Time Frame: 2nd QUARTER - Week 3

Introduction
The Law of Conservation of Mass dates from Antoine Lavoisier's 1789 discovery that mass is neither
created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. In other words, the mass of any one element at the beginning of a
reaction will equal the mass of that element at the end of the reaction. If we account for all reactants and
products in a chemical reaction, the total mass will be the same at any point in time in any closed
system.Chemical reactions relate to many different relationships and mass relationship is one of the most
important coloration. So today’s experiment is going to discover the relationship between mass of Copper(II)
Chloride dehydrate and aluminum foil. In this experiment, the conditions are not ideal, so there will be limiting
reactant and excess reactant.
By finding the limiting reactant, it is easy to find the excess reactant and the mass of each reactant. In
this experiment, the equation is given and so the mass of each chemical can be determined. So the relationship
should be obvious to see. In a chemical reaction, the total atoms will not transform, however, the mass can be
affected by the mass of water in the air. According to the conservation of the mass, the atoms will not change,
but the mass of each atom will be affected.

Chemical Reactions
Content: Mass relationships in chemical reactions
Content Standard: The learner demonstrates understanding of the
Quantitative relationship of reactants and products in a chemical reaction
Performance Standard The learner shall be able to Design using
Multimedia, demonstrations, or models, a representation or simulation of
any of the following: A. Atomic structure B. Gas behavior
C. Mass relationships D. Reactions
Learning Competencies: The learner should be able to construct mole or mass
ratios for a reaction in order to calculate the amount of reactant needed or
amount of product formed in terms of moles or mass, STEM_GC11MRIg-h-38
and Calculate percent yield and theoretical yield of the reactionSTEM_GC11MRIg-h-39,
explain the concept of limiting reagent in a chemical reaction; identify the excess reagent(s),
calculate reaction yield when a limiting reagent is present and (LAB) Determine mass
relationship in a chemical reactionSTEM_GC11MRIg-h-40

Specific learning objectives: At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to
 Apply stoichiometric coefficients in balanced chemical equations to determining quantities of reactants and products:  
 Calculate the mass/number of moles of products formed from reactants and vice versa 
 Calculate the mass/number of moles of one reactant needed to consume another reactant

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 LEARNING ACTIVITIES

Activity 1: Solve for the following.

Compute for the Mass Relationships in the following Chemical Reactions.(5 points each)
1. 6.50 Grams of aluminum reacts with an excess of oxygen.How many aluminum oxide are
formed?
Al + 02 ____________ ? (find the product formation)

____ Al + ___0 2 ____? ____________?(balance the equation)

6.50 g Al x 1mol Al x 2 mol Al203 x_____? g Al203 = _________?g Al203(cancel same units and compute)
____?gAl 4 mol Al 1 mol Al20
(Note: Number 1 question is your guide how to answer this activity. You must follow the directions carefully to avoid deductions to your score. )

2.

3.

4.

ACTIVITY 2.WRITE FIVE (5)OTHER EXAMPLE OF REVERSIBLE AND IRREVERSIBLE CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

REVERSIBLE IRREVERSIBLE
1 1
2 2
3 3
4 4
5 5

Supplementary Aids

In chapter 3 we were introduced to stoichiometric coefficients and learned how to balance chemical
equations. The balanced chemical equation is in effect a series of equivalence statements that relate the relative
rates of reactant consumption and product formation. Consider the following equation describing the
formation of Aniline (C6H5NH2) from nitrobenzene (C6H5NO2).
4C6H5NO2 + 9Fe + 4H2O ---> 4C6H5NH2 + 3 Fe3O4
The above equation relates the number of particles. So, for every 4 molecules of nitrobenzene, 9 atoms of
iron, and 4 molecules of water consumed you, you create 4 molecules of aniline and 3 formula units of
Fe3O4. The problem is the balanced equation describes the number of particles and we can not physically count
them, nor do we work on such a small scale in the laboratory. 
In calculating Masses of Reactants and Products
you must follow the steps below.
1-Balance the equation.
2-Convert mass or volume to moles, if necessary.
3-Set up mole ratios.
4-Use mole ratios to calculate moles of desired substituent.
5-Convert moles to mass or volume, if necessary

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  The law of conservation of mass dictates that the quantity of an element does not change over the
course of a reaction. Therefore, a chemical equation is balanced when all elements have equal values
on both the left and right sides.
 The balanced equation for the reaction of interest contains the stoichiometric ratios of the reactants
and products; these ratios can be used as conversion factors for mole-to-mole conversions.
Stoichiometric ratios are unique for each chemical reaction.
 Mole in the International System of Units, the base unit of the amount of substance; the amount of
substance of a system that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in 12 g of carbon-12.
 Conversion factor A ratio of coefficients found in a balanced reaction, which can be used to inter-
convert the amount of products and reactants.
Stoichiometric Values in a Chemical Reaction
 A chemical equation is a visual representation of a chemical reaction. In a typical chemical
equation, an arrow separates the reactants on the left and the products on the right.
 The coefficients next to the reactants and products are the stoichiometric values. They
represent the number of moles of each compound that needs to react so that the reaction can
go to completion.
 On some occasions, it may be necessary to calculate the number of moles of a reagent or
product under certain reaction conditions. To do this correctly, the reaction needs to be
balanced. The law of conservation of matter states that the quantity of each element does not
change in a chemical reaction. Therefore, a chemical equation is balanced when the number
of each element in the equation is the same on both the left and right sides of the equation.
Using Stoichiometry to Calculate Moles
 Inspect the coefficients of each element of the equation. The coefficients
can be thought of as the amount of moles used in the reaction. The key
is reaction stoichoimetry, which describes the quantitative relationship
among the substances as they participate in the chemical reaction.
 The relationship between two of the reaction’s participants (reactant or
product) can be viewed as conversion factors and can be used to
facilitate mole-to-mole conversions within the reaction.
Example 1.Determine the number of moles of water produced from 2 mol O2,
the balanced chemical reaction should be written out:
2H2(g)+O2(g)→2H2O(g)

 Each stoichiometric conversion factor is reaction-specific and requires that the

reaction be balanced. Therefore, each reaction must be balanced before
starting calculations.
Example 2

SO HOW DO WE "COUNT" CHEMICAL ENTITIES INVOLVED IN A CHEMICAL REACTION?

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 We count chemical entities in a reaction by measuring macroscopic observables like mass, volume,
temperature and pressure. What we measure depends on the state of matter, but we need to relate a
measurable property to the number of particles. In this chapter we will learn how to do this for solid
substances and for solutes in a solution.( In the gas phase chapter we will use the ideal gas law
(PV=nRT) to do this for gas phase reactants.)

 Stoichiometric calculations involving masses of pure solid or liquid phase substances

Mass to Mass or Mass to Mole Conversions
 Given the mass one species be able to predict the mass another species
consumed or produced from a balanced chemical equation.
How to Solve a Stoichiometry Problem:
The Stoichiometry Path
Step 1: Change the mass of the given species to moles.
Step 2: Change the moles of the given species to the moles of the wanted species.
Step 3: Change the moles of the wanted species
 Technique,This is a three step process which should be done in one equation which uses
three conversion factors.
 Conversion Factor #1: Use molar mass to convert mass of known material to moles.
 Conversion Factor #2: Use coefficients of balanced reaction equation to convert moles of
known material to moles of desired material.
 Conversion Factor # 3: Use molar mass to convert moles of desired material to mass of
desired material.
(Set up as Dimensional Analysis Problem and solve with one equation )

SAMPLE PROBLEM 1. many grams of oxygen are consumed when 4.0 g butane
(C4H10) combusts?
 In the following figure we solve this problem with one equation, where each step is a different
conversion factor (equivalence statement).
 Conversion Factor #1: Divide by molar mass of butane. Note, this has significant digits, and the units
are included in the numerator and denominator as they are different, but the identity is the same and
so not repeated in the denominator (it is implicitly understood that it is the same chemical entity, which
in this case in butane)
 Conversion Factor #2: Use coefficients of balanced reaction equation to convert moles of known
material to moles of desired material. These are exact numbers that come from the balanced equation
and so do not have significant figures, but since they are relating two different entities, the identity of
both the numerator and denominator are explicitly stated.
 Conversion Factor # 3: Multiply by molar mass to convert moles oxygen to grams oxygen.
Note, this has significant digits, and the units are included in the numerator and denominator as they
are different, but the identity is the same and so not repeated in the denominator (it is implicitly
understood that it is the same chemical entity, which in this case in butane
SOLUTION
Mass of oxygen from combustion of 4.0 g Butane

2C4H10 + 13 O2 10H20 + 8CO2

MEASURED QUANTITY REACTANT COUNTED QUANTITY REACTANT COUNTED QUANTITY PRODUCTS MEASURED QUANTITY
PRODUCTS

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  Cancel units in the above equation to be sure your answer has the desired units and only round off your final answer to the
correct number of significant digits, do not round off during intermediate steps.
 How many significant digits should your molar masses be? The measurement with the least number of significant figures
determines the number of significant digits that you round your final answer to. Since this problem had 4.0 g of butane, which has 2
significant digits, we used molar masses of 3 significant digits, but rounded the final answer to two. If at all possible, never use a
molar mass with fewer significant digits than the measured values you are working with, as stated in the problem. 
 Do you Always start with the Mass-to-Mole step? NO!  If the question was what mass of oxygen is consumed if you
combust 4 moles of butane, you do not need to do the first step. Note, both propane and carbon dioxide are gases at ambient
conditions and so you can not measure their mass directly. Instead, you need to measure the pressure, temperature and volume of
the gas to determine the number of moles. We will learn how to do this when we study gasses, but for now we will use masses in our
calculations.

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2.How many grams of carbon dioxide are produced when 10.0 g of
methane, CH4, is burned?
Solution: GIVEN: 10.0 g CH4
Wanted : g CO2
CH4 + 2 O2 → CO2 + 2 H2O
PER: 16.04 g CH4/mol CH4
PATH: g CH4 mol CH4 1 mol CO2/1 mol CH4 44.01 g CO2/mol CO2

CO2
Sample problem3.Methanol burns in air according to the equation
2CH3OH+302-----2CO2+4H20
If 209 g oF Methanol are used up in the combustion,what mass of water is produce?
SOLUTION:

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.
A chemical reaction can be reversible or irreversible.
Irreversible chemical reaction:

In an irreversible chemical reaction, reactants combine to form products, but

these products cannot produce the reactants under similar conditions. 
All the reactants react completely to form the products. 
EXAMPLE

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Reversible chemical reaction
In a reversible chemical reaction, reactants combine to form products, and these products react
within themselves to produce the reactants again. 
Since the products and reactants are constantly under reaction, reversible reactions never come to a
state of completion.

EXAMPLE.

REFERENCES:
General Chemistry 1 For Senior High School. Zenaida T. Nucum Ed.D. Pp 128-132
https://www.nextgurukul.concept/kerala/chemistry/part-1_rate-of-chemical-reactions-and-chemical-
equilibrium.
Microsoft Word - Chapter3.doc (schempc.com)

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