during their reading and
those who are u n able to read more than 10 plates were identified to
be colorblind
Numbers on the ishihara plate :
12 8 6 29 57
5 3 15 74 5
6 57 5 42 45

llllll
 DATA ANALYSIS

Result percentage distributed:

1. GENDER:

In a sample of 50 responses, 65% were male and 35% were

female.

2. AGE:
It is found that 20% of our respondents were of 16 years, 10% were 17
years and 7years, 14% were 15 years,6% were 14 years,8% were 10,12
and 9 and 4% were 8, 13, 11 and 18 years.

3. COLOUR BLINDNESS-FEMALE:

It is found that out of 20 respondents 10% of female were affected and

90% were unaffected.

4. COLOUR BLINDNESS-MALE:
It is found that out of 30 respondents 15% were affected and 85% were
unaffected.

5. MIS-IDENTIFICATION OF THE NUMBERS SHOWN IN THE ISHIHARA

PLATES BY THE STUDENTS:

From this graph we can say that maximum, 26 students said the
number 74 wrongly and minimum, 4 people said the numbers 4 and 15
wrongly.
 FINDINGS

• In a sample of 50 responses, 70% were male and 30% were female.

• It is found that 20% of our respondents were of 16 years, 10% were

17 years and 7years, 14% were 15 years,6% were 14 years,8% were
12,10 and 9 and 4% were 8, 11, 13 and 18 years.

• It is found that out of 20 respondents 10% of female were affected

and 90% were unaffected

• It is found that out of 30 respondents 15% were

affected and 85% were unaffected.

• From this graph we can say that maximum, 26 students

said the number 74 wrongly and minimum. 4 people
said the numbers 4 and 15 wrongly.
 TREATMENT

There is no cure for color blindness. However, specialty lenses can

enhance and minimize any color vision deficiency. They're available as
glasses or contact lenses.

These lenses can be life-changing for people with difficulty performing

daily activities because of color vision deficiencies. People who might
benefit from wearing them include:

1)Professionals who need to pass color vision screenings

at work

2)People who play sports

3)Artists, designers, and others who rely on color vision to perform

work.

Enchroma Glasses:

EnChroma glasses are specially designed to enhance vision in red-green

colour-deficient people. They carry a wide assortment of glasses to suit
mild, moderate, and severe levels of colour blindnes
Colourmax glasses

Color blind glasses or color correcting lenses are light filters, usually in
the form of glasses or contact lenses, that attempt to alleviate color
blindness, by bringing deficient color vision closer to normal color
vision or to make certain color tasks easier to accomplish. Despite viral
status, the academic literature is generally skeptical of the efficacy of
color correcting lenses.
 CONCLUSION

This project's goal is to study colour blindness in children between the

ages of 7-18 .By demonstrating the ishihara plates to the students, we
discovered that some kids are colorblind.

They lead rather normal livesdespite being colorblind. The only issue is
that they have trouble telling some colours apart. One's life is not
significantly harmed by being Colorblind. From the survey Males are
more affected by colour blindness than Females. This is because colour
blindness is a sex linked resseive disorder

Males have only 1 X chromosome, from their mother. If that X

chromosome has the gene for color blindness (instead of a normal X
chromosome), they will have color blindness. Females have 2 X
chromosomes, one from their mother and one from their father. To
have color blindness, both X chromosomes would need to have the
gene for color blindness.

The genes that can give you colour blindness are passed down on the X
chromosome. Since it's passed down on the X chromosome, color
blindness is more common in men.
 INHERITENCE PATTERN

1. Red-green colour blindness is usually inherited from parents.

2. It is passed from mother to son on 23 chromosome which is sex

chromosome

3. Chromosomes are the structure which contains genes, they contain

instructions for the development of cell tissues organ and if you are
colour blind it means instructions for cone development are wrong

4. It may be missing or less sensitive 5. For male to be colour blind his X

chromosome should

have the faulty gene. 6. The female might have both X chromosomes
normal or one X chromosome might have faulty gene but gene on
other chromosome compensates it so the female is carrier and passes
on faulty gene to her son so he is colour-blind.

7. The daughter might be carrier or color blind if her

father is colour-blind and mother is the carrier.
Case:1

Colour blind man and non-colour blind woman

Case:2

A colour blind man and colour blind carrier woman

Case:3

A non colour blind man and colour blind carrier woman

Case:4

A non colour blind man and a colour blind women

 BIOLIOGRAPHY

1. NCERT class 12 Biology book

2. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_blindness

3.https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-
and-diseases/color-blindness/types-color-blindness

4. https://www.britannica.con/science/color-blindness

5. https://www.healthline.com/health/color-blindness

6.Senior projects