General Chemistry 1

MODULE 7
 STUDY GUIDE:

Answer/Perform the following:

LESSON 1
 Gauge
LESSON 2
 Deepen
 Gauge
LESSON 3
 Do It: Performance Task

*** Note: I did not include some activities in this module to be pass but still you need to do
it for you to understand the lesson. It’s not for me but for yourself. Thank You!
 LESSON 1: BALANCING EQUATION

Jumpstart

A. Change in color D. Formation of precipitates

B. Change in temperature E. Formation of new substance
C. Formation of bubbles
RE
VIEW QUESTIONS
Directions: Choose the correct answer from the choices below that matches the
activity or process depicted to the chemical reaction that you think is applied. Write
the LETTER on a separate sheet of paper.

1. Photography
2. Burning of wood
3. Alka-Seltzer antacid tablet dropped in a glass of water
4. Blue litmus paper changed to red when submerged to an acid
5. White solids deposit seen at the water kettle after boiling the water
Understanding chemical reactions would help you link in writing and
balancing chemical equations. Are you ready to discover?

4
 Discover

FAMILIARIZING WITH THE INFORMATION GIVEN BY CHEMICAL EQUATION

Chemical equation is written to show the chemical reaction that undergoes.
For example, when hydrogen (H 2) burns, it reacts with oxygen (O 2) in the air to form
water (H2O). In this case, chemical reaction takes place. How is it written in
chemical equation? Let’s find out the important details shown in this chemical
equation.
Word Equation:
Hydrogen gas + Oxygen gas water

The word equation can be written in chemical equation:

2H2 + O2 2H2O2
Reactants Products
How do you read the chemical equation above?
 The plus (+) sign is read as “reacts with”
 The arrow means “produces” or yields
 The chemical formulas on the left of the arrow represent the starting
substances called “reactants”
 The substances produced in the reaction are called “products”
 The numbers before the formulas are coefficients (As in algebraic equations,
the numeral 1 is usually not written). It gives the number of molecules.
 Subscript numbers tell you how many of each element, chemical group or
ion are present in a molecule. If the subscript appeared after the element, it
indicates the number of atoms present in that element. If no subscript
appears, one atom of that element is present.
 The letters represent the elements found in the periodic table, representing
the elements present in the species, compounds or formula. Elements are
written in capital letters or one capital and a lowercase letter. The letter or
letters representing an element is its atomic symbol.
 When species appears more than once in a compound, it is enclosed in
parentheses. The subscript at the end of the parenthesis indicates how
many times that species appears in the compound.
To illustrate the process further, consider the following examples:
Chemical Meaning Composition
symbols
H2O One molecule
Two of water
H atoms and one O atom
Four H atoms and two O atoms
2H2O Two molecules of water
OnemoleculeofhydrogenTwo hydrogen atoms and two peroxideoxygen
atoms
H2O2

Notice that changing the subscript from H2O to H2O2 changes the identity of
the chemical.

Familiarizing yourself with the different symbols in a chemical equation will help you understand
how to write and balance chemical equations. Get ready and enjoy the next activity! If there are
questions that you can’t answer immediately, you can always go back. Just go on!
6
Note: Before writing the chemical equation, you have to determine first the reaction
types of chemical reaction that you may follow. Here they are:
1. Combination reaction or Composition reaction – two or more simple
substances combine to form one complex substance. It is also called
synthesis reaction.
General from: A + B AB
Example: H2 + O2 H2O (This chemical equation is
unbalanced)
How will you balance the reaction? (If you can’t answer this question yet,
you may answer it later.
2. Decomposition Reaction – a complex substance is broken down into two or
more simpler substances.
General form: AB A+B

Consider these subtypes of decomposition reaction:

A. Decomposition of metallic chlorate – heating it will produce metallic
chloride and oxygen.
Example: Sodium chlorate sodium chloride + oxygen

(The triangle below the arrow represents heating process)

How will you write the product of this reactant?
Aluminum chlorate ?

B. Decomposition of metallic carbonate - heating it will produce metallic

oxide and carbon dioxide.
Example: potassium carbonate heating it will produce metallic chloride
and oxygen.
Potassium carbonate potassium oxide + carbon dioxide

How will you write the product of this reactant?

Calcium carbonate ?

C. Decomposition of metallic hydroxide - heating it will produce metallic

oxide and water. Exemptions are the potassium hydroxide and sodium
hydroxide. They do not decompose even in the presence of extreme heat.
Example: Barium hydroxide barium oxide and water

How will you write the product of this reactant?

Ferric hydroxide ferric oxide and water

3. Single replacement reaction or substitution reaction or single displacement –

one element is substituted for another element in a compound.
General forms: A + BC AC + B or A + BC B + AC
Example #1: Cu + AgNO3 Ag + Cu (NO3)2 (Is it balanced?
Why?) How will you balance the equation?
Example #2: Zn(s) + HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq) + H2(g) (Is it balanced? Why?)
How will you balance the equation?
4. Double replacement reactions or double displacement, exchange, or
metathesis reactions – the exchange of two ionic compounds forming two new
compounds.

7
 General form: AB + CD AD + CB
Example: BaCl2 + NaSO4 BaSO4 + NaCl (Is it balanced?
Why?) How will you balance the equation?

Explore

DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF ATOMS IN THE CHEMICAL EQUATION

Chemical reaction is very useful in predicting the product of the given
reactants. Let’s represent the chemical reactions by writing the chemical formula.
Then inspect the chemical formula if it is balanced correctly. Going back to the
question in the combination reaction, is the chemical equation balanced? If your
answer is NO, then you are correct! How shall we balance it? Let’s explore!
H2 + O2 H2 O
Determine the number of atoms on the reactant and on the product.

REACTANT PRODUCT
ELEMENT NUMBER OF ATOMS ELEMENT NUMBER OF ATOMS
H 2 H 2
O 2 O 1
Which element has different number of atoms?
In order to balance it, insert a coefficient at the left side of the H 2O. Do not
change any number on the subscript.
H2 + O2 2H2O
Now, inspect if both sides of the reactant and the product have the same
number of atoms in each element.
REACTANT PRODUCT
ELEMENT NUMBER OF ATOMS ELEMENT NUMBER OF ATOMS
H 2 H 2
O 2 O 2
Do they have the same number of atoms on the reactant and on the product?

Chemical Equation REACTANT PRODUCT

ELEMENT NUMBER ELEMENT NUMBER
OF ATOMS OF ATOMS
1. HCl + O2 H2O + Cl2 H H
Reactant Product Cl Cl
O O
Write the balanced ELEMENT NUMBER ELEMENT NUMBER
OF ATOMS OF ATOMS
chemical equation
H H
 Cl Cl
O O
EXERCISE 1A: Determining the number of atoms and balancing the equation
DIRECTIONS: Complete the table by filling in the correct number of atoms in the
elements given in the chemical equation. Copy this in a separate sheet of paper.
Chemical Equation REACTANT PRODUCT
ELEMENT NUMBER ELEMENT NUMBER
OF ATOMS OF ATOMS
2. K + H2O KOH + H2 K K
H H
O O
Write the balanced chemical ELEMENT NUMBER ELEMENT NUMBER
OF ATOMS OF ATOMS
equation
K K
H H
O O

EXERCISE 1B: Determining the number of coefficients to balance the equation

DIRECTIONS: For numbers 3 to 5, provide the missing coefficients to balance the
chemical equation. Copy this in a separate sheet of paper.
3. Al + O2 Al2O3
4. AgNO3 + Zn Zn(NO3)2 + Ag
5. Cl2 + NaBr Br2 + NaCl

Very good! Try to do the next exercise alone to check what you gained. Take note, you can always go
back and review the process of coming out the correct answer. Are you ready? Just enjoy!

EXERCISE 2: PREDICTING THE PRODUCT

A. DIRECTONS: Study the given reactants in Column A. Write the product of the
chemical reactions in Column B disregarding whether it is balanced or not. Copy this
in a separate sheet of paper.
Remember: Gases like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, fluorine exist as
diatomic under normal conditions. Bromine (liquid) and iodine (solid) also exist as
diatomic under normal conditions. Therefore, they are written as H2, O2, N2. Cl2, F2,
Br2 and I2.
COLUMN A COLUMN B
1. C + O2 ?
2. KClO3 ?
3. PbCO3 ?
4. Cl2 + NaBr ?
5. Al2(SO4)3 + CaCl2 ?
Now, go back to your answers in Exercise 2A. Inspect each chemical formula if you’ve balanced the
equation correctly or not. If you are not sure of your answer yet, continue studying the next examples
and exercises. Again, you may go back and review your previous answers if you could already
understand the concept.

Deepen

BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION

Imagine an unbalanced weighing scale. When the right side is heavier than
the left side, we need to add another mass on the left side until both sides are
balanced. In the same manner, a chemical equation should have the same number
of atoms in both reactants and products through trial and error approach. The
following symbols are used: (g) for gas, (l) for liquid, (s) for solid, and (aq) for
aqueous or water solution.
Study this example showing the unbalanced to balanced chemical equation:
STEP 1: Write the correct formula
Fe2O3 + C Fe + CO2 (Unbalanced)
STEP 2: Inspect the number of atoms in the reactants and compare with the
number of atoms in the products.
Elements Reactants Products
Fe O C 2 1
3 2
1 1

STEP 3: Adjust the coefficients to make the equation balance.

2Fe2O3 + 3C 4Fe + 3CO2
STEP 4: Re-inspect the number of atoms in the reactants and compare with the
number of atoms in the products until it is balanced.

Elements Reactants Products

Fe O C atom x 2 coefficients = 4 atom x 4 coefficients = 4
atoms x 2 coefficients= 6 atoms x 3 coefficients= 6
1 atom x 3 coefficients = 3 1 atom x 3 coefficients = 3

2Fe2O3 + 3C 4Fe + 3CO2 (Balanced)

 EXERCISE 3: WRITING AND BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATION
A. DIRECTION: Write the correct coefficients on the blanks before the
compound in order to balance the chemical equation.
1. KOH + HBr KBr + H2O
2. Al + S3 Al2S3
3. Al(SO4)3 + CaCl2 AlCl3 + CaSO4
4. C3H8 + O2 CO2 + H2O
5. Ag2S Ag + S8

B. DIRECTIONS: Read and understand the problem very well then answer what
is being asked. Copy this in a separate sheet of paper.

Problem 1. Write the balanced equation for the reaction between aluminum sulfate
and calcium chloride to produce aluminum chloride and a white precipitate of
calcium sulfate.
Al2(SO4)3 + CaCl2

Problem 2. Propane (C3H8) is burned in the presence of oxygen to produce water

and carbon dioxide. Write the chemical equation correctly by balancing the
equation.

Problem 3. When antacid calcium carbonate (CaCO 3) is taken, it reacts with the
acid (HCl) of our body forming carbon dioxide which is released when you burp.
Write the chemical equation correctly.

CONGRATULATIONS for doing the exercises well!!! Let’s check how much you gained from the
different activities you’ve done by answering the questions on the next page. Goodluck and give your
best!
 Gauge

Directions: Read the questions properly with understanding. Answer the

questions correctly by writing the LETTER on a separate sheet of paper.
1. Which of the following shows a correct way to balance the chemical
equation: Al + S3 Al2S3
A. 4Al + S3 2Al2S3 C. 2Al + S3 2Al2S3
B. 4Al + 2S3 2Al2S3 D. 2Al + S3 Al2S3
2. What type of chemical reaction was shown in number one?
A. Combination C. Double replacement
B. Decomposition D. Single replacement
3. How do you write the correct product of 2Fe2O3 + 3C
A. Fe + CO2 C. 2Fe + 3CO2
B. 4Fe + 3CO2 D. 4Fe + 2CO2
4. What law was applied in writing the balanced equation?
A. Atoms are conserved C. Molecules are conserved
B. Atoms can be changed D. Both A and B are applied
5. Which of the following is DOES NOT indicate the phase of the in a chemical
reaction?
A. (ag) B. (g) C. (l) D. (s)
6. How do you write the balanced equation of burned propane (C3H8) in the
presence of oxygen to produce water and carbon dioxide?
A. C3H8 + O2 H2O + CO2 C. C3H8 + 5O2 4H2O + 3CO2
B. C3H8 + O2 4H2O + 3CO2 D. C3H8 + 3O2 2H2O + 3CO2
7. Which of the following choices gives the correct coefficients of the chemical
equation, Al + O2 Al2O3 respectively?
A. 2,2,2 B. 2,3,2 C. 4,2,2 D. 4,3,2
8. Which of the following elements DOES NOT exist as diatomic in chemical
reactions?
A. Bromine B. Hydrogen C. Oxygen D. Sodium
9. How do you call the compounds at the left side of the arrow?
A. Product B. Reactant C. Yields D. None of the above
10. Which of the following choices is the correct standard form for a single
replacement reaction?
A. A + B AB C. AB + CD AD + CB
B. AB A+B D. A + BC AC + B
11. How many atoms of oxygen are present in the compound, Al2(SO4)3 + CaCl2?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 7 D. 12
12. How many atom/s of sulfur is/are present in the compound, Al2(SO4)3 +
CaCl2?
A. 1 B. 3 C. 4 D. 7
13. Which of the following choices is balanced?
A. H2O H2 + O2 C. Fe2O3 + 3H2 2Fe + 3H2O
B. N2 + 3H2 NH3 D. C3H8 + O2 H2O + CO2
14. Which of the following is NOT allowed in balancing chemical equation?
A. Add the coefficients C. Multiply the number of atoms with molecules
B. Change subscripts D. None of the above
15. Which of the following compounds is an example of antacid that reacts with
hydrochloric acid in the stomach that forms carbon dioxide which is released by
burping?
A. C B. CO2 C. CaCO3 D. H2O
 LESSON 2: Construct mole or mass ratios for a reaction in order to
calculate the amount of reactant needed or the amount of product
formed in terms of moles or mass

PRETEST
A. Determine if the following equations are balanced. If it is not, balance the
equation

1.

2.

B. Write the molar ratios

1.

PCl3 to Cl2 and PCl3 to PCl5

2.
NH3 to N2 and H2O to O2

Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson, we will do the following practice problems
which may serve as a review and an application of previous lesson in balancing
equation and on ratio and proportion.

Direction: Write and balance the following chemical equation. Then give the mole
ratio. The first one is done for you .

Note: You might need your Periodic Table for this activity or for the succeeding
activities.

1. Solid Lead ( II ) sulfide reacts with aqueous Hydrochloric Acid to form Solid
Lead ( II ) chloride and dihydrogen sulfide gas.

14
 1mole PbS2 : 2moles HCl:1mole PbCl2:1mole H2S

which further means 1mole of solid PbS and 2 moles of aqueous HCl are needed as
reactants to produce 1 mole of solid PbCl2 and 1 mole of H2S gas.

2. Fermentation of sugar ( C12H22O11 ) by yeasts in which the aqueous sugar

reacts with water to form aqueous Ethyl alcohol ( C 2H5OH ) and Carbon dioxide
gas
3. Ignition or burning of Magnesium ribbon
4. Zinc metal reacts with aqueous Hydrochloric acid
5. Neutralization of 1M of Sodium hydroxide and 1M of Hydrochloric acid

15
 Discover

Let us recall the meaning of a mole for us to understand better the importance
of mole ratio. A mole is defined as the amount of substance containing the same
number of discrete entities (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) as the number of atoms in a
sample of pure 12C weighing exactly 12 g. By this definition, 1 mole of He atom is
equal to 4 g of He. One mole of Cu is 63.55 g of Cu, One mole of any atomic substance
contains 6.o2 x 10 23 atoms/molecules
By definition, mole ratio is a conversion factor that relates the amount of moles
of any two substances in a chemical reaction. The molar ratio is an important concept
in solving stoichiometry problems. The sources for these ratios are the coefficients of a
balanced equation.

ABREAST YOURSELF:
Here comes the meat of the lesson…

How to calculate the number of moles of reactants or products in a

balance chemical reaction.

1) Check to see that the chemical reaction is balanced.

2) Find the relation between the given moles.Use the coefficients in front of
compounds to get molar ratios.
3) Check if you could cancel factors from denominators to numerators and you
arrived at the desired output
4) Check to make sure you use the appropriate number of significant figures

Mole Relations Problem # 1

From the equation ,what is the molar ratio between Al and H 2?

2Al +6HCl ---> 2AlCl3 + 3 H2

How to solve?
Check first if the equation is balanced. If so, determine the relation between the
number of moles of Al and H2
The ratio is:
2 moles Al
3 moles H2

2 moles Al: 3 moles H2

Try this! What is the molar ratio between Al and HCl ?

The ratio is:

2moles Al
6 moles HCl
The ratio is two-to- six. The 2 is the coefficient in front of the Al and the 6 is the
coefficient understood to be in front of the HCl.

As you may know, this reduces to a one-to-three (or 1:3) ratio. The unreduced form be
used in our computation for a problem may ask for the actual ratio. However, as you
master the computation you may be comfortable using the reduced form.

Mole Relations Problem # 2

Determine the number of moles of N2O4 needed to react completely with 5.50
mol of N2H4 for the reaction 2 N2H4(l) + N2O4(l) → 3 N2(g) + 4 H2O(l).
What are the steps of the solution? This problem requires a specific no. of moles of
N2O4
1) Check if the equation is balanced
2) Find the relation between moles N2O4 and N2H4
1 mol N2O4 Note: highlighted
2 mol N2H4
3) Since it requires a specific amount of moles ,write the fraction this way
5.50 mol N2H4 x 1 mole N2O4
2 mole N2H4
Cancel out the common factors
Answer: 2.75 mol N2O4

Mole Relations Problem # 3

How many grams of CO2 can be absorbed by 800.0 g LiOH ? Note: This problem mass
is involved.
2 LiOH(s) + CO2(g) Li2CO + H2O (l)

Ratio: 1 mole of CO2 : 2 moles of LiOH

What are the steps of the solution?
1) Check if the equation is balanced
2) Find the relation between moles CO2 and LiOH
3) Determine the molar mass of the given reactants/products

800.0 g LiOH x 1 mole LiOH x 1 mole CO2 x 44.01 g CO2

23.95 g LiOH 2 moles LiOH 1 mole CO2
4) Cancel out and Check if the unit needed is correct refer to the highlighted text

Answer: 781.0 g of CO2

Mole Relations Problem # 3
Using the equation
a) How many moles of NH3 will be produced if 15.0 moles H2 react completely
with N2 ?

2 moles NH3 : 3 moles H2

15.0 moles H2 x 2 moles NH3

3 moles H2

Answer: 10.0 moles of NH3

b) How many moles of Nitrogen are needed to produce 54.4 moles of NH3?
Ratio: 1 mole N2 : 2 moles NH3
54.4 moles NH3 x 1 moles N2
2 moles NH3
Answer: 27.2 moles N2

Explore

The following practice problems are prepared for you to polish and enrich your
understanding in determining the amount of reactants needed or amount of products
formed in terms of moles or mass. Show your solutions and express answers in two(2 )
decimal places. Do this in a separate sheet of paper.

Good Luck and Have Fun!

Question #1 :
Ammonia, NH3, is a leading industrial chemical used in the production of
agricultural fertilizers and synthetic fibers. It is produced by the reaction of
nitrogen and hydrogen gases:

The balanced equation says that 3 moles H2 are stoichiometrically equivalent to

1 mole N2 and to 2 moles NH3. The ratio of moles H2 to moles NH3 is 3:2; the ratio of
moles N to moles NH3 is 1:2.

a. How many moles of NH3 will be produced if 12.00 moles H2 react completely
with N2?
 b. How many moles of N2 are needed to produce 12.04 moles NH3?

Question # 2
Chemical reagents are costly and so as to reduce the cost you are tasked by
your teacher in the lab to compute how much ( in grams ) KClO 3 you are going to
prepare in producing 90 grams of Oxygen gas.
a. How much KClO3 you are going to prepare ?
b. What is the mole ratio of KClO3 to KCl?

Deepen

Let as further apply the mole ratio concept. Show your solutions on a
separate sheet with the balanced equation. Do this in a separate sheet of paper.
1. Let us take a look of the approach used by manufacturing company in
reducing pollutant in air The main decay factor of carbonate-based stones
like limestones and marble in polluted environment is Sulfur dioxide with
the crust formation and solubilization of the stone being the main
component. Sulfur dioxides being an airborne pollutant that is emitted by
industrial plant can be removed by making it react with Calcium carbonate
and Oxygen.
Supposing there are 1.50 x 106 grams of Sulfur dioxide emitted by an
industrial plant, how many moles of Calcium carbonate and oxygen that are
needed to remove the given amount of pollutant?
2. Spacecrafts and submarines use LiOH to capture exhaled CO2 in the
reaction producing Lithium carbonate and water vapor

If one person exhales about 1kg CO 2 per day, how much LiOH is required to
absorb that amount?
3. Supposing you are now working in a manufacturing company and is tasked
to calculate how much nitrogen gas be needed in the production of 35
Million tons of Ammonia as a source of Nitrogen in the manufacture of
fertilizer. What are you going to do?

4. Silver nitrate test is used in the laboratory to test for the presence of
chloride ions in water sample. The presence of white precipitate is an
indication of positive result. Assuming the salt is Sodium chloride and there
is a complete reaction, what is mole ratio between Silver nitrate and Sodium
chloride .
Gauge Gauge

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the LETTER of the best and correct answer from the
options enumerated. Use separate sheet for your answers.
1. What is the mole ratio in the combustion of Methane gas ?

A. 2:4:2:4 B. 1:2:1:2 C. 2:1:2:1 D. 2:3:2:2

2. How many moles of Nitrogen are needed to produce 18.5 moles of NH3?

A. 9.25 B. 37 C. 6.17 D. 18.5

3. What is the mole ratio of the reactants ?
A. 2 mol N2 /6 mol H2
B. 1 mol N2 /3 mol H2
C. 1 mol N2 /2 mol NH3
D. 2 mol N2 /3 mol H2
4. For the balance equation : 3 Zn + Fe2O3 3ZnO + 2 Fe
What is the ratio of moles of ZnO to moles Fe
A. 3 moles Fe : 3moles ZnO
B. 3 moles ZnO : 2 moles Fe
C. 2 moles Fe : 1 mole moles ZnO
D. 3 moles Zn : 3 moles ZnO
5. Which of the following statements is FALSE for the chemical equation
given below in which solid Phosphorus petaoxide reacts with water to form
phosphoric acid, assuming the reaction goes to completion?
2P2O5(s) + 6H2O(l) 4 H3PO4( aq)
A. The reaction of one mole of P2O5 will produce 2 moles of H3PO4
B. Two mole of P2O5 will produce 4 moles of H3PO4.
C. The reaction of 18.00 g of water produces 97.99 g of H3PO4.
D. The reaction of 2 moles of water gas will produce 97.99 g of H3PO4 .
6. Given the reaction 4 Fe + 3 O2 2 Fe2O3
How many grams of Fe2O3 will be formed from 4.86 moles Fe reacting with
sufficient oxygen gas?
A. 388 g Fe2O3 C. 300 g Fe2O3
B. 6.43 x 10 g Fe2O3
3 D. 450 g Fe2O3
7. Which of the following represent a mole ratio between Silver nitrate and Copper
(II) nitrate .
AgNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3) 2 + Ag
A. 2 mol AgNO3 /2 mol Ag
B. 2 mol Ag / 2 mol AgNO3
C. 2 mol AgNO3 / 2 mol Cu(NO3) 2
D. 2 mol AgNO3 / 1 mol Cu(NO3) 2
8. Which of the following represent a mole ratio between Silver nitrate and
Copper AgNO3 + Cu Cu(NO3) 2 + Ag
A. 2 mol AgNO3 /2 mol Ag
B. 2 mol Ag / 2 mol AgNO3
C. 2 mol AgNO3 / 2 mol Cu(NO3) 2
D. 2 mol AgNO3 / 1 mol Cu
9. When 2.00 grams of solid Calcium carbonate is heated it decomposed into a
solid Calcium oxide and carbondioxide gas . How many grams of Calcium oxide
is formed ?
A. 1.12 g
B. 1.12 x 10 3 g
C. 1.12 mg
D. Both A and B are correct
10.From problem #8 ,what is the mole ratio of CaCO 3 and CO2?
A. 2 mol CaCO3 /2 mol CO2
B. 2 mol CaCO3 /1 mol CO2
C. 1 mol CaCO3 /1 mol CO2
D. None of these is possible
11.How many grams of Fe2O3 will be formed from 4.95 moles Fe reacting with
sufficient oxygen gas?
A. 388 g
B. 395 g
C. 160 g
D. 155 g
12.Using question # 11 ,how many grams of Fe are needed to react with
sufficient oxygen to produce 28.8 moles Fe2O3?
A. 3.226 kg
B. 3.2 x 10 3 g
C. 3,226 g
D. All of these are correct
13.When 3.75 g of Mg was ignited in air ( presence of Oxygen ) A white solid as
MgO is formed. How many grams of MgO are produced from the complete
reaction ?
A. 6.22 g
B. 62.2 g
C. 5.6 g
D. 15.9 g
14.From question # 13,how many grams of Mg are needed to produce 224 g of MgO
in the complete reaction of Magnesium ribbon with oxygen gas?
A. 135.0 g
B. 13.5 g
C. 588.0 g
D. 38.0 g
15.When Na metal is dropped into water, aqueous NaOH is formed and
Hydrogen gas is liberated. Assuming complete reaction, what is the mole ratio
between Sodium metal and Hydrogen gas ?
A. 2mol Na/1 mol H2 C. 2mol NaOH /1 mol H2
B. 2mol Na/2 mol H2 D. 1mol NaOH/1 mol H2REFERENCE
 Lesson 3: Calculate Percent Yield and Theoretical Yield of the
reaction.

Pretest

Before going on, check how much you know about this topic. Answer the following
questions. Use separate sheet of paper.

1. A reaction with a calculated yield of 10.9 g produced 9.8 g. What is the

percent yield of this reaction ?
2. Potassium sulfate or Sulfate of Potash is generally used in fertilizer to
provide Potassium and sulfur. The chemical reaction is given below:
2KCl + H2SO4 yields to 2HCl + K2SO4
If 60.0 g of KCl react with H2SO4,, how many grams of K2SO4 will be produced
? If the percent yield was 78 % , what was the actual yield ?

4
 Jumpstart

For you to understand the lesson well, do this simple activity to understand
theoretical yield, actual yield and percent yield.

What you need are the following:

6 pcs 8’ by 11’ scrap paper or any equivalent paper

Pair of scissor

Direction:
1. Cut each 6 papers into four.
2. Get 8 pcs of the cut papers and cut it into circle.
3. So, you have now, 8 round papers and 16 pcs of the ¼ size cut papers.
4. Insert the round paper in between 2 pcs of the ¼ sheet of papers. ( Make
like a sandwich ).How many did you make ?
The number that you made is what we call theoretical field in chemistry
Suppose you are task to make only 4 ,this what you call the actual yield in
chemistry. What do you think is your percent yield ?

Try this!

You are supposed to make letter A cut outs from the paper given to you. You
could make 40 letters out of the papers given to you. However, three Letter A cut
outs were destroyed. What is your percent yield ?
 Discover

In chemistry ,the maximum number of paired set of paper in the previous

activity is called the theoretical yield. This is the maximum amount of product you
make with what you have. It is the maximum amount of product that could be
formed from the given amounts of reactants .The actual yield is the quantity of the
desired product actually formed .It is amount of product actually produced by the
reaction given the starting conditions. In chemistry, the percent yield is used if one
would like to compare theoretical yield and the actual yield. The ratio of actual-to-
theoretical yields is called relative yield. Relative yield multiplied by 100 is equal to
the percent yield.
So we come out with this formula:

Percent yields are usually less than 100 % because of some errors that have
been mentioned in this module. However, percent yields greater than 100% are
possible if the measured product of the reaction contains impurities that cause its
mass to be greater than it actually would be if the product was pure.
Take a look to these sample problems.

Sample Problem # 1
Potassium chlorate decomposes upon slight heating in the presence of a
MnO2 as a catalyst according to the reaction below:

In a certain experiment, 50.0 grams of KClO 3 is heated until it completely

decomposes. What is the theoretical yield of oxygen gas? The experiment is
performed and the oxygen gas is collected and its mass is found to be 16.1 g. What
is the percent yield for the reaction?

NOTE: Review molar or mass ratio

Steps :
1) Balance the equation
 2) Apply mole and mass ratio to calculate the theoretical yield based on the
stoichiometry.

50.0 g KClO3 x 1 mol KClO3 x _ 3 mol O2 x 32.0 g O2

122.5 g KClO3 2 mol KClO3 1 mol O2

= 19.6 g of O2 this is the theoretical yield

The actual yield is 16.1 g of O2
To compute for the percent yield
Use this equation:

= 12.1 g O2 x 100
19.6 g O2
Answer:62 % , the reaction is not so efficient

Sample Problem # 2

For example, the decomposition of magnesium carbonate forms 15 grams of

magnesium oxide in an experiment. The theoretical yield is known to be 19 grams.
What is the percent yield of magnesium oxide?
MgCO3 → MgO + CO2

The calculation is simple if you know the actual and theoretical yields. All you need
to do is plug the values into the formula:

percent yield = 15 g / 19 g x 100%

percent yield = 79%, it is more or less efficient( more than 70 % yield in chemical
reactions is already efficient )
 Explore

The following practice problems are prepared for you to polish and enrich
your understanding in calculating the amount percent yield and theoretical yield of
a reaction.

Good Luck and Have Fun!

Practice Problems:

1) How many grams of Ag2S will be formed when 4.93 g of AgNO 3 and Na2S are
reacted together?If the actual yield 1.56 g, what is the percent yield? Do
youthink the chemical reaction/method used is efficient ?
Na2S(aq) + 2 AgNO3(aq) → Ag2S(s) + 2 NaNO3(aq)

2) Aspirin is prepared from the reaction of salicylic acid (C 7H6O3) and acetic anhydride
(C4H6O3) to produce aspirin (C9H8O4) and acetic acid (HC2H3O2). How many grams of
salicylic acid are needed to make 1,000 gram tablets of aspirin? Calculate for the
actual yield if it was 75 % percent yield

C7H6O3 + C4H6O3 → C9H8O4 + HC2H3O2

Deepen Do it

Note: Make sure to document this activity. Then make a

creative presentation. It can be a collage, portfolio or a
video clip

This portion of the module, you are required to perform an

activity. Title : Mass Relationship in Chemical Reactions .
Follow the Format found at the end of this module
I. Objective: to determine the effects of the amount of reactants used in the
amount of products produced in the reaction
II. Materials:
baking soda 3 balloons, if possible same size, if none may use
 gloves in replacement of the balloon
teaspoon any measuring cup
vinegar pc of paper
3 identical clear
marking pen for labeling
bottle
masking tape
III. Procedure:
1) Measure 3 portions of baking soda. 1 tsp,1/2 tsp,1/4 tsp
2) Label the balloons A,B and C. Fill the balloon with the measured
baking soda.( You may use a funnel or any rolled paper to easily place
the baking soda inside the balloon)
3) Put 50.0 mL of vinegar to each of the 3 bottles
4) Place each balloon over each of the bottles opening. Be sure that will not
be removed from the opening
5) Turn each balloon over so that all the baking soda drops into the
bottle. Shake the mixture then observe
IV. Data and Results
Answer the following questions:
1. Is there a relationship between the mass of baking soda and the
volume of the balloon? If yes, describe the relationship.
2. Which of the two reactants is left in each of the three bottles after the
reaction stops
3. If your going to vary the amount of the vinegar but not the amount of
baking soda, will the result be the same ?
V. Remarks and Conclusion
 Gauge

Problem Solving. Calculate what is being asked by the following problems. Use
separate sheet. Show your solutions.( 10 points per item)

2 points for balanced equation

3 points for correct solution, that is, correct mole /mass ratio
4 points for correct answer
1 point following direction

1) 16.0 g of Methanol ( CH3OH ) reacts completely and 13.5 g of formaldehyde (

CH2O) is produced. What is the percent yield of this reaction ?
CH3OH(g) CH2O(g) + H2(g)
2) If 12.39 g of Urea ( CN2OH4) are produced when 8.87 g of Ammonia react
completely with Carbondioxide gas, what is the percent yield for this
reaction
?
NH3(g) + CO2(g) CN2OH4(s) + H2O(l)
3) Solid Phosphorus reacts completely with Chloride ions yielding to 110
grams of Phosphorus trichloride. If the percent yield is 94.5 % ,what is the
actual yield of the reaction?
References