CHEMICAL

REACTIONS

PHYSICAL SCIENCE
MS. RHODA

STI COLLEGE SAN JOSE DEL MONTE

 TOPIC OUTLINE
UNDERSTANDING
CHEMICAL STOICHIOMETRIC
REACTIONS AND CALCULATIONS
EQUATIONS

BALANCING ENERGY IN
CHEMICAL CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS REACTIONS
 OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVE #1 OBJECTIVE #2
use and apply the
simple collision theory define what a catalyst is
to explain the effects of and describe how it
concentration affects reaction rate.
temperature, and
particle size on the rate
of reaction.
 OBJECTIVES

OBJECTIVE #3 OBJECTIVE #4
describe and demonstrate identify, explain and
stoichiometry demonstrate chemical
reactions and explain
how energy is
harnessed from
chemical reactions.
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS
AND EQUATIONS
A chemical reaction is a process
through which one (1) or more
substances are changed into different
substances.
The original substances are known as
reactants, and the resulting
substances are known as products.

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 SOME WAYS TO SEE THAT
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
OCCUR:
1. Bubble formation
2. Visual changes
3. Changes in temperature

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 SOME EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL
REACTION THAT TAKES PLACE IN
OUR EVERYDAY LIVES

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 SOME EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL
REACTION THAT TAKES PLACE IN
OUR EVERYDAY LIVES

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 SOME EXAMPLES OF CHEMICAL
REACTION THAT TAKES PLACE IN
OUR EVERYDAY LIVES

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
4Fe (s) + 3O2 (g) → 2Fe2O3 (s)
2KClO3 → 2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)

left side- reactants

right side- products
coefficient- is the number, big and is written
at the left side, representing how much
material is used (or created) in the reaction
subscript- number, small and is at the right
side, representing how much atoms are
present in the material

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 SYMBOLS IN CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
Written between the symbols
and/or formulae of
reactants/products
When written at the left side: read as
"combines with" or "reacts with"
When written at the right side: read as
"and"

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 SYMBOLS IN CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
Separates reactants from products
Read as "yields" or "produces"

Substance is in solid form

Substance is in liquid form

Substance is in gas form

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 SYMBOLS IN CHEMICAL
REACTIONS
Substance is mixed/dissolved in an
aq
aqueous solution
Indicates that heat must be added
to reactants to trigger reaction
The substance written above the arrow is a
catalyst or solvent
e.g.
The sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is a catalyst.

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Chemical equations can also be
written in word format. In this case,
the chemical symbols are instead
replaced by their word counterparts.
qualitative meaning of the reaction,
identifying only the reactants and the
products -- without their quantities,

I. UNDERSTANDING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND EQUATIONS

 BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
Law of Conservation of Mass must be
taken into consideration whenever we
write down our chemical equations.

CHEMICAL EQUATION BALANCING, OR

BALANCING AN EQUATION

II. BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

 BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
Chemical equation balancing is done by
inserting appropriate numerical
coefficients (or simply coefficients)
before chemical formulae/symbols on
both sides of a chemical equation.

II. BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

 BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS - INSPECTION
METHOD
1. Identifying the reactants and products
in the reaction, and writing their chemical
formulae;
2. Writing the chemical equation describing
the reaction process;

II. BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

 BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS - INSPECTION
METHOD
3. Counting the number of atoms of each
element in the reactants and in the products;
If the number of atoms of at least one (1)
element is not equal on both sides of the
equation, then it isn't balanced.
Change the coefficients of the molecules
until the number of atoms of each element
on both sides are equal/balanced. Take note
that only the coefficients, not the
subscripts, can be adjusted.

II. BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

 BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS - INSPECTION
METHOD
Check if the number of each type of atom
on both sides of the equation is the same.
This will indicate if the equation is balanced.
Check the inclusion of extra details to the
equation (e.g. phase of each reactant and
product).

II. BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
Synthesis / Combination -
reaction that involves combining
at least two (2) elements together
to form a compound
Equation: A + B → AB
Example 1: 2Na+ (s) + Cl2 (g) →
2NaCl (s)
Decomposition - reaction that
involves breaking down a
compound into its base
constituents,
Equation: AB → A + B or A + B → AB
+ base constituent
Example 1: 2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2
(g)
Substitution / Single Replacement
- reaction involving two (2)
substances, wherein one
substance takes the place of one
of the constituents of the
compound, forming a new
compound without decomposing.
Equation: AB + C → AC + B
Metathesis / Double Replacement
- reaction between two (2)
compounds that switches one of
their constituents over the other,
forming new substances in their
own right.
Equation: AB + CD → AD + CB
 ACTIVITY TIME
BALANCE THE FOLLOWING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS AND INDICATE THE
TYPE OF REACTION TAKING PLACE.
RATE OF REACTIONS
The collision theory states that reactant
particles require sufficient kinetic energy
(called activation energy) to initiate
successful particle collisions that will lead
to the formation of new materials (i.e. the
products)
RATE-ALTERING FACTORS
REACTANT REACTION
CONCENTRATION TEMPERATURE

PARTICLE SIZE OF
THE REACTANTS CATALYSTS
RATE-ALTERING FACTORS
REACTANT
CONCENTRATION
“Higher a reactant's
concentration (i.e. amount), the
faster the reaction”
PARTICLE SIZE OF THE
REACTANTS
“the smaller the surface area,
the slower the reaction”
REACTION TEMPERATURE
“As atoms absorb heat, their
kinetic energy increases,
encouraging them to perform
more collisions to release their
built-up kinetic energy”
CATALYSTS
“Catalysts are substances that
speeds up the reaction between
reactants without being
consumed themselves”
RATE-ALTERING FACTORS
REACTANT
CONCENTRATION
Let us say we have a teaspoon (4.0 g) of white table
sugar (C12H22O11) being dissolved in a 250 mL (250 g)
of water (H2O). As the sugar is poured into the water, it
is then stirred gently. In a matter of minutes, the sugar
has completely dissolved, leaving "no trace" in the
water.

PROCESS QUESTION: What will be the rate of

reaction if only a drop of water is used to dissolve a
teaspoon of white sugar?
RATE-ALTERING FACTORS
PARTICLE
SIZE
The dissolution of a magnesium (Mg) ribbon in an
aqueous solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl). The metal
strip dissolves slowly to form magnesium chloride
(MgCl2).

PROCESS QUESTION: What will be the rate of

reaction if the magnesium ribbon is finely ground into
a powder, then placed inside the hydrochloric acid
solution?
RATE-ALTERING FACTORS
TEMPERATURE

Many chemists use heating devices, such as alcohol

lamps, heating plates, and Bunsen burners, to "speed
up" the reaction. This is because heat is a form of
energy, and energy can be transferred between
different kinds of matter.

PROCESS QUESTION: Why is it that food spoils more

slowly inside refrigerators than being placed on a
dining table at room temperature?
RATE-ALTERING FACTORS
CATALYSTS

Catalysts don't add to the chemical composition of the

final product. They achieve this by lowering the
activation energy that a reaction must overcome to
achieve successful collisions and progress.
An example of this are enzymes. These substances are
used by living things to speed up biological processes,
such as digesting proteins and carbohydrates.

PROCESS QUESTION: Can a catalyst convert a

harmful substance into a less harmful one?
III. ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

EXOTHERMIC ENDOTHERMIC

is a chemical reaction is a chemical reaction

where more energy is where more energy is
released than absorbed. absorbed than released,
making it an inverse of
exothermic reaction.
ENERGY AND ITS SOURCES
ENERGY AND ITS SOURCES
NON RENEWABLE ENERGY RENEWABLE ENERGY

1. Fossil fuel 1. Solar

oil 2. Hydro power
coal 3. Wind
natural gas 4. Geothermal
2. Nuclear Energy 5. Biomass

CHEMICAL ENERGY

electrolytes
dry cells
IV. STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
STOICHIOMETRY - refers to the
quantitative relationships between the
substances that are used up and
produced in chemical reactions

Avogadro constant, also known as

Avogadro's Number (NA), whose value
is, atoms / formula units
/ molecules / ions.
IV. STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
1. LIMITING REACTANT
2. EXCESS REACTANT
IV. STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
1. LIMITING REACTANT
2. EXCESS REACTANT
IV. STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
1. LIMITING REACTANT
2. EXCESS REACTANT
 IV. STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS

THEORETICAL YIELD- is the maximum

amount of product(s) that can be
formed (or produced) from a given
amount of reactants.

EXPERIMENTAL OR ACTUAL YIELD -

production of not-so-ideal amount of
products.
 IV. STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS

PERCENTAGE YIELD

In industries, percentage yield gives an idea if the given product is a good

investment or not. If the percentage is too small, the product might not do well
in the market. Conversely, having a higher percentage yield offers an edge in
the same market. This value will dictate the market evaluation in terms of the
return of investment.
 IV. STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
PERCENTAGE YIELD - Problem Solving

1. A chemist is observing the reaction of potassium carbonate

(K₂CO₃) to produce soap for a large manufacturer. In this
particular test, he’s timing how long the inorganic compound takes
to dissolve under a heat lamp pushing out temperatures of 37
degrees Celsius.

The theoretical yield of this reaction is 17 minutes. When the

experiment is performed, the actual yield ends up being 13.2 minutes.
He needs to find the percent yield of this particular chemical reaction
to report back to the soap manufacturer on the process’s productivity.
 IV. STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
PERCENTAGE YIELD - Problem Solving

2. For the balanced equation shown below, if the reaction

of 40.8 grams of C6H6O3 produces a 39.0% yield, how
many grams of H2O would be produced ?

C6H6O3+6O2=>6CO2+3H2O
 IV. STOICHIOMETRIC CALCULATIONS
PERCENTAGE YIELD - Problem Solving

3. For the balanced equation shown below, if the reaction

of 20.7 grams of CaCO3 produces 6.81 grams of CaO,
what is the percent yield?

CaCO3=>CaO+CO2
 THANK YOU
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