LECTURE #4

STOICHIOMETRY

•Refers to measurements
based on the quantitative
laws of chemical
combination.
FORMULA MASS

•Is used for compounds that

are made up of ions and
have primarily ionic
bonding.
MOLECULAR MASS

•Is used for compounds that

are composed of molecules
and have primarily covalent
bonding.
SOLVING FOR FORMULA MASS AND
MOLECULAR MASS
1.Calculate the formula Mass of Al(OH) 3
2.Calculate the molecular mass of C 7H5NO3S
3.Calculate the Formula mass of Ammonium Sulfate
fertilizer (NH4)2 SO4.
4.Calculate the molecular mass of C 14H29NO4S.
(SEE THE SAMPLE SOLUTIONS WE USED DURING DISCUSSION)
PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION FROM
FORMULAS

PERCENT- is defined
as parts per
hundred.
SOLVING FOR THE PERCENTAGE
COMPOSITION
1.Calculate the percentage composition of
alluminum hydroxide, Al(OH)3 a gastric antacid.
2.Calculate the percentage composition of
Vitamin E C29H50O2
(SEE THE SAMPLE SOLUTIONS WE USED DURING
DISCUSSION)
 CALCULATE MOLECULAR FORMULA
GIVEN MOLAR MASS
1. Caffeine found in tea and coffee is a white solid that contains 49.5% Carbon,
5.20% hydrogen, 28.8% nitrogen and 16.5% oxygen by mass. Its molar mass is
194.1 g/mole. Find the molecular formula.
2. Cholesterol, which has a molar mass of 386 g/mole is composed of 84.0% C,
11.85% H, and 4.15% O by mass. Find its molecular mass.
3. By using a mass spectrometer in an analytical chemistry laboratory, one of the
compounds in gasoline was found to have a molar mass of 114.0 g/mole. By
further analysis the percentage of C and H in the compound were determined and
the compound was found to have the empirical formula C4H9. What was the
molecular formula for this compound?
(SEE THE SAMPLE SOLUTIONS WE USED DURING DISCUSSION)
CHEMICAL EQUATION
CHEMICAL EQUATION
• Is the chemist’s shorthand
for describing the course
of a chemical reaction.
• It shows the identity of
the reactants and products
and the relative amounts
of these substances
consumed or produced in a
chemical reaction.
CHEMICAL EQUATION

REACTANTS PRODUCTS
REACTANTS – are the starting materials in a
chemical reaction. Written at the left-hand
side of the chemical equation.

PRODUCTS- are the substances produced in a

chemical reaction. Written at the right-hand
side of the chemical equation.
SAMPLE CHEMICAL EQUATION:

2Mg + O2 2MgO
Reactants Product
SYMBOLS IN CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
SYMBOL FUNCTION

+ Written between the symbols and or formulas of reactants

and products
Separates reactants from products
(s) Indicates a solid reactant or product

(l) Indicates a liquid reactant or product

(g) Indicates a gaseous reactant or product
(aq) Indicates that the reactant or product is in aqueous
solution
Indicates that heat must be supplied to reactants before a
reaction occurs
CATALYST The substance written above the arrow is a catalyst or a
solvent
STOICHIOMETRIC COEFFICIENTS

•The numbers before the

chemical formula or element
symbol.
 EVIDENCES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS:
• Chemical reaction is always accompanied by a
chemical change.
• Change in color.
• Evolution of gas (formation of bubbles)
• Evolution or absorption of heat ( warming,
cooling, formation of sparks or flame)
• Formation of a precipitate ( an insoluble solid)
• Change in odor.
 GENERAL RULES IN BALANCING
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
• Start with the most complicated formula (the one
with the greatest number of elements, if there is
one) either among the reactants or products.
Balance first the element that appears only once
either on the reactants or products.
• The next element to balance is the one whose number
was affected by the coefficient written on a formula
when the previous element was balanced.
 GENERAL RULES IN BALANCING
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
• The one with the simplest formula ( if there is one)
should be balanced last; affixing any coefficient to it
will not affect the number of elements in the other
formulas.
• The coefficients must be in whole numbers. If a fraction
comes up, multiply the whole equation by the denominator
of this fraction.
• Express the coefficients in their lowest terms, if
applicable.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:

1.SYNTHESIS OR COMBINATION REACTION – in this

type of reaction, two or more reactants
combine to form a single product.
A + B AB
(See sample chemical equations and balanced
equations we used during the discussion)
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:
2. DECOMPOSITION OR ANALYSIS REACTIONS- is the reverse
of synthesis reactions. The process involves only one
reactant dissociating into two or more products. The
products may be the constituent elements of the reactant
or simpler compounds derived from the reactant.
AB A + B
(See sample chemical equations and balanced equations we
used during the discussion)
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:

3. SINGLE REPLACEMENT OR SUBSTITUTION - in

this type of reaction, one element of a
compound is replaced by a different element.
A + BC AC + B
(See sample chemical equations and balanced
equations we used during the discussion)
TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND
BALANCING CHEMICAL EQUATIONS:

4. DOUBLE REPLACEMENT OR METATHESIS - in

this type of reaction, two ionic compounds
exchange cations and anions with each other.
AB + CD AD + CB
(See sample chemical equations and balanced
equations we used during the discussion)