RIZAL NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL 1.

Mole-to-Mole Conversion – if the number of moles of one substance is given in

Senior High School the problem, we can determine the number of moles of any other substances in the
GRADE 12 - STEM chemical reaction or chemical equation by using a mole conversion factor based
on the coefficients in the balanced chemical equation.
General Chemistry 1
Mole ratio
Moles of known Moles of unknown
STOICHIOMETRY AND BALANCED CHEMICAL EQUATION substance substance
In Greek, “stoikhein” means element and “metron” means measure, so stoichiometry when
In performing the Mole-to-Mole Conversion, do the following steps below.
literally translated means the measure of elements.
Example 1.
4𝑁𝐻! + 3𝑂" → 2𝑁" + 6𝐻" 𝑂
Stoichiometry is the calculation of quantities in chemical equations. Given a chemical
How many moles of O2 are needed to react with 8 moles of NH3?
reaction, stoichiometry tells us what quantity of each reactant we need in order to get
Step 1. Analyze the chemical equation.
enough of our desired product in a given useful equation.
No. of Mole Substance
IMPORTANCE: Because of its real-life applications in chemical engineering as well as
4 𝑁𝐻!
research, stoichiometry is one of the most important and fundamental topics in chemistry. 3 𝑂"
Stoichiometry is at the heart of the production many things you use in your daily life. Soap, 2 𝑁"
tires, fertilizers, gasoline, deodorants, and chocolate bars are just few commodities you use 6 𝐻" 𝑂
that are chemically engineered or produced through chemical reactions. Chemically
Step 2. Identify the problem. ? moles of O2 : 8 moles of NH3
engineered commodities all rely on stoichiometry for their production.
Step 3. Identify the conversion factor based on the balanced chemical equation.
MOLAR MASS, MOLE AND AVOGADRO’S NUMBER Based from the given chemical equation, there are 3 moles of O2 for every
Molar mass is defined as the mass in grams of one mole of a substance. The units of molar 4 moles of NH3. Therefore, the conversion or 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂" or 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻!
mass are grams per mole, abbreviated as g/mol. Meaning that 1 mole of an element or the mole ratio would then be: 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻! 3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂"
compound is equal to its atomic weight. Thus, 1 mole of carbon is 12 g. We can write it as
12g C per 1 mole of C. Step 4. Dimensional Analysis using the identified conversion factor.
3 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂"
8 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻! × = 6 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂"
Mole is a unit of measurement used in chemistry to express the amount of a chemical 4 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻!
substance. The meaning of amount in chemistry typically has to do with the number of 2. Mole-to-Mass Conversion – the gram is the most convenient unit for measuring
particles (can be described as molecules, atoms, ions or formula units). amounts of reactants or products in the laboratory. In order to convert moles to
grams or grams to moles, you have to make use of the molar mass of the given
Mole is the representation of the number of particles in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. Carbon- compound.
12 is the basis for the mole because the atomic mass of 12 grams of Carbon-12 is exactly Mole ratio MM of B
Moles A Moles B Grams B
the Avogadro’s number which defines a mole.
1 mole = 6.022x1023 particles
Each sample has a different mass but they all contain 6.022x1023 particles. This is known as 4𝑁𝐻! + 3𝑂" → 2𝑁" + 6𝐻" 𝑂
Avogadro’s number, in honor to the Italian scientist Amadeo Avogadro How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 10 moles of NH3?
Step 1. Identify the problem. ? grams of O2 : 10 moles of NH3
What are the Calculations Involved in a Balanced Equations?
There are three calculations involved in balanced equations. These are (1) Mole- Step 2. Identify the conversion factor based from the balanced chemical equation.
to-Mole Conversion, (2) Mole-to-Mass Conversion, and (3) Mass-to-Mass Calculation. Based from the given chemical equation, there are 3 moles of O2 for every 4 moles
of NH3. Therefore, the conversion or the ____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂" or ____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻!
In solving stoichiometry problems, we must follow the steps. mole ratio would then be: ___𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻! ____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂"
• Write and balance the chemical reaction involved. Step 3. Find out the number of moles of
• Identify the known and unknown specified in the problem. O2 needed to react to 10 moles NH3 using dimensional analysis.
____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂"
• Use the appropriate ratio. That is when you convert units of unknown based from 10 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻! × = ____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂"
the known units. ____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻!
• Recheck your solutions. Step 4. Change the moles of O2 as conversion factor. The molar mass of O2 as
conversion factor. The molar mass of O2 is 32.0g because each O has a mass
number of 16.
 ____ 𝑔 𝑂" • The reagent that is completely used or reacted is called limiting reagent, because
____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑁𝐻! × = ____ 𝑔 𝑂"
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂" its quantity limits, or control, the amount of products formed.
Other examples: • Theoretical yield is the maximum amount of product that can be produced from a
a. If we have 3.59 mole of Fe2O3, how many grams of SO3 can react with it? given amount of reactant in ideal conditions.
___𝐹𝑒" 𝑂! + ___𝑆𝑂! → ___𝐹𝑒" (𝑆𝑂# )! • The actual yield is the amount of product actually produced when the chemical
b. How many moles of HCl will be produces when 249 g of AlCl3 are reacted reaction is carried in an experiment. Where the theoretical yield is the amount that
according to this chemical equation? obtained by a reaction and assumes a 100% result of a product. The actual yield is
___𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙! + ___𝐻" 𝑂 → ___𝐴𝑙" 𝑂! + __𝐻𝐶𝑙 typically less.
c. How many moles of Al2O3 will be produced when 23.9g of H2O are reacted • The percentage yield is the ratio of the actual yield to the theoretical yield
according to this chemical equation? multiplied by 100%. In manufacturing using a chemical process, fewer by-products
___𝐴𝑙𝐶𝑙! + ___𝐻" 𝑂 → ___𝐴𝑙" 𝑂! + __𝐻𝐶𝑙 keep the cost of production down as there is less waste. Percentage yield will
3. Mass-to-Mass Conversion indicate how much leftover are produced and help you formulate a plan to create
MM of A Mole ratio MM of B less waste during the chemical reactions.
Grams A Moles A Moles B Grams B
STEPS IN FINDING PERCENTAGE AND THEORETICAL YIELD
If the problem asks for the mass in grams of one substance and the mass of
Example 1. The combustion of 0.374 kg of methane in the presence of excess oxygen
another substance is given, do the following steps below.
produces 0.983 kg of carbon dioxide. What is the percentage yield?
___𝐶" 𝐻$ + ___𝑂" → ___𝐶𝑂" + ___𝐻" 𝑂
How many grams of O2 are needed to react with 250 g of C2H6
Step 1. Write the balance chemical equation.
Step 1. Identify the problem. ? grams of O2 : 250 grams of C2H6
Step 2. Change the grams of C2H6 to moles of C2H6
The molar mass of C2H6 is 30.0g.
____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐶" 𝐻$
250 𝑔 𝐶" 𝐻$ × = ____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶" 𝐻$ Step 2. Find the theoretical yield
___𝑔 𝐶" 𝐻$
Step 3. Change moles of C2H6 to moles of O2
____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂"
____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶" 𝐻$ × = ____𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂"
____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶" 𝐻$
Step 4. Change the moles of O2 to grams of O2
____𝑔 𝑂"
____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂" × = ____ 𝑔 𝑂" Step 3. Find the percentage yield
____ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝑂"
Other examples:
a. Suppose we have 9.20 g of sodium metal. How many grams of chlorine gas should
react with this amount of sodium in this reaction?
___𝑁𝑎(&) + ___𝐶𝑙"(() → ___𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙(&)
b. The decomposition of nitroglycerin is an explosive reaction that produces four Example 2. The combustion of 0.1240 kg of propane in the presence of excess oxygen
different gases. What mass of water vapor should be produced when 1.0g of produces 0.3110 kg of CO2. What is the theoretical yield?
nitroglycerin decomposes by the following reaction? Step 1. Write the balance chemical equation.
___𝐶! 𝐻) 𝑂* 𝑁!(+) → ___𝐶𝑂"(() + 𝑁"(() + __𝑂"(() + ___𝐻" 𝑂(()
c. When the reddish-brown mercury (II) oxide, HgO, is heated, it decomposes to its
elements, liquid mercury metal and oxygen gas. If 2.00 g HgO is decomposed to
Hg, predict the mass of the pure Hg metal produced. Step 2. Find the theoretical yield

PERCENTAGE AND THEORETICAL YIELD OF A CHEMICAL REACTION

Key Concepts:
• The ratio of the number of moles of reactants and products in a chemical reaction
is what we call mole ratio. The mole ratio is derived from the balanced chemical
formula.
• In a chemical reaction, reactants that are not consumed when the reaction is
complete is called excess reagents.
STEPS IN FINDING LIMITING REACTANTS Step 4. Calculate how many grams of each product produced if the reaction goes to
Example 3. If 14.32g N2 reacts with 4.21g of H2 to produce NH3. What is the limiting completion.
reactant?
Step 1. Convert grams of each reactant to grams of product.
N2: g N2 →mol N2 →mol NH3 → g NH3

H2: g H2 →mol H2 →mol NH3 → g NH3

Other problems
PERCENTAGE AND ACTUAL YIELD
1. If I start with 89 grams of sulfuric acid and produce 7.1 grams of water, what is the
percentage yield? Chemical reaction: 𝐻% 𝑆𝑂' → 𝐻% 𝑂 + 𝑆𝑂!
2. Sodium metal reacts with water to produce aqueous sodium hydroxide and
Step 2. Find for the limiting reactant base on the previous calculation. (The reactant that hydrogen gas. The balanced equation is
produces the least amount of product is the limiting reactant) 2𝑁𝑎(() + 2𝐻% 𝑂(&) → 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻()*) + 𝐻%(#)
When 0.50 mol Na is placed in water, all the sodium metal reacts, and the
hydrogen gas is isolated. It is determined that 0.21 mol H2 has been produced.
What is the percent yield of H2?
LIMITING, EXCESS REACTANT, AND PERCENTAGE YIELD
STEPS IN CALCULATING LIMITING REAGENTS, EXCESS REAGENTS, AND 1. Ethylene, C2H4 undergoes many useful reactions. However, since it’s a
PRODUCTS IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS hydrocarbon, it is flammable and burns in the presence of oxygen according to the
In real-life chemical reactions, not all of the reactants present convert into product. More equation.
typically, one reagent is completely used up, and others are left in excess, perhaps to react 𝐶% 𝐻'(#) + 3𝑂%(#) → 2𝐶𝑂%(#) + 2𝐻% 𝑂(#)
another day. The reactant that is use is the limiting reagent. Suppose we mix 0.25 mol C2H4 with 1.0 mol O2. Identify the limiting reactant and
the number of moles of CO2 that can be formed.
Chemists need to know which reactant will run out first, because that information allows 2. 𝑀𝑔 + 𝑁% → 𝑀𝑔! 𝑁%
them to deduce how much product and excess reagent they can expect, based on how a. If 85 grams of magnesium and 65 grams of nitrogen react, what is the limiting
much of the limiting reagent they’ve put into the reaction. reactant?
b. How many grams of 𝑀𝑔! 𝑁% formed?
Example 4. Say you are conducting an experiment where ammonia reacts with oxygen to c. If 225 grams of 𝑀𝑔! 𝑁% formed, what is the percentage yield?
produce nitrogen monoxide and liquid water: 3. Sodium metal reacts with water in the following single-displacement reaction:
𝑁𝐻!(#) + 𝑂%(#) → 𝑁𝑂(#) + 𝐻% 𝑂(&) 2𝑁𝑎(() + 2𝐻% 𝑂(&) → 2𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻()*) + 𝐻%(#)
Step 1. Balance the equation: Determine the limiting reactant and mass of H2 gas produced when 2.0g of Na is
added to 10.0g of H2O.

Step 2. Determine the limiting reagent if 100 g of each reagent are present at the beginning Sources: Bauer, R. (2016). General Chemistry (I and II). McGraw-Hill Education.
of the reaction. Ramos, G. R. (2020). General Chemistry 1: Calculations with Balanced Equations module. Philippines.
Dalang, A. D. (2020). Percentage and Theoretical Yield of Chemical Reaction module. Baguio City, Philippines.

Prepared by: Noted by:

Hazel Ann S. Nipales Leonardo T. Zambrano

Step 3. Identify the excess reagent, as well, as how many grams of the excess reagent will Science Teacher School Head
remain when the reaction reaches completion.