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Class 9 - Science

Ch 3: Atoms and Molecules

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 Atoms Aro Molecules
(sing at cite ant Para E ?
)
Let's start with some definitions -

• Atoms :

The smallest entity of element which shows the

an ,
properties
of that element .

•
Molecules :

The smallest entity of a compound .

Wow ,
all these reactions and combinations were
going on , so we

needed to
find some laws that can
govern the chemical reactions .

→ Galta loves football ,

but when he doesn't know the laws
of
football then how will he play it f

LAWG OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION :

•
This law was established after the experiments by Tarcisio and

Joseph L Proust
. .

• The chemical reaction between two or more substances

gives rise to
products which is
governed by certain laws called Laws of Chemical
combination .
 LAW OF Conservation OF MASH
→
During chemical reaction , the total mass
a
of reactants will be
equal to the total mass of the products .

→ Mass can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction .

→
Ena_mpbe : A- (reactant) + B(reactant → AB ( product ) )
B
mass
of A t mass
of = mass of AB .

LANG OF CONSTANT PROPORTIONS :

A In chemical reaction compounds

a .
always contain the same
elements present in definite proportions by mass irrespective of their
source .

4 It was
given by Lavoisier .

Ator example :

(i) 98 gm of 1120=2 gm of hydrogen t 96

gm of oxygen

Mass of hydrogen (mass of oxygen =

2/96 =
9/8
ii) 36 gm
of 1720--4 gm of hydrogen + 32
gm of oxygen
Mass
of hydrogen (mass of oxygen = 4/32 =
9/8
iii ) 9
gm of H2O = 9 gm of hydrogen + 8
gm of oxygen

mass
of hydrogen (mass Of oxygen = 9/8
• This verifies law of constant proportions as the ratio of
to is
mass
of hydrogen oxygen always same .
 GALIOT 'g ATOMIC THEORY °

Every matter is made of very small

tiny particles
•
or
up
called atoms .

• Atoms are not divisible and cannot be created or

destroyed in
a chemical reaction .

All atoms of element in size and chemical

given
•
a are same mass
,

properties .

•
Atoms
of different elements are different in size ,
mass and
chemical properties .

• Atoms combine in the ratio of a small whole number to form

compounds .

The relative constant

•
number and kinds of atoms are in a
given
compound .

Atoms of Patriot nut :

*

ATOMS
-

Smallest unit
of an element .

May or may not exist

independently
-

but takes in chemical reaction

part .

Radius of an atom is Atomic Radius ,

generally in nanometers .
 Symbol of atoms

The first always capital

4 letter of a
symbol Is written as a

better ( uppercase) and the second letter as a small better (lowercase) .

( co)
For example :
Hydrogen ( H) ,
aluminium ( A1) , cobalt .

→
Some other symbols have been taken from the names
of
elements in Latin ,
German or Greek .

For eg. : Fe from its Latin name ferrum ,

sodium is Da from natrium ,

potassium is K from Kalinin .

ATOMIC Mass
→
The mass
of an atom of an element is called its atomic
mass .

→ The atomic mass unit is defined as the quantity of mass equal

to 9/92 Of mass
of an atom of carbon -
92 .

9 amu or u = I × Mass of an atom of 92 .

92

9 u = 9.66 x
9027kg .

* ATOMIC MASS OF SOME IMPORTANT

- -
-
ELEMENTS usually ( -
asked in -
exams )
* Molecules of Tata auf
A molecule is in two atoms that
general a of
→
group or more

are
chemically bonded together .

→ A molecule is the smallest particle of matter (except element) which is

capable of an independent existence and shows all properties of that

substance .

'
particle of
'
→
Eeg .
: Hao is the smallest water which shows all the

properties of water .

* Molecules of Elements :

•
get elements shot introvert If I af sign exist def ast aime .

O is introvert , SHIFT at 3194 At&t MEF Basma Stas . 3444 oaf

e. g
II of 32¥ HIT bond arias Oz # form tf exist assai E
.

MOLECULE OF ELEMENTS
• Molecules Of an element are constituted by the same
type of
atoms .

Number of atoms constituting molecule is called its

atomicity
•
a .

• Molecules of some elements contain only one atom (monoatomic ) .

•
Molecules of some elements contain only two atoms ( diatomic) .
 Mo no atomic Diatomic Tri at comic Poly atomic
Helium Me , Hydrogen tea ,
Ozone 03 Phosphorus Pa ,

Copper Cu , Oxygen 02 Sulphur 58

Krypton Kr ,
Nitrogen Na

Silver Ag ,

Carbon C

Molecules of Compounds
4 Atoms of different elements join together in definite proportions
to form molecules Of compounds .

Kfor e.g . a molecule of water consists of two atoms of hydrogen

and one atom of oxygen to form a triatomic molecule tho .

Tong
-

Compounds composed of metals and non -

metals contain
charged
species .

-
The charged species are known as ions .

An ion is negatively
a
charged particle and can be or positively
-

Int)
charged .CM#
-
A negatively charged ion is called an
'
anion
'
and the positively
changed ion ,
'

cation
'
a .

Ions can consist of a single changed atom or a

group of atoms
that has a net change on them -
called Polyatomic Ion .
c) Cation : It is positively charged ion and is formed by the
loss of one or more electrons from an atom .

* For example 8 Sodium atom , loses one electron to form a sodium

-
-

ion Na

Na -
e - → Nat

( ii) Anion : It is a
negatively charged ion and is formed by
by the gain of one or more electrons by an atom .

for chlorine
*
eg. : a atom gains one electron to
form a chlorine
ion Ct .

Cl t e - → CI -

VALENCY
•
The combining capacity of an element is known as its
valency .

•
Valency is used to find out how the atom of an element will

combine with the atom of another element to

form a chemical

compound .

(Every atom wants to become stable ,

to do so it may lose , gain or

share electrons )
.

If an atom consists of 9,2 or 3 electrons in its valence shell then

-

its valency is 9,2 or 3 respectively ,

If an atom consists of 5,6 or 7 electrons in the outermost shell ,

then it will 9 electron respectively and its
gain 3,2 or
valency
will be 3,2 9
or
respectively .

If an atom has 4 electrons in the outermost shell then it

will share this electron and hence its valency will be 4 .

-
-

If an atom has 8 electrons in the outermost electron and hence

its 0
valency will be .

* Valency
-
in simple
- language (only for understanding) -

4 Every atom wants to have 8 electrons in its outermost shell to be

stable (except H and He which only have single shell , they require
only 2 )
electrons to be stable

Pasa electrons of IT bet assort us.no#fasaF atom of stable asset of this .

3¥ original II ish Haaf ETF that is valency , .

For example ,
Na has total of 99 electrons ,
i.e .
9 electron in the outermost

shell .

Now either you can add 7 electrons to it , or can 9 electron

you remove .

In both the cases the outermost shell will have 8 electrons .

But since 9 electron remove ATEF E Etling valency

,
is 9 .

On the other hand , Cl has 7 electrons

-

in the outermost shell .

So either we add 9 electron to it or remove 7 electrons .

got IET fastest motor g

Ats : 9 electron remove BT tf lo Te . its valency is also 9 .

deff Iet chef is

valency .

* flow to write chemical formulas ?

# Rule fowling Gal formulae :
9 . We first write symbols of elements which form compound .

2. Below the symbol Of each element , we should write their

valency .

3. Now cross over the valencies of combining atoms .

4. With the first atom , we write the
valency of the second atom
( as a subscript ) .

5. With the second atom .

we write the valency of first atom
( subscript) .

Chemical formula of some simple compounds :

a) Calcium hydroxide
Symbol → Ca OH
Valency → -12*-9
Criss -
cross .

Formula →
Ca(OH)z
b) Aluminium oxide

Symbol → Alr > 0

-13
Valency → -2

Formula → A 1203

Molecular Mass
- -

→
It is the sum of atomic masses of all the atoms in a

molecule of that substance .

Evade : Molecular mass

of
H2O 2x Atomic of Hydrogen -19 Atomic
mass x mass
of Oxygen
=

So Molecular
,
mass of H2O - 2×91-9×96=98 a

Formula Unit Mass :

4 It is the of atomic ions and

sum mass
of atoms present in

formula for a compound .

 Examples NaCl
-

-
: In ,

Na = 23 a.m. u .

Cl 35 =
a.m . U .

So Formula
,
unit mass = 9×23 -19×35.5 = 58.5 u

Mole Concept(easiet explanation in Triumph Series Video)

MF aunt # got E
Simple terms
-

9 Dozen Bananas = 92 Bananas

9 Pair Bananas = 2 Bananas

As we have learned that dozen

always means 92 , pair always
means 2 in the same
way
-

,
"
9 Mole Bananas = 6.022×90 bananas

9 Mole
"

of Binod =
6.022 x 90 Binod

Similarly ,
9 Mole Atoms = 6.022×9023 Atoms

This number (6.022×9023) is also called Avogadro Number ( Na)

MOLAR MASS
The molar of substance is the 9 mole
→
mass a mass
of of
that substance .

6.022×90 /
"
It is equal to the atoms that element substance
of
→
.

Examples :

a) Atomic mass
of hydrogen ( H) is 9 u .

Its molar mass is a glmol .

b) Atomic mass
of nitrogen is 94 u .

So , molar mass
of nitrogen is 94 glmol .
c) Molar mass
of Sg = Mass
of 5×8--32×8 = 256 glmol .

d) Molar mass of HCl = Mass of Ht Mass of Cl = 9=35 5=36.5

.

glmol .

Inert FEE :

9) Number of moles ( n ) =
Givenmass = in

Malan mass
M

) Number of
ii moles ( ) =Givennumberofpauti
n

Avogadro's number

n = I
No
)
iii = m -
- MI
Mo

iv)
Percentage of any atom in given compound =Massofelementx900_
Mass
of compound