tt503A – Dispositivos Fotônicos

l Aula 2 - Fibras I
l tipos
l atenução e dispersão
Vantagens das Fibras Ópticas

Banda passante potencialmente enorme

Perdas de transmissão muito baixas
Imunidade a interferências e ruído
Isolação elétrica
Pequeno tamanho e peso
Segurança da informação e do sistema
Flexibilidade na expansão da Capacidade
Custos potencialmente baixos
Alta resistência a agentes químicos
Alta resistência à temperatura
 The Structure of an Optical
Fiber
An optical fiber is made up of:
– Doped core: refractive index n1 ≅1.5
– Cladding: refractive index n1 > n2
– Buffer (or primary coating): protects fiber from damage

Core (doped glass)

Cladding (glass)

Buffer (plastic)
perspective view transverse section
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 Fiber Refractive Index Profile

• Core Refractive Index (n1)

• Cladding Refractive Index (n2)

n2 n1
• Step Index Profile

• Graded Index Profile

R.I.

• n1 - n2 << 1 Step n1
index n2

• Why different profiles? x

R.I.
Graded n1
index n2
x
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 How do Fibers Transmit Light?
A simple explanation via Ray Optics

n2
n1

“Meridional”
Light Rays
n2
n1

Longitudinal Section
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 Law of Reflection and Snell’s
Law
Angle of Incidence θi = Angle of Reflection θr

Snell’s Law: n1 sinθi = n2 sinθt

transmitted
Cladding, n2 θt
Interface
Core, n1
θθii θr

incident reflected

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 Total Internal Reflection
As θi increases… θt increases… until θt = 90 o

Value of θi (where θt = 90 o) = “Critical Angle” = θcr

For θi > θcr, the ray is totally reflected

virtually
virtually nothing
nothing
transmitted
θθtt = 90 o transmitted
transmitted
Cladding, n2
Interface
Interface
Core, n1
θi > θθθcrcr
i i θr

incident
incident reflected
reflected
Total Internal Reflection
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 How do Fibers Transmit Light?
if θ1 < critical angle θcr , ray refracted and reflected

θ1 Light is
n1 eventually
n2 lost

if θ1 > critical angle θcr , ray totally reflected

n2 Light is
θ1
n1 transmitted

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 Rays, Wavefronts and Modes
Waves reflecting inside fiber interfere
Only rays yielding a standing wave allowed
Each allowed ray is a “mode” of the fiber

n2

θi
E
n1

n2 r
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 Wave Representation of Modes
Solve Maxwell’s equations
A finite number of guided modes
An infinite number of radiation (leaky) modes

TE2 TE1 TE0

A leaky mode Guided modes

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 Mode Picture of Light
Transmission
Leaky Mode

Light is
n1 lost
n2

Guided Mode
n2 Light is
n1 transmitted

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 Guided Modes in an Optical
Fiber
In any waveguide, many modes can form at once
Below are some guided modes of an optical fiber

HE11 TE01 TM01 HE21 EH11 HE31

LP01 LP11 LP21

Cross-sectional view of fiber core the intensity distribution

Different modes can propagate simultaneously

A multimode fiber. Also single mode fiber.

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 Single mode & Multimode
What makes a fiber single mode or multimode?

Multimode n2
optical fiber n22
nn1
n11

n2
n1
a

Single mode •dimension of core

optical fiber
• n1 and n2
•wavelength

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 Limiar monomodo
Vc = 2,405 (índice degrau) Para propagação monomodo
Constante de Propagação Normalizada

• fibra índice degrau:

multimodo
0 V Vc
monomodo •fibra índice gradual:
0 V (1+2/ )1/2Vc
onde:
2 a
V n12 n 22

Freqüência Normalizada (V)

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16
 Numerical Aperture (NA)
NA measures light gathering ability of a fiber

n2
n0
θci n1

θ0

NA = n0sinθ0max = n1cos θci = (n12-n22)0.5

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 Acceptance Angle
How much light can be captured by the fiber core?
Within the angle θ0max, such that light is transmitted

Core

θ0max

Light is
transmitted
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 Fiber Attenuation
As light travels along a fiber, its power decreases
exponentially with distance

P(0) P(z)

Power
P(0)
P(z) = P(0) e -αp z
attenuation
coefficient

0 Distance, z

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 Fiber Attenuation
How to determine the attenuation coefficient αp?

Pout
P(0) P(z) = P(0) e -αp z P(z)

Power
Pout
Launch loss (unknown)
P(0)

0 Distance, z

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 Fiber Attenuation
The “cut-back” method

P(z2) P(z1)
P(0) P(z)

"
Power
Pout
P(z2) = P(0) e-αpz2
P(0)

P(z1) = P(0) e-αpz1

0 z2 z1 Distance, z

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 Fiber Attenuation

-1 P(z1 )
αp =
(z1 - z2 )
ln [
P(z2 )
]
Note that αp is not in decibel units
Prefer attenuation coefficient in decibel units

P2(dBm)-P1(dBm)
a (dB/km) = (dB/km)
|L2(km)-L1(km) |
a (dB/km) is referred to as the fiber attenuation

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 Fiber Attenuation
Fiber attenuation is a function of the wavelength
Attenuation (dB/km)

First window Second window Third window

10 “850-nm” “1300-nm” “1550-nm”
5.0
2.0
1.0
0.5 Standard AllWave®
0.2 fiber Fiber
0.1
60 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
0 l (nm)
Early technology Zero dispersion
@ 1300 nm

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 Fiber Dispersion
Fiber dispersion is made up of several components

Severity

Total Dispersion Intermodal Between modes

dispersion

Within each mode Intramodal = Material

dispersion dispersion

Waveguide
dispersion

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 Intermodal Dispersion
Each mode experiences different group velocity
n2 n1
R.I.

n1 Δz
n2

L
Minimum transit time tmin = (L/c)·n1

Maximum transit time tmax = (L/c)·(n12/n2)

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 Intermodal Dispersion
The delay difference or pulse spread in time:

δtmod = tmax – tmin = (L/c)n1(n1/n2-1) ≅ (L/c)(NA2/2n1)

The rms pulse broadening per unit length due to intermodal

dispersion (for a step index fiber):

(NA)2
σmod ≅ ns/km
4√2n1c
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 Intermodal Dispersion
Can be reduced by using a graded index profile
n2 n1
R.I.

n1 Δz
n2

Minimized using a nearly parabolic index profile

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 Intramodal Dispersion: GVD
Group Velocity Dispersion (GVD)
Discrete spectral components of a pulse travel at different
speeds (e.g. in a multi-frequency laser)

Pulse spreads out (its width increases) in time

(e.g. in a modulated single frequency laser)

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 Intramodal Dispersion:
Material Dispersion
Refractive index varies with wavelength.

20
(ps nm-1 km-1)
Dispersion

10

0
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

-10 Wavelength (µm)

-20
Material Dispersion

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 Intramodal Dispersion:
•An SMF confines ~ 80 % of optical power to the core
•Velocity depends on the proportion of power in the core
20

Dispersion (ps nm-1 km-1)

10
Wavelength (µm)
v2 v1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
0

-10

-20
Waveguide Dispersion

•At longer wavelengths, the wave is less tightly confined

•Therefore, on average, it sees a lower refractive index

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 Total Dispersion:
Multimode Fibers
• Includes Intramodal σc and Intermodal σn dispersion

•The total fiber dispersion per unit length:

σT = (σc2+ σn2)1/2 ns/km

• Pulse width will increase by sT after 1 km

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 Total Dispersion:
•GVD measured by a single Dispersion Parameter D

2π d2β
D=- . ps nm-1km-1
cλ2 dk2

•D is not normally calculated, but is measured and quoted as

a characteristic of the fiber

•A pulse will spread out by D ps for every nm of spectral

width and every km of distance traveled

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 Total Dispersion:
Single Mode Fibers
Combination of material and waveguide dispersion

Material
20
dispersion
Dispersion (ps nm-1 km-1)

Total
10
dispersion
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
0 Wavelength (µm)

-10 Waveguide
dispersion
-20

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 Dispersion Modified
Dispersion shifted fiber:
– By controlling the core radius and refractive index, it is possible to
change the wavelength of the dispersion zero

Material Dispersion
Dispersion zero
Dispersion (ps nm-1 km-1)

20
@1300 nm

10 Dispersion shifted –
zero @ 1550 nm
0
Wavelength (µm)
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Waveguide
-10 dispersion
is decreased
-20

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 Dispersion Modified
Single Mode Fibers
Dispersion flattened fibers:
– The typical fiber with ‘W’ core structure

Standard Single-Mode
Dispersion (ps nm-1 km-1)

20 R.I.

10
Wavelength (µm)
0
1. 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
1
-10
Refractive index
-20 Dispersion flattened profile of “W” fiber

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 Ex.1
36

fibras ópticas Gallep - 1s08 14