Organic chemistry Functional group

Analysis Scheme
1. Test for Carbohydrates.
No Experiment Observation Inference
1 Molisch’s test

Take 1-2 ml of aqueous solution A red-violet ring is Presence of

of carbohydrate and add few produced at the carbohydrate
drops of Molisch’s reagent. junction of two
pour 1ml of conc.H2S O4 slowly layers.
along the side of the test tube
2 Tollen’s test

Take 2-3 ml of aqueous solution A shiny silver Presence of

of carbohydrate in a test tube mirror on inner carbohydrate
and 2-3ml of Tollen’s reagent. walls of test tube.
Keep the test tube in a boiling
water bath.

3 Fehling’s test

Take 2-3 ml of aqueous solution Reddish brown Presence of

of carbohydrate in a test tube precipitate carbohydrate
and 2-3ml of Fehlings reagent.
Keep the test tube in a boiling
water bath.

4 Iodine test

To aqueous solution of Blue colour Presence of

carbohydrate add 1-2ml of carbohydrate
iodine solution
2. Test for fats
No. Experiment Observation Inference
1 Solubility test Insoluble in water Presence of fat

Shake a small amount of given

sample with water.
2. Acrolein test A pungent Presence of fat
irritating odour
Heat a sample of compound
with KHSO4.

3. Translucent Spot test Translucent Spot Presence of fat

on unfolding filter
A small amount of sample is paper.
placed on a filter paper and
fold it

3. Test for proteins

No. Experiment Observation Inference
1. Biuret test A blue-violet Presence of protein
coluration.
To the sample of compound
add 1ml of NaOH solution and
then add4-5 drops of 1%
CuSO4 solution.
2. Millon’s test White precipitate Presence of protein
changes to brick
To the sample of compound red o boiling
add Millon’s test and boil.
3. Nihydrin test Blue colour Presence of protein

A little of the sample is boiled

in a test tube with Nihydrin
solution
4. Xanthoproteic test Yellow precipitate Presence of protein

A little of the sample is shaken

with conc.HNO3 and heat
4. Tests for Alcoholic Group

No Experiment Observation Inference

Sodium metal Test
Take little sample of the given
liquid in a dry test tube, add
1.
some anhydrous calcium
Brisk effervescence Presence of alcoholic
sulphate and shake well to
is produced. group.
remove water. Filter the liquid
into another clean dry test tube
and add a small piece of sodium
metal.

Ester Test
Take little sample of the given
liquid in a test tube; add some
A fruity smell is Presence of alcoholic
2. carboxylic acid and 2-3 drops of
produced. group.
conc. sulphuric acid. Warm the
mixture on a water bath Pour it
into a beaker containing water.

Ceric ammonium nitrate Test

Take little sample of the given
liquid in a test tube and add few Red colour is Presence of alcoholic
3.
drops of ceric ammonium developed. group.
nitrate reagent and shake it
well.
5. Tests for Phenol Group

No Experiment Observation Inference

Litmus Test
Blue litmus turns to Presence of phenol
1. Test sample with moist blue
red. group.
litmus paper.
Neutral Ferric chloride Test
Take some neutral ferric
Violet colour is Presence of phenol
2. chloride solution in a test tube
seen. group.
and add 2-3 drops of the given
sample.

Liebermann’s Test
A small quantity of sample and A deep blue or
Presence of phenol
3. sulphuric acid is warmed. Cool green colouration is
group.
it. Then add 1-2 crystals of seen.
sodium nitrite.
Bromine water test Presence of phenol
4. White precipitate
To the sample add Br2 group.

6. Tests for Aldehyde

No Experiment Observation Inference

Schiff’s Test
Dissolve a small quantity of the
Presence of
1. given compound alcohol and Pink colour is seen.
aldehyde.
add Schiff’s reagent and shake it
well.
Tollen’s Test (Silver mirror test)
Take given sample in a test tube Shining silver Presence of
2.
add tollens reagent and add mirror is formed. aldehyde.
NaOH .Place it in a water bath.
 Fehling’s Test
Take given sample in a test tube Red precipitate is Presence of
3.
add Fehlings reagent and add formed. aldehyde.
NaOH .Place it in a water bath.

7. Tests for Ketones

No Experiment Observation Inference

m-Dinitrobenzene Test
A small quantity of the given
Presence of ketonic
1. compound is shaken with 0.1g of Violet colour
group.
finely divided m-dinitrobenzene.
Now add about 1 ml of NaOH

Sodium nitroprusside Test

Take small quantity of sodium
nitroprusside and add given Presence of ketonic
2. Red colour
compound. Shake the test tube group.
well and add sodium hydroxide
solution.

Iodoform Test
Warm the given sample of Presence of ketonic
3. Yellow precipitate
compound with iodine and NaOH group.
pellets.

8.Tests for Carboxylic Group

No Experiment Observation Inference

Litmus Test
Blue litmus turns to Presence of
1. Test given sample with a moist
red. carboxylic group.
blue litmus paper.
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Brisk effervescence Presence of
2.
Test is observed. carboxylic group.
 Take given organic compound
in a test tube and add a pinch of
sodium bicarbonate to it.

Ester Test
Take a small quantity of the
given organic compound in a
test tube, add some alcohol and You get a fruity Presence of
3.
few drops of conc. sulphuric smell. carboxylic group.
acid into it. Warm it in a water
bath. Pour the mixture into a
beaker containing water.

9.Tests for Amino Group

No Experiment Observation Inference

Solubility Test
Take a small quantity of the
Compound is
1. given compound in a test tube Presence of amine.
soluble in dil.HCl.
and add 2-3 ml of dil.HCl and
shake the test tube well.

Litmus Test
Red litmus turns to
2. Test given sample with a moist Presence of amine.
blue.
blue litmus paper.
Carbylamine Test
Take a small quantity of solid
KOH in a test tube and add some
An offensive smell
3. alcahol. To this add a few drops Presence of amine.
is produced.
of chloroform and small amount
of the given compound and
warm gently.

©Mrs Resmi