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Some Basic
Concepts of
Chemistry
CH 1 Chemistry | Class 11
Notes + 10 Years Integrated PYQ's
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IF Some Basic concepts to chemistry : -

Physical Property ? -

property
The which can be measured
without chemical
changing is the
composition of
the substance
volume
known as
Physical property
density
like mass , , etc

chemical
Property e-
be evaluated at the
property
The which can cost

property
is known chemical
of
matter
itself as

IF classification Matter :
of
.

Malter
v
to
Pure substance Mixture
-n . f-
Element
Compound Homogenous Heterogenous
# Law of chemical combination in

Law Conservation Mass : for

chemical of of anyreactants
-

total
changeequal
active
of
mass
to the
always
the
of
are mass
It
product formed . is a derivation
of
Dalton's atomic created
theory
'
atoms neither
'

Total Total
destroyed of
not . masses reactants =

masses
of products t Masses
of unreached reactants

Eye .

4.90g of Kaos
and the
when
residue Ckd )
heated
produced I
behind
leftillustrate
-92g
weighs
of oxygen
Show that these results
2.90g
.

the
SI
law
of Conservation
of
Mars .

weight of Kaos
:
4.90g taken
-
=

total the Products ( kelt 027=2-961-1.92--4

weight of 88g
-

and
Difference between the
wgt of the reactant .

the total wgt of the

products
.

9. go 4.88
0.02g
-
-
=

This small
difference may be due to experimental
emcee
law holds
conservation
of
within
Thus ,
of mars
good
experimental errors .

law
of
chemical
constant
proportion : .

elements
A compound always contains same

does
in
definite proportion by
mass and it not
depend of compound
the source
on .

Eg : Ct 02 → Coa
ca cos I Cao t coz
Nazca t 2Nd- ended that t wz

( Hy t 202 → coat 2ND

The
composition of Co2 obtained by different means

always having same C :O ratio 1323=0.375

=

law
of multiple Proportion :

two elements to two

when combine
form or more
than two
different compounds then the
different masses
combine with
of
the
one element B
element
which
bear
fixed
ratio to
mars
of
other a
simple one
another .

Eg : -
carbon
forms
two oxides in
Oxygen
carbon monoxide
CtYOa= CO

kg kg
carbon Oxide ctoa = CO2

12g 32g
The ratio in co and Coa
of masses
of oxygen for
( 12) is 16
fixed of carbon 32=1 : 2
:
mats .

law
of Reciprocal Proportion : .

and C react with

If third
two Elements B
which
the same mass
of
element CAI
they
a , the ratio in do so
will be the same or
simple multiple if B and c

reacts with each other .

 Ratio of
Eg of Carbon and
sulphur which
: -

masses
combine with
fixed mass 132 parts) of Oxygen is
12:32 Or 318 - - -
- t)
In is
Csa ratio
of masses
of
carbon and sulphur
12 : 64 or 3:16 -
- - -
(2)
C
S 02 -
02
3 32 12 37
?

C Sz
12 64
The two ratios CD and Ca) are related to each other

by 3g : or a :L a
3g
'
-
a

second
i. e.
first
ratio is
integral multiple of
Gay Lussac 's law
of Combining volumes : -

At
temperature and volumes
given pressure the
all reactants and
products bear
simple
of
gaseous
a

whole number ratio to each other

G "

Hay) t
Uscg) → 244cg) ( :D
lil

with
i. e .
one volume
chlorine to
of hydrogen
two
reacts
volumes of
one

Hd
volume

of form gas .

i e
-
.
the ratio
which is
by volume which
whole
gases
bears B
l ha
simple number ratio
'
-
a .
 Other
examples are : -

2802 t 02 =
2503 ( 2 : I :L ]
2 Volume 2 volume awoke me

2MHz #' Na t 3 H2 G '

- I :3 ]

2 Volume Jvoheme 3 Volume

Nhs 't HU NHUU [ Vapour] [ let :D

#
2. volume 2 Volume 2 Volume

# Dalton 's Atomic

Theory : -

'
In 1808 ,
'
Dalton
published A new
system of chemical
philosophy in which he
proposed the following 's

atoms
→ Matter consist
of indivisible .

All element identical

the
of
atoms
given hare
→
a

properties including identical mass .

Atoms
of different
elements differ in mass .

→
Compounds are
formed when atoms
of different
elements
Chemical
combined
reactions
a in
fixed ratio .

atoms
invoke
reorganizationin of
→ .

These are neither created or chemical

destroyed a

reaction .
 limitations : -

atomic
theory up
Daltons
The
Atom
main
failures of indivisible It is made
are : .

of
→ was no more .

various
and
sub
neutron
-
atomic particles like electrons ,
proton
etc
to bind
→ It
failed explain the nature
of forces that
together different atoms in molecules .

It
failed to explain Gay lussac 's law
of combining
→

volumes .

→ It did not make any distinction between ultimate

particle of and
an element that takes
part in reaction
( atoms) the ultimate
particle that has

independent existence ( molecules) .

explained by
theory
→ Isobars can not be Dalton 's

# Atomic mass and Molecular mass : -

Atomic mass : The atomic element

of
-
mass an can

indicates how
defined which
be as the number
times the atom the element is
many
of of
mass one

heavier in
comparison to the mass
of
one atom
af
hydrogen .

Atomic mass
of an Element

MYheekment atom
Mass ofC-
4,2in part of mass
of la
He and Petits law
Dulong : .

The
product of specific heat of pure element and
the element is to 6.4
atomic
Atomic
mass of
heat
equal
6.4C approx )
.

i. e .
man x
specific =

But this law Is not applicable to lighter element

like boron , carbon , Silicon .

Eg is The specificto beheat of metal of atomic

: a mass 32
.

likely : -

San
Specific heat a*m¥÷=§÷ OR
→ =
-

Atomic
#
Average Mass in

Elements are
found in different isotopic forms
( atoms of same
mass )
elements
having different atomic
so ,
the atomic element
mass of any
is the
average of all the
isotopic mass within
a
given sample
EC% abundance)
Average atomic mass =

Too
x atomic mass
# Mole
concept t -

Mole is the number

equal to Avogadro 's number
just like a
dozen is
equal to 12 a century ,

means 100 , a score means 20 ( NA

= 6.023×1023)
.
-

x T

22.4L of
6. 03×1023
Particles

In terms
In terms
of volume

of particles 2 Mole
In terms
mass
of

v u v

2
I
gram
2
gram formula
gramSubstance
atom
of
mole
of mass
of

No .

of moles of molecules =

wgt9ngm_
Molecular mass

→ No
of moles
of atoms =

wgt in
gm
-

Atomic mass

of Gases
→ No moles Vol at STP
of
. = .

standard molar volume

(standard molar volume at STP - 22.46't)
EgG) The largest
: number
of
molecules is in :
-
.

(b) 46g of cans OH

28g of co -

d)
36g of Heo (d) 54g of Naos

Sof 's 1120=2 mole of while other

36g H2O option
has less mole .

# Gram Atomic mass OR Gram Atom : -

Atomic weight of Element in is called as

Gram atomic
an
grams
Element Gram atomic mass
mass
of an .

( 6.023×1023 atoms)
is the
weight of I mole atom of
the element It is also called I atom
as
gram eg
.
.

AAW af C 6.023×1023 atom

Aw of G- 12
,
=

12g =

of
I atom carbon
carbon mole
of atom
of
G- I
gram
=
.

#
Percentage composition of a compound : -

percentage Composition of a
Compound is the relative
mass of each the of constituent elements in too
parts
Molecular
of
it
by mass .

earlier ( in
mass
of compound , as

discussed section l -
lo ) can be calculated
as the sum of the atomic masses
of all the
atoms which constitute that
compound .
the molecule
of
 G Molecular
" -

mass
of calcium Nitrate : -

( Nos) z
Ca Atomic =
mass
of Cat 2x Atomic mass
of Nts x

Atomic mass of O =
40T 2×14+6×16=40+28 t 96=164 U .

lcak-mouaemeaafemoaffgo.gg
% of Calcium too
=¥xlA -2439
% of Nitrogen CN) -

massage 100--9*100=17.07
molecular mass
of Cac No ,

% of Oxygen G) massage
cµgzXlA=¥x 100=58.54
=

molecular ↳
mass
af

Eg : How
of copper is
much obtained
from ing af
-

copper sulphate ( Cusa) ?

Soft molecular mass
of Cusa =
Atomic mass
of bet
Atomic mass of St 4 x Atomic mass
of 0=63 51-321-4×16
.

= 159.5 y
Gram molecular of Cusoy
159.5g
mass =

Cee Soy hare be

Now , 159.5
g of 63.5g
=

Cusoy have be 63.5

.
:
log of =

xygglo.ge 39.81g
=
# Empirical formula : -

It is the smallest
the
formula which expresses
whole number ratio
of the constituent atom within
the molecule .

Eg andA
: -

Compound contains G- 71.23%

is
,
H = 12.95%
0=15 . 81% . What the Empirical formula
offor : the
.
compound .

÷÷÷÷÷:÷q:÷÷t÷n÷÷÷÷÷:÷÷±n
.

Cg HBO
Hydrogen I 12.95
12,95-129510,2%4=13
Oxygen co) 26 1581
15684=098809%885-2
# Chemical
stoichiometry
and
Equation : -

symbols : -

(e)
liquid →
Gas →
(g)
Solution → ( SH )
Aqueous solution →
Cag )
Precipitate → t

light Cgases)
→ in
is
Heating
→

# Hit and Trial method : -

Egreaction
:write the

and
chemical
balance the
equation for the
hit
following
and trial
same
by
method .

Sol ? The skeleton reaction is

.

equation for the :

Cas Nat H2O → 6C On)zt Nhs

balancing theis steps

following
The done in the : -

C)
Balancing Hao
Cas Nat →
Ca
36
atoms
Hkt NHS

② Balance the N atoms in

Caz Nat Hao →

3G ( OH )zt 2N No

③ Balance the O atoms

↳ Nat 6h20 →
3G ( OHL t 2MHz
 balanced
Uponfinalchecking already
, the H atoms are .

balanced chemical is
. :
equation :

Cas Nat 6h20 → 36 ( Okk t 2MHz

Balance
following by yourself
→ the : -

d) Cat Hoos Ceelo Hh t Ha

(2) Aly ↳ t H2O → At Const CH
y

# Problem
Involving Mass -
Mass
Relationship : -

Eg what mass oxide

of copper
by
: -

will be obtained

heating
Cee
12.35g of
63.5)
copper carbonate ? ( Atomic mass

of
=

Sol ? The chemical the reaction is :

egg for
.

belts # Got CO2

63.51-12+48 63.5 t
26--123
5g 79.5g
-
-

123.5g of copper carbonate upon heating gins Ge795g

Log of copper carbonate upon heating gins ae=tgg
.
:
12.35g of copper carbonate
upon
heating gins
ae=

7%57×1235=7 -95g
tf Problem
Involving Mass volume Relationship :
-
.

Eg is: -
KUO ,
heating Oadecomposes
on

volume
to
give
liberated
Kd and Oa what .

KUO ,
the
I
.
of
at NTP
by 0.2 mole
of
Sorin KUO , Es
The
decomposition of
"
chemical the
2K Clos # 2k It
eq for
302
Qm of 3M of

( 3×22.41=67.22)
2 moles of KU 03 evoke 02 at NTP = 672 l .

I mole of Kaos evoke Oa at NTP =

6722-1
0.1 Mole
of KUO, evoke 02 at NTP =
6722-+0-11=3 -36L
# Problem volume
Volume
Involving Relationship :
-
.

Eg
: 2 life of oxygen at NTP is allowed to react with
-

3 likes
of carbon monoxide at NTP Calculate the volume .

of each
gas found after the reaction

Sol ? The takes place

reaction
according to the
equation
.

2W t 02 → 202
22 2L 2L

2h of O2 seats with 6=22

w unseated
e
: Vol .

af left = 3-2=2 L

Vol .

of Co2
formed = 2h
# Concept of limiting Reagent : .

The reactant which is

totally consumed
during the
course of aeaction and when it is consumed reaction

stops .

The is
reaction
concept of
other than
limiting reactant
monomolecular ie .
applicable
when more
to
than
involved
type reactant
for Eg 2kd0s→2kUt 302
'
one . .
-
.

These B
To
no
limiting reactant .

all
reactants
determine the
and mole ratio
limiting
reactants
amount
of
reagentmust be known
ofreactant .

Ifreactant
the ratio
of moles of A with
respect to
B is than the ratio
greaterB the
ofchemical
moles

ofThenA to moles
of for a balanced
eqn
B is the
limiting reactant .

EyeC) 30g
.

of na seat with
290g
reactant I
Oa to
yield Hao .

what the is
limiting
(2) of Hao
③
Calculate the maximum
Calculate
amount that can be
reactants which
formed
the amount
of one
of the
remains unreached .

Sol ? -

The balanced chemical

eqn.es : .

2ha t Oa → 2h20

2×18=36
2×2=49 32g of
Step -
I Determination
of 02limiting
reactant .

4g of tea react with =

32g
3g af Ha select with 0a=
342×3=29 g
.

. .

of oxygen
actually
available
-29g
But the amount

As is
therefore hydrogen
available in
oxygen excess , ,

reactant
is the
limiting .

Step -

I Calculation
of the amount
of water that can

formed be .

4g af Ha from Hao in the reaction

36
g .
=

H2O
af Ha in the reaction
3g form 34×3=27 g
: =

step -

# Calculation of the amount

of oxygen left
unleaded .

4g of Hz seguin Oa
for reaction =

32g
3g af Ha
require for reaction
32×3=24 g
.
=
.
.

But
oxygen which actually present org -

i . Amount of
oxygen left unseated 29-24 5g = -
.
# Method of Expressing concentration
of solution : .

( MJ : The Sol
"
is the
of
Molarity molarity
moles
of a

litre ( 2dm )
'
no .

of solute present in one of the soya

M
wxsooom
=

XV,ml in

M = No .

of moles of solute
volume San f in litre)
of
w -
- mass
of solute ,
m
,
=
molar mass
of solute, V- VH -

of Sol ?

( m) :
solute
The
molality
.
The
molalitysolvent
is the no .

of
moles of
present in
kg of
one

m-m.YIEYinogamss-ma7949soehnII.mg
Relation between
molarity and
molality
'
-
.

( where density of soy)

m =
tooo x M
,
D=
÷m×m,y
 Parts per parts ( ppm) : It
defined
million - is as the
mass of the million ( 106 )
solute
present in one
parts
of
's

by mass the Sol

af A
Thus .
,

for a solute A ,

× 106
= mass
ppm A
.

mass
of solution

Relationship between ( M) and cm )

molarity molality
: -

moles of solute
molarity
of the
M means

Sol ?
M
punt are

sores dglcc
in Loo
cc .

densityYof
the , mass

soli
Msg (
mate
of mot I ooo
grams Man at solute M
= .
-

mats of solute)

Hence of solvent sooo d-

Mmg
, mass -

Molality cm )
°

MIND X 1000
- . =

-
mm ,

Iooomloood
=

Mma -

thus
Md
,
m -
-

Mma 11000
-

mft.mn#)--mdoeM--mdItmMz/loo0
or
mfd Yung)= -
Moe
 Relationship cm) and
fraction Kid :
between
molality mole -

( m)
molality means m moles of the solute in
long of
the solvent a
Iooofm , moles ( m, = mot of mats
of thesolvent ) .

fraction ( Xa ammtlooolm
Hence , mole )
,

=mMi_
boot mm ,

thus , Xz
mmlcoootmm
=

loootmmi-lod.TL
Ig
or
=

mm
,
mm ,

I Fts
I
smog ;¥
• =L -
=
-
-

Or m =
2000×2
TUM ,

Relationship between
molarity cm) and mole
fraction Adin
Mole
fraction ,
Xa =

MCI
MMD 1Mt
ooo d -
Mz
Ot Xa =
MMI
( wood Mma) t mm ,-

MMM
=

( Mi ) Land -
Ma 1-

Thus Xa
MMM
-

( Mi MD land -

t
or , M
looodxax
=

X2M2
, Mit
Eg NaOH
Calculate the
:
molarityconsof a Sot
containing org of
-

dissolved in soo .

Soft wgt of NaOH dissolved

0.5g
.
=

'
Vol .

of the sofa = 500cm

Calculation of molaritymole
: '

0.5g of NaOH =

Ojos of NaOH

( : Md .
mass of NaOH - 40 )
= 0.0125 mole
0.0125 Mok
'
of
"
Thus , 5W con Sol contain NaOH =

'
Sol
of
"
i . 200 con the contain NaOH = 0-0125 x boo
*
= O -
025 mole .

Hence , Solna
molarity of the 0025M .

Egs .
Calculate the
molarity ofthe '
a soli
containing 9.
signs
of Hasa in 250cm of sofa
Sd ! Man of dissolved
Hzsoy
9.8g
-

'
Vol .

of the Sofa = 250cm

Mof
calculation
.
mass of
of
Haney
molarity 98 =

No of moles of
tkwy-mmga.nmin.mg Iif 0.1
i .
. =
-
-

'

of mole
"
250cm the Sof contain Hasoy = Oil
'
sun contain Mason mode
two
of the
g¥× 1000=0.4
-

. . cm -

'
Hence ,
molarity of Sol 0.4 M
= .