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ST. SCHOLASTICA’S ACADEMY

Tabunok, Talisay City, Cebu
SY 2021 – 2022

BENEDICTINE EDUCATION: MISSION AT THE SERVICE OF THE HUMAN PERSON

Celebrating 100 years of Benedictine presence in the Island of Cebu
Focus: Hospitality

Name ________________________________ Grade & Section _____________________ Date Submitted: ____________

Subject: General Chemistry 1 for STEM 11 Teacher: Mrs. Hazel C. Rico Date: Dec. 11, 2021- Jan. 15, 2022

(Keep pages 1-7)

Module 3: Lesson 3: Mole or Mass Ratio

Objectives:
1. Calculate the molar ratio between two substances given their balanced reaction;
2. Calculate how many moles of a product are produced given quantitative information about the reactants;
3. Calculate the mass of reactants and products from a balanced chemical equation and information about the
amount of reactant(s) present; and
4. Convert from grams to moles using a compound’s molar mass.

Instructional Materials:
Calculator, Periodic Table
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/reaction-stoichiometry/

EXPLORE

A. INTRODUCTION
Activity 1: Picture Analysis
Directions: Label the picture below. Write your answer in the box.

Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical reactions. The reacting materials (reactants) are given on the
left, and the products are displayed on the right, usually separated by an arrow showing the direction of the reaction. The
numerical coefficients next to each chemical entity denote the proportion of that chemical entity before and after the
reaction. The law of conservation of mass dictates that the quantity of each element must remain unchanged in a chemical
reaction. Therefore, in a balanced equation each side of the chemical equation must have the same quantity of each
element.

Process Questions:
1. What is a balanced equation?
2. What does the law of conservation of mass tell us about chemical reactions?

FIRM-UP
B. DISCUSSION

Stoichiometry

Stoichiometry is the field of chemistry that is concerned with the relative quantities of reactants and products in chemical
reactions. For any balanced chemical reaction, whole numbers (coefficients) are used to show the quantities (generally
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in moles) of both the reactants and products. For example, when oxygen and hydrogen react to produce water, one
mole of oxygen reacts with two moles of hydrogen to produce two moles of water.

In addition, stoichiometry can be used to find quantities such as the amount of products that can be produced with a
given amount of reactants and percent yield. Upcoming concepts will explain how to calculate the amount of products
that can be produced given certain information.

The relationship between the products and reactants in a balanced chemical equation is very important in
understanding the nature of the reaction. This relationship tells us what materials and how much of them are needed for
a reaction to proceed. Reaction stoichiometry describes the quantitative relationship among substances as they
participate in various chemical reactions.

Molar Ratios

Molar ratios, or conversion factors, identify the number of moles of each reactant needed to form a certain number of
moles of each product.

Chemical equations are symbolic representations of chemical reactions. In a chemical equation, the reacting materials
are written on the left, and the products are written on the right; the two sides are usually separated by an arrow
showing the direction of the reaction. The numerical coefficient next to each entity denotes the absolute stoichiometric
amount used in the reaction. Because the law of conservation of mass dictates that the quantity of each element must
remain unchanged over the course of a chemical reaction, each side of a balanced chemical equation must have the
same quantity of each particular element.

In a balanced chemical equation, the coefficients can be used to determine the relative amount of molecules, formula
units, or moles of compounds that participate in the reaction. The coefficients in a balanced equation can be used as
molar ratios, which can act as conversion factors to relate the reactants to the products. These conversion factors state
the ratio  of reactants that react but do not tell exactly how much  of each substance is actually involved in the reaction.

Determining Molar Ratios

The molar ratios identify how many moles of product are formed from a certain amount of reactant, as well as the
number of moles of a reactant needed to completely react with a certain amount of another reactant. For example, look
at this equation:
CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O

From this reaction equation, it is possible to deduce the following molar ratios:

 1 mol CH4: 1 mol CO2

 1 mol CH4: 2 mol H2O
 1 mol CH4: 2 mol O2
 2 mol O2: 1 mol CO2
 2 mol O2: 2 mol H2O

In other words, 1 mol of methane will produce 1 mole of carbon dioxide (as long as the reaction goes to completion
and there is plenty of oxygen present). These molar ratios can also be expressed as fractions. For example, 1 mol
1mol CH 4
CH4: 1 mol CO2 can be expressed as . These molar ratios will be very important for quantitative
1mol CO 2
chemistry calculations that will be discussed in later concepts.

Mole-to-Mole Conversions

Mole-to-mole conversions can be facilitated by using conversion factors found in the balanced e quation for the
reaction of interest.

Stoichiometric Values in a Chemical Reaction

A chemical equation is a visual representation of a chemical reaction. In a typical chemical equation, an arrow
separates the reactants on the left and the products on the right. The coefficients next to the reactants and products
are the stoichiometric values. They represent the number of moles of each compound that needs to react so that the
reaction can go to completion.
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On some occasions, it may be necessary to calculate the number of moles of a reagent or product under certain
reaction conditions. To do this correctly, the reaction needs to be balanced. The law of conservation of matter states
that the quantity of each element does not change in a chemical reaction. Therefore, a chemical equation is balanced
when the number of each element in the equation is the same on both the left and right sides of the equation.

Using Stoichiometry to Calculate Moles

The next step is to inspect the coefficients of each element of the equation. The coefficients can be thought of as the
amount of moles used in the reaction. The key is reaction stoichiometry, which describes the quantitative relationship
among the substances as they participate in the chemical reaction. The relationship between two of the reaction’s
participants (reactant or product) can be viewed as conversion factors and can be used to facilitate mole-to-mole
conversions within the reaction.

Stoichiometry: Moles to Moles – YouTube (https://youtu.be/qRVUNCw9fOY): This video shows how to determine
the number of moles of reactants and products using the number of moles of one of the substances in the reaction.

Mass-to-Mass Conversions

Mass-to-mass conversions cannot be done directly; instead, mole values must serve as intermediaries in these
conversions.

A chemical equation is a visual representation of a chemical reaction. A typical chemical equation follows the form

aA+bB→cC+dDaA+bB→cC+dD

where an arrow separates the reactants on the left and the products on the right. The coefficients before the
reactants and products are their stoichiometric values.

Calculating the Mass of Reactants & Products

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One may need to compute the mass of a reactant or product under certain reaction conditions. To do this, it is
necessary to ensure that the reaction is balanced. The ratio of the coefficients of two of the compounds in a
reaction (reactant or product) can be viewed as a conversion factor and can be used to facilitate mole-to-mole
conversions within the reaction. It is not possible to directly convert from the mass of one element to the mass of
another. Therefore, for a mass-to-mass conversion, it is necessary to first convert one amount to moles, then use
the conversion factor to find moles of the other substance, and then convert the molar value of interest back to
mass.

Stoichiometry: Grams to Grams – YouTube (https://youtu.be/bltnuzbs2JA): This video shows how to determine the
grams of the other substances in the chemical equation if the grams of one of the substances is known

Mass-to-Mole Conversions
Mass-to-mole conversions can be facilitated by employing the molar mass as a conversion ratio.

The mole is the universal measurement of quantity in chemistry. However, the measurements that researchers take
every day provide answers not in moles but in more physically concrete units, such as grams or milliliters.
Therefore, scientists need some way of comparing what can be physically measured to the amount of
measurement they are interested in: moles.

Molar Mass

Because scientists of the early 18th and 19th centuries could not determine the exact masses of the elements due
to technology limitations, they instead assigned relative weights to each element. The relative atomic mass is a ratio
between the average mass of an element and 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12. From this scale, hydrogen
has an atomic weight of 1.0079 amu, and sodium has an atomic weight of 22.9997 amu.
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From the relative atomic mass of each element, it is possible to determine each element’s molar mass by
multiplying the molar mass constant (1 g/mol) by the atomic weight of that particular element. Multiplying by the
molar mass constant ensures that the calculation is dimensionally correct because atomic weights are
dimensionless. The molar mass value can be used as a conversion factor to facilitate mass-to-mole and mole-to-
mass conversions.

Converting Grams to Moles

The compound ‘s molar mass is necessary when converting from grams to moles.

 For a single element, the molar mass is equivalent to its atomic weight multiplied by the molar mass
constant (1 g/mol).
 For a compound, the molar mass is the sum of the atomic weights of each element in the compound
multiplied by the molar mass constant.

After the molar mass is determined, dimensional analysis can be used to convert from grams to moles.

Stoichiometry, Grams to Moles – YouTube (https://youtu.be/09g6nN2PpVE): This video describes how to determine
the number of moles of reactants and products if given the number of grams of one of the substances in the
chemical equation.

C. DEEPEN/INTEGRATION
 Given the equation 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g), is it correct to say that 10 g of hydrogen will react with 10 g
of oxygen to produce 20 g of water vapor?

D. LESSON SYNTHESIS/WRAP-UP

3 THINGS YOU FOUND OUT: 321

Chart

2 INTERESTING THINGS

1 QUESTION YOU STILL HAVE

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Module 3 Lesson 4: Percent and Theoretical Yield

Objectives:
 Differentiate theoretical from actual yield;
 Calculate percent yield in chemical reactions;
 show perseverance in solving the given problems.

Instructional Materials:
 Calculator
 Bayquen, Aristea V. and Gardee T. Pena. Exploring Life Through Science Series: General Chemistry 1. Quezon
City, Philippines; Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016
 https://opentextbc.ca/chemistry/chapter/4-4-reaction-yields/
 https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/reaction-stoichiometry/

EXPLORE
A. INTRODUCTION

The percent yield of a reaction measures the reaction’s efficiency. It is the ratio between the actual yield and the
theoretical yield.

In chemistry, it is often important to know how efficient a reaction is. This is because when a reaction is carried out, the
reactants may not always be present in the proportions written in the balanced equation. As a result, some of the
reactants will be used, and some will be left over when the reaction is completed.

FIRM-UP
B. DISCUSSION

PERCENT YIELD

The amount of product that may be produced by a reaction under specified conditions, as calculated per the
stoichiometry of an appropriate balanced chemical equation, is called the theoretical yield of the reaction. In practice,
the amount of product obtained is called the actual yield, and it is often less than the theoretical yield for a number of
reasons. Some reactions are inherently inefficient, being accompanied by side reactions that generate other products.
Others are, by nature, incomplete (consider the partial reactions of weak acids and bases discussed earlier in this
chapter). Some products are difficult to collect without some loss, and so less than perfect recovery will reduce the
actual yield. The extent to which a reaction’s theoretical yield is achieved is commonly expressed as its percent yield:

Actual and theoretical yields may be expressed as

masses or molar amounts (or any other appropriate property; e.g., volume, if the product is a gas). As long as both
yields are expressed using the same units, these units will cancel when percent yield is calculated.

Example 1
Calculation of Percent Yield
Upon reaction of 1.274 g of copper sulfate with excess zinc metal, 0.392 g copper metal was obtained according to the
equation:
CuSO4(aq)+Zn(s)⟶Cu(s)+ZnSO4(aq)
What is the percent yield?

Solution
The provided information identifies copper sulfate as the limiting reactant, and so the theoretical yield is found by the
approach illustrated in the previous module, as shown here:
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Example 2

Consider the preparation of nitrobenzene (C 6H5NO2), starting with 15.6g of benzene (C 6H6) in excess of nitric acid
(HNO3):

C6H6+HNO3→C6H5NO2+H2O

In theory, therefore, if all C 6H6 were converted to product and isolated, 24.6 grams of product would be obtained
(100 percent yield). If 18.0 grams were actually produced, the percent yield could be calculated:

DEEPEN

C. DEEPEN/INTEGRATION
Is it possible for the percent yield to be greater than the theoretical yield? Justify your answer.

D. LESSON SYNTHESIS/WRAP-UP
What is your meaningful learning / takeaway from this lesson?
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Name _______________________ Grade & Section ________________ Date Submitted: ____________

Subject: General Chemistry 1 for STEM 1 Teacher: Mrs. Hazel C. Rico Date: Dec. 11, 2021- Jan. 15, 2022

(Return pages 8-10 for checking)

Module 3 Lesson 3: Mole or Mass Ratio

E. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Solve the following problems. Show your solution on the space provided.

1. Tin metal reacts with hydrogen fluoride to produce tin (II) fluoride and hydrogen gas, according to the following balanced
equation. How many moles of hydrogen fluoride are required to react completely with 75.0 g of tin?

2. Hydrogen sulfide gas burns in oxygen to produce sulfur dioxide and water vapor. What mass of oxygen is consumed in a
reaction that produces 4.60 mol SO 2?

TRANSFER
F. PERFORMANCE TASK
Solve the following problems. Show your solution on the space provided.

1.Given the reaction:

a. If 0.043 g of oxygen was produced, how many grams of chlorine reacted?

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b. How many moles of CaCl2 reacted?

c. How many moles of NaCl were produced if 4.39 g of Na 2C2O4 reacted?

Module 3 Lesson 4: Percent and Theoretical Yield

E. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT
Solve the following problems. Show your solution on the space provided.

1) A student adds 200.0g of C7H6O3 to an excess of C4H6O3, this produces C9H8O4 and C2H4O2.  Calculate the percent
yield if 231 g of aspirin (C9H8O4) is produced in an experiment.

___C7H6O3   + ___C4H6O3    ___C9H8O4 + ___C2H4O2

2) Upon reaction of 1.274 g of copper sulfate with excess zinc metal, 0.392 g copper metal was obtained according to
the equation:
CuSO4(aq)+Zn(s)⟶Cu(s)+ZnSO4(aq)

What is the percent yield?

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TRANSFER
F. PERFORMANCE TASK
Solve the following problems. Show your solution on the space provided.

1) Aluminum reacts with an aqueous solution containing excess copper (II) sulfate.  If 1.85 g Al reacts and the
percentage yield of Cu is 56.6%, what mass of Cu is produced?

___Al   + ___CuSO4   → ___Cu    + ___Al2(SO4)3

2) The combustion of methane (CH 4) produces carbon dioxide and water.  Assume that 2.0 mol of CH 4 burned in the
presence of excess air.  What is the percentage yield if in an experiment the reaction produces 87.0 g of CO 2?

3) According to the following equation, Calculate the percentage yield if 550.0 g of toluene (C 7H8 ) added to an excess
of nitric acid (HNO3) provides 305 g of the p-nitrotoluene (C 7H7NO2  ) product in a lab experiment.

___C7H8  + ___HNO3 → ___C7H7NO2   + ___H2O