NAME: SCIENCE (CHEMISTRY) - 10TH GRADE

TEACHER - MS. VENTIE

chemical EQUATION
Learning Goals:
Menuliskan persamaan reaksi kimia yang lengkap dan setara.
Menyetarakan macam-macam reaksi kimia.
Menuliskan persamaan reaksi kimia lengkap dengan fasenya dari persamaan kata yang diberikan.
Mengidentifikasi macam-macam reaksi kimia dan menentukan produk yang dihasilkan.

Chemical reactions occur everywhere. The fuel in our cars burns with oxygen to make the car move and run
the air conditioner. When we cook our food or bleach our hair, chemical reactions take place. In our bodies,
chemical reactions convert food into molecules that build muscles and move them. In the leaves of trees and
plants, carbon dioxide and water are converted into carbohydrates. Some chemical reactions are simple, whereas
others are quite complex. However, they can all be written with chemical equations that chemists use to describe
chemical reactions. In every chemical reaction, the atoms in the reacting substances, called reactants, are
rearranged to give new substances called products.

A chemical reaction always involves

chemical change because atoms of the
reacting substances form new combinations
with new properties. For example, a
chemical reaction takes place when a piece
of iron (Fe) combines with oxygen (O2) in
the air to produce a new substance, rust
(Fe2O3), which has a reddish-brown color.
During a chemical change, new properties
become visible, which are an indication
that a chemical reaction has taken place (see
Table 1).

a. Chemical Equation

When you build a model airplane,

prepare a new recipe, or mix a
medication, you follow a set of
directions. These directions tell you what
materials to use and the products you
will obtain. In chemistry, a chemical
equation tells us the materials we need Table 1. Types of Evidence of a Chemical Reaction
and the products that will form.
Suppose you work in a bicycle shop, assembling wheels and frames into bicycles. You could represent this
process by a simple equation:

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 When you burn charcoal in a grill, the carbon in the
charcoal combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide.
We can represent this reaction by a chemical equation.

In a chemical equation, the formulas of the reactants

are written on the left of the arrow and the formulas of
the products on the right. When there are two or more
formulas on the same side, they are separated by plus ( +)
signs. The chemical equation for burning carbon is
balanced because there is one carbon atom and two
oxygen atoms in both the reactants and the products.

Generally, each formula in an equation is followed by an abbreviation, in parentheses, that gives the physical
state of the substance: solid (s), liquid (l), or gas (g). If a substance is dissolved in water, it is in an aqueous (aq)
solution. The delta sign ( ) indicates that heat was used to start the reaction. Table 2 summarizes some of the
symbols used in equations.
A chemical equation is a written representation of a chemical reaction. Take a look at figure 2 below. Figure
shows the parts of chemical equation. In example the formation of water could be written as the following.

Table 2. Some Symbols Used in Writing Equations

Table 2. Some Symbols Used in Writing
Equations

b. writing a balanced Chemical Equation

When a chemical reaction takes place, the bonds between the atoms of the reactants are broken, and new
bonds are formed to give the products. All atoms are conserved, which means that atoms cannot be gained,
lost, or changed into other types of atoms. Every chemical reaction must be written as a balanced equation,
which shows the same number of atoms for each element in the reactants and in the products.
Now consider the balanced reaction in which hydrogen reacts with oxygen to form water, written as follows:

In the balanced equation, there are whole numbers called

coefficients in front of the formulas. On the reactant side, the
coefficient of 2 in front of the H formula represents two molecules
of hydrogen, which is 4 atoms of H. A coefficient of 1 is
understood for O2, which gives 2 atoms of O. On the product
side, the coefficient of 2 in front of the H2O formula represents 2
molecules of water. Because the coefficient of 2 multiplies all the
atoms in H2O, there are 4 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms in
the products. Because there are the same number of hydrogen
atoms and oxygen atoms in the reactants as in the products, we
know that the equation is balanced. This illustrates the Law of
Conservation of Matter, whichstates that matter cannot be
created or destroyed during a chemical reaction. 2
Sample Problem:
Indicate the number of each type of atom in the following balanced
chemical equation: How can we
determine that a
chemical equation is
balanced?

Self Practice 1
State the number of atoms of each element in the reactants and in the products for each of the following and
deduce if the chemical equation has already balanced or not.
a. When ethane, C2H6, burns in oxygen, the products are carbon dioxide and water. The chemical equation is
written as

b. Iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide to produce iron and carbon dioxide. The chemical equation is
written as

How to balance chemical equation?

Problem: The chemical reaction of methane gas (CH4) and oxygen gas (O2) produces the gases carbon
dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Write a balanced chemical equation for this reaction.
STEP 1 . Write an equation using the correct formulas for the reactants and products. Don't forget
to write the state also: (s), (l), (g) and (aq).

STEP 2. Count the atoms of each element in the reactants and products. When we count the atoms
on the reactant side and the atoms on the product side, we see that there are more H atoms in the reactants
and more O atoms in the products.

STEP 3. Use coefficients to balance each element. We will start by balancing the H atoms in CH4
because it has the most atoms. By placing a coefficient of 2 in front of the formula for H2O, a total of 4 H
atoms in the products is obtained. Only use coefficients to balance an equation. Do not change any
of the subscripts: This would alter the chemical formula of a reactant or product.
We can balance the O atoms on the reactant side by placing a coefficient of 2 in front of the formula
O2. There are now 4 O atoms in both the reactants and products.

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STEP 4. Check the final equation to confirm it is balanced.

In a balanced chemical equation, the coefficients must be the lowest possible wholenumbers. Suppose
you had obtained the following for the balanced equation:

Although there are equal numbers of atoms on both sides of the equation, this is not written correctly. To
obtain coefficients that are the lowest whole numbers, we divide all the coefficients by 2.

Self Practice 2

Balance each of the following chemical equations:

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Self Practice 3

Write a balanced equation using the correct formulas, and include conditions (s, l, g, or aq) for
each of the following chemical reactions:
1. Lithium metal reacts with liquid water to form hydrogen gas and aqueous lithium hydroxide.
2. Solid phosphorus reacts with chlorine gas to form solid phosphorus pentachloride.
3. Solid iron(II) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide gas to form solid iron and carbon dioxide gas.
4. Liquid pentene (C5H10) burns in oxygen gas to form carbon dioxide gas and water vapor.
5. Hydrogen sulfide gas and solid iron(III) chloride react to form solid iron(III) sulfide and hydrogen chloride gas.
6. Solid sodium carbonate decomposes to produce solid sodium oxide and carbon dioxide gas.
7. Nitrogen oxide gas reacts with carbon monoxide gas to produce nitrogen gas and carbon dioxide gas.
8. Iron metal reacts with solid sulfur to produce solid iron(III) sulfide.
9. Solid calcium reacts with nitrogen gas to produce solid calcium nitride.
10. In the Apollo lunar module, hydrazine gas, N2H4, reacts with dinitrogen tetroxide gas to produce gaseous
nitrogen and water vapor.
11. Aluminum sulfate solution and calcium hydroxide solution produce a precipitate of aluminum hydroxide and
solid calcium sulfate.
12. Ammonia gas plus oxygen gas yields nitrogen monoxide gas plus water vapour.
13. Carbon monoxide reacts with hydrogen to produce liquid methanol, CH3OH(l).
14. When ethanol, C2H6O(l), is consumed, it reacts with oxygen gas in the body to produce gaseous carbon
dioxide and liquid water.
15. Dinitrogen oxide, also known as laughing gas, is a sweet-tasting gas used in dentistry. When solid ammonium
nitrate is heated, the products are gaseous water and gaseous dinitrogen oxide. 4
c. types of chemical reactions

A great number of chemical reactions occur in nature, in biological systems, and in the laboratory.
However, there are some general patterns that help us classify reactions into four general types.

1. Combination Reactions
In a combination reaction, two or more elements or compounds bond to form one product. For
example, sulfur and oxygen combine to form the product sulfur dioxide.

In other examples of combination reactions, elements or compounds combine to form a single product.

2. Decomposition Reactions
In a decomposition reaction, a reactant splits into two or more simpler products. For example, when
mercury(II) oxide is heated, the compound breaks apart into mercury atoms and oxygen.

In another example of a decomposition reaction, when calcium carbonate is heated, it breaks apart into
simpler compounds of calcium oxide and carbon dioxide.

3. Replacement Reactions
In a replacement reaction, elements in a compound are replaced by other elements. In a single
replacement reaction, a reacting element switches place with an element in the other reacting
compound. In the single replacement reaction shown in figure below, zinc replaces hydrogen in
hydrochloric acid, HCl(aq).

In another single replacement reaction, chlorine replaces bromine in the compound potassium bromide.

In a double replacement reaction, the positive ions in the reacting compounds switch places. In the
reaction shown on the next page, barium ions change places with sodium ions in the reactants to form
sodium chloride and a white solid precipitate of barium sulfate. The formulas of the products depend on
the charges of the ions.
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 When sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid (HCl) react, sodium and hydrogen ions switch places,
forming water and sodium chloride.

4. Combustion Reactions
The burning of a candle and the burning of fuel in the engine of a car are examples of combustion
reactions. In a combustion reaction, a carbon-containing compound, usually a fuel, burns in oxygen
from the air to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), and energy in the form of heat or a flame. For example,
methane gas (CH4) undergoes combustion when used to cook our food on a gas cooktop and to heat
our homes. In the equation for the combustion of methane, each element in the fuel (CH4) forms a
compound with oxygen.

Complete combustion (given sufficient oxygen) of any hydrocarbon produces carbon dioxide
and water.
Incomplete combustion (where there is not enough oxygen present) can lead to the formation of
carbon or carbon monoxide and water. Carbon monoxide is produced as a colorless poisonous gas.

Self Practice 4

Classify each of the following as a combination, decomposition, single replacement, double replacement,
or combustion reaction: